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How does chemotherapy work? - Hyunsoo Joshua No

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What is cancer? | Animation | Minute to Understanding

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Let's start by understanding the basics of the cell cycle. It consists of four main phases: G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (preparation for division), and M (mitosis). Each phase is carefully regulated to ensure proper cell division.

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Think of cell cycle checkpoints as quality control stations in a factory. These checkpoints ensure cells are healthy before progressing to the next phase. When these checkpoints fail, abnormal cell division can occur – a hallmark of cancer.

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In cancer, mutations affect genes that control the cell cycle (proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes). These mutations can cause cells to divide uncontrollably or prevent them from dying when they should.

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The p53 gene is often called the 'guardian of the genome.' When DNA damage occurs, p53 stops cell division until repairs are made. Mutations in p53 are found in over 50% of all cancers, making it a crucial player in cancer development.

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In leukemia, blood-forming cells in the bone marrow divide too quickly and don't mature properly. This is directly related to cell cycle dysregulation, particularly in the G1 to S phase transition.

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Breast cancer often involves disrupted cell cycles influenced by hormones. For example, estrogen can promote cell division in some breast cancers, which is why hormone therapy is an important treatment option.

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NCI study challenges long-held beliefs about cell division

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An NCI study shows that cell division can be interrupted by withdrawing growth-promoting signals early on in the process.

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Glioblastoma, an aggressive brain cancer, often shows mutations in cell cycle regulatory genes. These tumors typically have multiple cell cycle checkpoint failures, making them particularly challenging to treat.

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Targeting the Cell Cycle in Cancer Treatment

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Targeting the Cell Cycle in Cancer Treatment

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Many chemotherapy drugs work by targeting specific phases of the cell cycle. For example, paclitaxel works during the M phase by preventing proper cell division. Understanding these mechanisms helps us develop more effective treatments.

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Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors are a newer class of drugs that target specific parts of the cell cycle. These drugs have shown promising results in treating certain breast cancers and other malignancies.

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CDK inhibitors in cancer therapy, an overview of recent development - PubMed

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Dysregulated cell division, which leads to aberrant cell proliferation, is one of the key hallmarks of cancer. Therefore, therapeutic targets that block cell division would be effective for cancer treatment. Cell division is mainly controlled by a complex composed of cyclin and cyclin dependent kina …

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Immunotherapy uses the body's immune system to fight cancer. It involves immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies that can target cancer cells specifically.

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Radiation Therapy: A Traditional Approach

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Radiation Therapy: A Traditional Approach

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Radiation therapy uses high-energy particles or waves to destroy or damage cancer cells. It's an essential option for localized cancers and is often used in combination with other treatments.

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Hormone Therapy for Hormone-Sensitive Cancers

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Hormone Therapy for Hormone-Sensitive Cancers

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Hormone therapy is used to treat cancers that rely on hormones for growth, such as breast and prostate cancers. It works by blocking the body's ability to produce hormones or by interfering with hormone effects.