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Research methods can be defined as techniques that sociologists use to gather data and then analyze social phenomena.

-This includes the followings=

1) Surveys

2) Experiments

3) Observational studies

4) Interviews

5) Content Analysis

6) Case Studies

7) Secondary Data Analysis and

8) Ethnography among many others.

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READINGS:6/17, 18 (JCB)  Appendix (401-424)  Advertising/Research methods 

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READINGS:6/17, 18 (JCB)  Appendix (401-424)  Advertising/Research methods 

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This chapter focuses on the relationship between arguments and evidence in sociology.

Advertising and Consumer Society

Advertising, as we all know plays a significant role in consumer society by influencing purchasing designs and shaping cultural norms. They often use emotional stories, hiring celebrities and creative ways to connect with us on a personal level and persuade us to choose one brand over another.

All this can lead to improvement in businesses but contributes to materialism and almost unrealistic exceptions as we are constantly bombarded with suggestions.

Empirical evidence=

Sociologists use empirical evidence to study the behaviors and interactions within societies. All this is acquired through research methods.

-Idiographic explanations/Nomothetic explanations

Idiographic explanations focus on understanding the unique aspects of individual cases or events whereas nomothetic explanations seek general laws that applies to a broader range of many cases.

Types of data

Quantitative data helps to establish the scope and scale of social issues while qualitative data provides depth and context making it easier to understand the issues. Attributes refer to the characteristics of individuals or groups that can be used to describe them. Variables are properties that can vary or change among the individuals or groups. Dependent variables is what we can measure while Independent variable is what we are able to change. Operationalization includes in which sociologists ensures that their studies are reliable. Sampling is basically selecting a subset of individuals from a larger population to study.

Inductive reasoning helps build theories from the ground on based observations while deductive reasoning tests theories from using empirical data.

Sociological Methods

Ethnography is used to study cultures and communities from the inside out. Surveys are used for collecting and analyzing data from large populations to better understand trends in social attitudes. Focus groups can help provide in-depth insights through guided group discussions. Content analysis is all about counting to identify patterns while textual analysis is about understanding the deeper meanings within the text. Field experiment explains how social phenomena operate in real-world settings.

Research methods are important to produce applicable results that can contribute to knowledge in various areas of sociology.

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READINGS:6/17, 18 (H) 29-47: Henslin, Doing Sociological Research 

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READINGS:6/17, 18 (H) 29-47: Henslin, Doing Sociological Research 

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According to Henslin, sociological research follows a systemic process that starts by selecting a topic. This can be anything from a social problem to a cultural practice that needs investigation. We define the topic and narrow it down to a specific research question to make it manageable. Reviewing the topic is necessary so any gaps in the acquired knowledge can be identified. Formulate a hypothesis to develop a prediction about the relationship between the variables. For example, ''higher levels of education lead to greater job satisfaction''. Choose a research method that could be surveys, experiments etc. Collecting and gathering information using the chosen method and making sure it is unbiased. Analyze the results using statistical tools which helps in identifying the patterns between the variables. Share the results like publishing your findings in academic journals or presenting them in front of people. This allows others to build on the research. Lastly, replication encourages other researchers to replicate the study to verify the results. This step helps in establishing the validity and importance of the findings.

-Henslin emphasizes the importance of ethical considerations throughout the research process.

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READINGS:6/17, 18 63-72: Pager, Would You Hire an Ex-Convict?

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READINGS:6/17, 18 63-72: Pager, Would You Hire an Ex-Convict?

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This discussion focuses on the challenges an ex-convict faces when re-entering the society, particularly in terms of employment.

This question can involve several considerations to take in before hiring them for work.

-These people often face stigma and discrimination, which makes them very hard for them to find a job. I feel like employers are rightfully hesitant to hire someone with a past criminal record. This is mainly because of concerns like are they worthy enough to be trusted and do they have the potential because it can be a liability.

-Henslin discusses the importance of rehabilitation. I agree and believe that the role of a stable employment can help in reducing the reoffend. Providing job opportunities to ex-convicts can help them gain financial stability and getting back into the society with a positive mindset.

-This chapter also highlights skills and potential of many ex-convicts on how they possess valuable skills and have the potential to be productive employees. Many employers that look past behind this fact can benefit a lot from these capable workers.

-Also, from an ethical and sociological perspective, it is our social responsibility to support the reintegration of ex-convicts. By offering them with job responsibilities, we as a society can help break the cycle of ongoing crime and contribute to a more inclusive society regardless of race and gender as well.

We can conclude that while there are challenges and risks associated with hiring ex-convicts, this approach can help these people out and create a positive impact on the society.

My answer to this question would be = YES!

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Required entry: JCB p. 105 Coffee Shop Ethnography

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Required entry: JCB p. 105 Coffee Shop Ethnography

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I am working on this weeks readings and materials by sitting in this very nice coffee shop and having a latte.

I always like to hangout in public spaces like a coffee shop or a library to study. I sometimes come with my friends to work on our assignments as a group. I am a very observant person, so I see people coming in mostly to buy a coffee and then leaving the building as there is less space to sit down. Mostly, the strangers don't talk to each other but I feel like they only do if they have a question in mind. This coffee shop seems very friendly, the employees are nice while taking your order. I noticed that mostly people my age are coming in a lot. They are either in their early twenties or maybe just turned nineteen. Most of them are here to catch up and study. Since the business seems to be or according to my judgment by their appearances and language looks like its owned by people from hispanic origin, there are a lot of people coming in from that ethnicity. I hope I stated this fact right as talking about such things can be sensitive and I don't wanna offend someone as it's not my intention.

-This exercise was a good way to observe my surroundings in this manner.

I am at Cafecito lounge, Lodi. I would recommend :)

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Self can be defined as a socially constructed aspect of the identity of an individual.

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1. Prescriptive norms are rules that dictate what behaviors are expected or acceptable within a society or a group.

Examples=Table manners like using the utensils properly, chewing with your mouth closed, saying please and thank you, having a dress code etc.

2. Proscriptive norms are rules that prohibit or restrict certain behaviors.

Examples= No stealing, no smoking in public places, no loud talking, no cutting in line etc.

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READINGS: 6/20 (JCB) Chapter 10 Branding/The Self and Social Interaction

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READINGS: 6/20 (JCB) Chapter 10 Branding/The Self and Social Interaction

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How do we brand ourselves?

According to sociology, branding yourself is all about understanding ourselves or identity through different social attributes like personal values, culture, behaviors, and beliefs.

All these are influenced by the social environment around us.

-Symbolic Interactionism

This is a sociological perspective that focuses on the ways in which individuals interact with each other and then create meaningful interactions.

1) Cooley's looking glass self=

This psychological concept created by Charles Horton Cooley describes the development or growth of one's self through the interactions within the society.

2) Mead's generalized other=

George Herbert Mead's concept of the ''generalized other'' is a fundamental concept that refers to the common behavioral expectations set forth by society.

3) Goffman's dramaturgical theory=

Erving Goffman's theory emphasizes on the idea that a social life is like a stage where everyone performs roles and manage expressions to work through socialization in an effective manner.

Lifestyle and social identity are intertwined and connected to each other, with lifestyle basically serving as a means of expressing ourselves and reinforcing one's social identity at the same time. They both explain how individuals and groups define themselves in a society and then perceived by others in that respective manner. Examples of lifestyle can include urban vs. rural living, heath-conscious lifestyles etc. People with similar lifestyles often share sub-communities and ways of living in a society.

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READINGS: 6/20 (H) 135-146: Goffman, The Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life

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READINGS: 6/20 (H) 135-146: Goffman, The Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life

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In the chapter, ''The presentation of the self in everyday life'' by Erving Goffman, he explains how social interactions are basically like theatrical performances where people act on the daily. In simple words it is like putting up a show on the stage for everyone to see and react to. This explores how individuals present themselves to others in a given society.

-Main points=

1) Front stage and back stage

Front stage is where the social performance happens. People tend to align themselves with what is expected of them according to societal norms and expectations. Back stage is where we can catch a breath and relax ourselves from the pressure of acting a certain way in the society.

2) Roles and Scripts

In this stage, people tend to act like actors with a script to fit accordingly in an environment with expected behaviors.

3) Audience

These are the people who observe the performance and their reactions rate the outcome of the performers behavior and self-presentation.

4) Managing impressions

People use different strategies to maintain a look or image that is desired widely in a society to flourish.

5) Props and setting

This is kinda like a metaphor stating that people use clothing, accessories, home, cars etc to impress and enhance their lifestyles in the society.

All these concepts are crucial for navigating societal exceptions in a structured manner.

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READINGS: 6/20 (H) 249-264: Thompson, Handling the Stigma of Handling the Dead

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READINGS: 6/20 (H) 249-264: Thompson, Handling the Stigma of Handling the Dead

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In the chapter, ''Handling the stigma of handling the dead'', William E. Thompson discusses how the people who work with the dead, such as morticians, funeral directors and related staff handle the stigma associated with their chosen profession. He further explains how this stigma arises due to the fact that society often views death as a taboo subject and not something to be talked about widely.

-Workers in this field may experience social isolation due to the discomfort that other people might feel around them. They usually avoid the topic or find it difficult to explain or discuss their job in social settings. This however can be overcome by professional socialization where individuals can learn to manage the stigma. This way they take pride in their work and highlight their importance in helping the related families during tough times. They acquire role distance in which they keep their personal and work life separate to avoid any emotional distress. The use of humor can help lighten up the mood between workers. Public education can also help educate the general public and raise the importance of their work which can help reduce stigma.

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Groups are essential to study in sociology because they help us better understand how we influence our social environment.

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I feel like as simple as this question seems it is actually very complicated.

-We work because it is expected in a society to function.

-We work to earn a living or make money.

-We work to keep ourselves busy or use it as an escape.

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Readings:6/24 (JCB) Chapter 5: Shopping/Social Order

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Readings:6/24 (JCB) Chapter 5: Shopping/Social Order

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In sociology, shopping can be defined as a social and a cultural activity or practice that involves the acquiring of goods and services. It can be seen as a way individuals express themselves and interact with them in the society. Shopping is associated with the act of purchasing goods as well as the behaviors associated with it.

Social solidarity when applied to the concept of shopping in sociology means reinforcing a sense of belonging in the community through shared experiences. This can include shopping with friends or family.

Anomie in sociology refers to a state of breakdown of societal norms and values. In the context of shopping, it can mean when people feel a sense of disconnection from the society. For example, during covid no one could go out and shop like normal and it disrupted the traditional shopping habits.

Shopping can be seen as a social problem as it can cause overconsumption which can lead to environmental problems. It can also cause social inequalities as not everyone can afford or have access to all the resources. Shopping addictions and compulsive buying disorders are other issues relating to this.

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Readings:6/24 (H) 269-276: Meyer, If Hitler Asked You...

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Readings:6/24 (H) 269-276: Meyer, If Hitler Asked You...

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This study of Philip Meyer basically highlights how ordinary people can be influenced by figures that have authority over them. We can be easily manipulated into performing actions that aren't coherent with our beliefs and values by an authority in control. The experiment demonstrated that many participants were willing to accept what believed to be were painful electric shock to a stranger, just because they were instructed to do so by a person in control. They would do as hitler asks them to do even if it meant that it would conflict with their personal morals.

-This scenario is a reference to the famous Milgram experiment on obedience to a controlling figure of authority.

This study raises awareness that is important in a sense on how social pressure can impact an individual's behavior.

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Required entry: JCB p. 140  Shopping for "we-ness"

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Required entry: JCB p. 140  Shopping for "we-ness"

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Shopping for "we-ness"

I feel like the time that we live in right now, most of the things that we buy or purchase are mostly for show. They mostly fulfill the need to be belonged to a group. This question made me realize on how many things I have bought just to fit in with the people I would like to hangout with.

First thing that comes to my mind is my MacBook. As I write through this, I know that I could've just bought a laptop that was less expensive and functionable then this but the pressure of having the apple logo for people to see and come approach and wanna be friends with you through this idea was just so low of me. I believe it did help me with my confidence in some way but is that what I really wanted to strive for? To fit in a society that is materialistic and values others on the amount of branded things that they have. I have learned my lesson and this discussion made me realize on how I made the right choice by not indulging in such behaviors in the future.

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By examining work, sociologists can gain insights into the economic and social aspects of people's lives.

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Readings:6/25, 26 (JCB) Chapter 3:  Fast Food/Work and Economy

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Readings:6/25, 26 (JCB) Chapter 3:  Fast Food/Work and Economy

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In sociology, fast food can be analyzed through various lenses such as culture, health etc. It is considered as a symbol of the growing modern world and the rapid globalization of the world. It reflects the changes in our lifestyles and patterns of consumption in a society. Fast food impacts the dynamics of a family and how they function in a society. Sociologists often studies fast food as institutions that can influence labor and development. By understanding these concepts, we can gain an insight into society trends and issues.

Hegemony in sociology refers to the absolute dominance of one group over the other group. This basically means that the group in power maintains its command by controlling aspects of culture, traditions, schooling, religion etc.

-Big sugary drink ban can be seen as a way to regulate those repetitive patterns and promote public health in a society. This is a very great example of how the intervention of government can impact our everyday life and bring about a good and positive change. Food container waste is a big environment issue which needs to be addressed.

Mcdonaldization is a concept developed by sociologist George Ritzer. This explains or describes how fast-food restaurants are coming to dominate many sectors of our society and becoming a normal part of our everyday life. This concept critiques how all this is becoming more modernized and mechanized. The iron cage represents how the principles of Mcdonaldization like calculability and control can restrict or limit the creativity of humans.

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Readings: 6/25, 26 (H) 411-424: Ehrenreich, Nickeled and Dimed

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Readings: 6/25, 26 (H) 411-424: Ehrenreich, Nickeled and Dimed

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-''Nickle and Dimed'' by Barbara Ehrenreich is a sociological exploration where the author basically goes undercover like an agent to investigate the impact of low-wage jobs on American workers.

-She takes on various multiple jobs to get an idea of the working conditions and the difficulties faced by the people living from paycheck to paycheck. She does jobs like waitressing and cleaning to reveal the hard reality of the minimum wage working people.

-Her work highlights the broader issues of low wages, poor and bad working conditions as well as the difficulty of achieving overall success like having financial stability.

-She believes that the middle-class people will hardly understand the problems of the poor.

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Readings:6/25, 26  (H) 497-507: Leidner, Over the Counter at McDonald's  

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Readings:6/25, 26  (H) 497-507: Leidner, Over the Counter at McDonald's  

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I feel like as much as people nowadays hate on McDonald's for being unhealthy, we all must agree that once in a while we all crave for it. By stating this fact, I am in no way denying the absolute fact that it surely promotes unhealthy lifestyles.

"Over the Counter at McDonald's" by Robin Leidner is a sociological analysis of the everyday interactions of the workers and customers in McDonald's. He basically examines how McDonald's trains its employees like robots to ensure efficiency and uniformity. This study also highlights the massive control of the management over its employees. This extremism can sometimes lead to emotional breakdowns and the deskilling of tasks, which can lead to dissatisfaction in workers. This also explores the strategies workers use to manage difficult customers and repetitive work.

Some McFacts according to sociology are efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control etc.

-I think working at a fast food place is a good beginner job for young teenagers to start working and earning money towards a better future.

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Readings:6/25, 26  (H) 535-546: Wishard, Caught Between the Ages  

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Readings:6/25, 26  (H) 535-546: Wishard, Caught Between the Ages  

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The essay, ''Caught between the ages'' by Willian Van Dusen Wishard sheds light on the complexities of living in a world where everything is rapidly changing or enhancing.

-He discusses how people and their particular societies nowadays are wrapped up or caught up between the old traditional and these new advanced ways. This period of transition can cause a great deal of tension and create stress for the individuals living in a society. This sets a bar of expected behaviors which are harder to work around and therefore makes problems in the merging societal norms and modernized technologies.

-This shift of challenges of adapting to new realities gets hard as they navigate or hold onto old or familiar ways of livings and practices.

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Required entry: JCB p. 79 Corporate Ideologies

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Required entry: JCB p. 79 Corporate Ideologies

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I am choosing Netflix for this section.

-Netflix is a popular streaming platform that offers a wide range of movies, TV shows, and documentaries. It's a convenient way to enjoy entertainment from the comfort of your own home.

Netflix’s mission statement is just simple as, ‘’We want to entertain the world’’. https://www.netflix.com/

Netflix, as a global entertainment platform, recognizes the importance of environmental sustainability. It has committed to reducing its carbon footprint. In 2021, their carbon footprint was approximately 1.5 million metric tons, with over half of it attributed to physical production of shows and films. They have set ambitious climate targets which include cutting emissions in half by 2030. They have started investing in nature-based solutions to capture carbon. I feel like this is such a great step towards making our environment safer.

Our Progress on Sustainability: Two Years In - About Netflix

According to a survey, over 80% of Netflix members worldwide have chosen to watch stories related to climate issues and sustainability. These series, films, and specials help raise awareness and understanding of our changing world. For instance, movies like “Don’t Look Up” inspire powerful conversations about the climate crisis. It is a great movie to watch.

DON’T LOOK UP | Official Teaser Trailer | Netflix

Netflix aims to provide its employees with health benefits including medical, dental, and vision insurances. They have paid paternity leaves for new mamas. They can take almost up to four to eight months. They provide its employees with flexible working hours. They offer different programs like stock option programs and employee giving programs. All of which aim towards the betterment of the society. They offer competitive salaries and strive to create a positive work environment. They encourage a healthy work-life balance and prioritize diversity and inclusion within their workforce.

-Netflix has become a prominent company in the

entertainment industry. It truly has revolutionized the way we consume media by providing convenient streaming services.  It continues to innovate and adapt to the ever-changing landscape of the entertainment industry. Overall, it has had a significant impact on how we enjoy our favorite shows and movies.

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The fight for 15$ is an important campaign that advocates for a 15$ minimum wage and the right to unionize for fast-food workers. It highlights the many challenges faced by low-wage workers in the fast-food industry such as low pay, minimum benefits, and no job security.

-Factors that might encourage=

Factors like giving the workers improved and better wages and health benefits might encourage this union. By being collective in a group can help have better working conditions and protections. Increasing awareness and support by the public will help with this as well.

-Factors that might discourage=

Employer opposition may be a stopping block in unionization of the workers. They often use tactics like anti-union policies and campaigns to act against this. Having high turnover rates and having part-time employees may be a problem too. Most of them are young people who may not see it as a priority and organize to it accordingly as they may not be in it for the long run.

Overall, this campaign highlights the importance of having income equality and improve the lifestyles of these fast-food workers.

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Class plays a crucial role in shaping an individual's lifestyles and their accessibility to better opportunities and ideas.

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Readings: 6/27, 7/1  (JCB)  Chapter 4: Coffee/Class

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Readings: 6/27, 7/1  (JCB)  Chapter 4: Coffee/Class

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The concept of ''Conspicuous consumption'' was introduced by Thorstein Veblen in his book. It is a term that basically describes the mere act of purchasing stuff and then using those products or services to display wealth and a social status in a society rather than to meet the main needs. He explains how such people take part in such behaviors to only show the economic power they have over others. This includes buying luxury items, expensive cars, designer clothes, etc. They are seen as symbols of success and wealth. Living in big houses and going on vacations can also be a part of this lifestyle. In the new age sociology, conspicuous consumption is uses to study how people reflect through their culture and values.

Third place simply refers to places that are different from our homes and work places like coffee shops, parks, bars, libraries, etc. The name was coined by sociologist Ray Oldenburg in 1989. These places are important for social interaction and building connections.

The paradox of the 4$ cappuccino means the idea where people are ready to willingly spend that amount to buy expensive drinks. I feel like this is so absurd sometimes but I guess people do it to fit in a society. At the same time, these are the same people that will show their frustration with the greater financial issues at hand. They may seem as affordable but considering the need to save up for the future, this concept seems not right.

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''The Uses of Poverty:the Poor Pay All" is written by sociologist Herbert J.Gans. In this he discuses how poverty serves different roles in a society.

The existence of a population that is mostly poor basically helps the industries and other sevices. The labor market is filled with low-wage workers that are willing to work at any rate. Due to poverty, jobs like social working open to control or manage the poor. It shows a contrast with the mainstream lifestyles. It also adds to a society's culture like art and cuisine. The existence of the poor people can be used to justify acts from a political point of view. They can be used as a distraction in the political system. Lastly, poverty unfortunately ensures that people who are less powerful can be controlled by people who have been granted more.

Gans argues that all these aspects make poverty an essential part of our society and that the efforts to eliminate poverty is often diverted.

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The concept ''Moving Up from the Working Class'' was written by the authors named Joan M. Morris and Micheal D. Grimes. In this idea, they explore the experiences of individuals who want to work their way up and transition from a working class to a higher social class.

-For this to happen, one must learn new knowledge and acquire better social skills and get the needed education. All these are very much valued in a social class that is higher than the one they currently reside in.

-Adaptation is something that comes next in line to acquire such a lifestyle. An individual must learn to to adapt to the social norms and expectations of this new social class. They must know the behaviors which can sometimes be seen as challenging. A lot of the people, like myself included struggle with their identities in the new world. We are often caught between the two and can sometimes feel like as if we belong to neither of the two. The feeling of not fully belonging to any can cause depression and isolation from our loved ones.

-Family dynamics tend to change as one can feel as they are drifting apart from their previous values. Building these new connections might be difficult as not everyone has the desire to work this hard.

-While moving up to a better financial status can be a win, it certainly comes with new formed responsibilites and other pressures or burdens to take care of.

The emphasis is that while moving up to an upper class can being better opportunities, it also involves sacrifice and social challenges.

The American dream is a concept that is constantly evolving but it mainly means to achieve a better, richer, and a fuller life.

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''The US Upper Class'' written by Stephen Higley, highlights the different characteristics and power dynamics of the upper class people in America.

This group is often identified by its wealth which is acquired through investments or inheritance rather then woking for wages. Members of this society belong to exclusive institutions which has influence in political as well as economic aspects. Their lifestyle is marked by luxury items, lavish houses, sports cars, elite education etc from a very young age. People who belong to this social circle are mostly blessed with the power of inheritance making it more challenging for the people that want to achieve this lifestyle. The wealth in this society is passed on from generations which ensures that its stays the same and continues for the next coming generations. They invest their money in art and education which makes them distinct from other social classes. They also have access to private clubs and special memberships.

In simpler words, the upper class is characterized by a lifestyle of luxury.

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Required entry: Watch the Youtube video "Wealth Inequality in the United States" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPKKQnijnsM    Provide your reaction to the video and explain it using what you have learned in this section of the course.

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Required entry: Watch the Youtube video "Wealth Inequality in the United States" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPKKQnijnsM    Provide your reaction to the video and explain it using what you have learned in this section of the course.

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I have seen similar videos like these before and I can't believe that this one blowed my mind just as well. Looking at the three layers in the chart is astonishing. The fact that almost 40 percent of the Americans have barely any wealth is just very hard to wrap my head around. I feel like this tells how much we have evolved as a society. The transitions are definitely not smooth and makes me wonder how does one acquire so much wealth. Working hard and inheritance definitely plays a big role in acquiring this. The distribution chart that shows what actually the real percentage is actually very saddening. The top 10 percent people have so much wealth that it is hard to digest at this point. This video definitely changed my perspective more on how wealth is distributed throughout the country. In conclusion, these numbers for sure woke me up.

-I would recommend this video!