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Breast cancer primarily affects women (99% of cases), though men can develop it too. Key points:
- Most common in women over 50
- Hereditary in 5-10% of cases (BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes)
- Mutation occurs during G1/S checkpoint of cell cycle
- Treatment options: Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted drugs
- Prognosis: 90% 5-year survival rate when caught early
- Regular mammograms recommended for early detection

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Leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide:
- Primary risk factor: Smoking (85% of cases)
- More common in people over 65
- Not typically hereditary (though family history increases risk)
- Affects p53 tumor suppressor gene
- Mutation occurs during G2 phase
- Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy
- Prognosis varies greatly by stage (15% overall 5-year survival rate)
- Early detection crucial for better outcomes

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Third most common cancer globally:
- Risk increases with age (typically over 50)
- Higher risk in African Americans
- Can be hereditary (Lynch syndrome)
- Affects APC and p53 genes
- Mutation occurs during S phase
- Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation
- Prevention through regular colonoscopy
- 5-year survival rate: 90% if caught early

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Common blood cancer affecting all ages:
- Most common cancer in children
- Slightly more common in males
- Can be hereditary (rare)
- Affects blood cell production genes
- Mutation occurs in bone marrow stem cells
- Treatment: Chemotherapy, stem cell transplant
- Childhood leukemia has 85% cure rate
- Adult prognosis varies by type

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Cancer of the lymphatic system:
- Two main types: Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's
- More common in young adults and over 55
- Generally not hereditary
- Affects lymphocyte development genes
- Mutation occurs during lymphocyte differentiation
- Treatment: Chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy
- Hodgkin's has 87% 5-year survival rate

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Most common cancer in men:
- Affects males only
- Risk increases with age (65+)
- Can be hereditary (5-10% of cases)
- Affects androgen receptor genes
- Mutation occurs during G1 phase
- Treatment: Surgery, radiation, hormone therapy
- Generally slow-growing
- 98% 5-year survival rate if caught early

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Dangerous form of skin cancer:
- All ages affected
- More common in fair-skinned people
- Can be hereditary (CDKN2A gene)
- Caused by UV damage to DNA
- Mutation occurs during DNA repair
- Treatment: Surgery, immunotherapy, targeted therapy
- 92% 5-year survival rate if caught early
- Prevention through sun protection crucial

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Often called the 'silent killer':
- Affects females only
- Most common over age 60
- Can be hereditary (BRCA1/2 genes)
- Affects DNA repair genes
- Mutation occurs during cell division
- Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy
- Often diagnosed late due to subtle symptoms
- 47% overall 5-year survival rate

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Pancreatic cancer is often diagnosed late:- More common in males- Risk factors: Smoking, chronic pancreatitis, family history- Hereditary risk in 5-10% of cases (BRCA2, PALB2 genes)- Gene mutations often involve KRAS and p16/CDKN2A- Mutation generally occurs during cell signaling pathway- Treatment: Surgery (Whipple procedure), chemotherapy, radiation- Poor prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of 10%

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One of the most treatable cancers:- More prevalent in women- Often hereditary, particularly medullary type (RET mutation)- Associated with radiation exposure- Mutations can affect MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways- Mutation occurs during thyroid cell regulation- Treatment: Surgery, radioactive iodine, hormone therapy- Excellent prognosis, 5-year survival rate over 98%

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Cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow:- More common in older adults (65+)- Higher incidence in African Americans- Not typically hereditary- Gene mutations include FGFR3 and KRAS- Mutation affects plasma cell growth- Treatment: Chemotherapy, stem cell transplant, targeted therapy- 5-year survival rate around 55%

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Common solid tumor outside the brain in children:- Mostly affects children under 5- More common in boys- Can be hereditary in rare cases (ALK and PHOX2B are implicated)- Mutation occurs as neural crest cells develop- Treatment: Chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, stem cell transplant- Prognosis varies with age and stage at diagnosis

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Kidney cancer most common in children:- Primarily affects children aged 3-4- Slightly more common in girls- A small percentage hereditary (WT1, WTX genes)- Mutation occurs during kidney development- Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation- Generally good prognosis with a 90% 5-year survival rate

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Cancer of the soft tissue, often in children:- Most common ages 2-6 and teenagers- Affects boys slightly more than girls- Contains some hereditary susceptibility (TP53 gene mutations)- Mutation affects mesenchymal stem cells- Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation- Varies in prognosis depending on type and stage

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A common cancer seen in dogs:- Aggressive cancer more common in breeds like German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers- Typically occurs in older dogs- Affects blood vessel walls- Can be hereditary- Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy- Generally poor prognosis due to late diagnosis

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Frequently diagnosed cancer in cats:- More common in older cats- Risk factors: Feline leukemia virus (FeLV), secondhand smoke- Affects lymphatic system- Not typically hereditary- Treatment: Chemotherapy- Variable prognosis based on location and stage

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Common in gray horses:- More common as horses age- Tends to be benign, but can become malignant- Genetic predisposition in certain breeds- Treatment: Surgical removal, cryotherapy- Good prognosis if treated early

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Affects cattle worldwide:- Primarily affects adult dairy cows- Virus can cause leukemia or lymphosarcoma- Transmission through blood, colostrum, and milk- Not hereditary- No treatment, but management includes biosecurity measures- Carriers often asymptomatic

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Viral disease in poultry:- Common in chickens, less so in other birds- Causes tumors in various organs- Spread vertically (egg transmission) or horizontally- Not hereditary- Control via eradication and selective breeding- Vaccines available for some species

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Common skin cancer in fish:- Affects various fish species, particularly those exposed to sunlight- Can be due to poor water quality or UV exposure- Not known to be hereditary- Treatment: Surgical removal, improving water conditions- Prevention includes tank shading and regular monitoring

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A type of head and neck cancer: - More common in males over 50- Risk factors: Tobacco use, HPV infection, alcohol - Not typically hereditary- Affects squamous cells in mouth or tongue- Mutation often occurs from carcinogen exposure- Treatment: Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy- Prognosis depends on stage, with early detection improving outcomes

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Eye cancer includes various types affecting different parts of the eye:- Retinoblastoma in children under 5- Melanoma more common in adults- Risk factors: Genetic mutations (RB1 gene for retinoblastoma), UV exposure- Can be hereditary, particularly for retinoblastoma- Affects retinal or uveal cells- Treatments: Surgery, radiation, laser therapy, chemotherapy- Prognosis depends on type and stage, generally good for early-detected cases

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Liver cancer primarily includes hepatocellular carcinoma:- More common in males- Risk factors: Chronic hepatitis B/C infection, alcohol consumption, cirrhosis- Not typically hereditary- Affects liver cells- Mutation often linked to metabolic abnormalities- Treatment: Surgery, ablation, embolization, targeted therapy, liver transplant- Prognosis varies by stage and liver function at diagnosis