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Literature is one of the most interesting things to look into or learn about. However my journey of connectiong literature and history has tbeen one of the best, I have learned quite a lot and have related most things, and how different periods affected liteture till today. It is very unique to see how people can merge their current affairs with literature and let it depict the whole experience. 

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Literature is one of the most interesting things to look into or learn about. However my journey of connectiong literature and history has tbeen one of the best, I have learned quite a lot and have related most things, and how different periods affected liteture till today. It is very unique to see how people can merge their current affairs with literature and let it depict the whole experience. 

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The Hunger Games: The story is about Katniss Everdeen, a sixteen-year-old girl. Her father died and now she has to kill animals for her family to eat. Her younger sister, Prim, is chosen to be a “tribute”, but Katniss volunteers to go instead. The other “tribute” from District 12 is a boy named Peeta.

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The Hunger Games: The story is about Katniss Everdeen, a sixteen-year-old girl. Her father died and now she has to kill animals for her family to eat. Her younger sister, Prim, is chosen to be a “tribute”, but Katniss volunteers to go instead. The other “tribute” from District 12 is a boy named Peeta.

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All art of the present day is contemporary. This includes art produced in styles seen in previous eras or using traditional formats and subjects.

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All art of the present day is contemporary. This includes art produced in styles seen in previous eras or using traditional formats and subjects.

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Postmodern art is a contemporary art form, but not all contemporary art can be classified as 'Postmodern'

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Postmodern art is a contemporary art form, but not all contemporary art can be classified as 'Postmodern'

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Vietnam War1954-1975:  The war wasn't just between US and Vietnam 

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Vietnam War1954-1975:  The war wasn't just between US and Vietnam 

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Korean War1950-1953:It featured the first all-jet dogfight

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Korean War1950-1953:It featured the first all-jet dogfight

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The American Dream: In the early twentieth century, Americans discovered a shared dream in which citizens worked together to make life better for the American masses. 

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The American Dream: In the early twentieth century, Americans discovered a shared dream in which citizens worked together to make life better for the American masses. 

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The American Dream:The dream was to have money, power, and status. Also to have the development of internet which enabled all of this. Most people invested in .com to become rich. The dream also includes fame and fortune.

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The American Dream:The dream was to have money, power, and status. Also to have the development of internet which enabled all of this. Most people invested in .com to become rich. The dream also includes fame and fortune.

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The American Dream: For much of the 1980s and first half of the ’90s, the trend primarily affected middle- and lower-income American workers, but since the beginning of this century, workers across almost all of the income distribution have seen their wages stall.

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The American Dream: For much of the 1980s and first half of the ’90s, the trend primarily affected middle- and lower-income American workers, but since the beginning of this century, workers across almost all of the income distribution have seen their wages stall.

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The American Dream: The “American Dream” in 1980s was people having fun, making money, and living free but was mainly focused on people getting as much money as they possibly could. In the early 1980s we were going through a recession and it was severe.

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The American Dream: The “American Dream” in 1980s was people having fun, making money, and living free but was mainly focused on people getting as much money as they possibly could. In the early 1980s we were going through a recession and it was severe.

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The Amrican Dream:The American Dream in the 1970s was to live a peaceful life. In the 1970s, family was focused on and so was latest trends in music. Hippies were popular and everyone needed to work hard for what was essential to live.

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The Amrican Dream:The American Dream in the 1970s was to live a peaceful life. In the 1970s, family was focused on and so was latest trends in music. Hippies were popular and everyone needed to work hard for what was essential to live.

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The American Dream: In the 1960’s the American Dream had to do with basic Human Rights.  Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was in the forefront of the Civil Right Movement to fight for these rights, and had many supporters

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The American Dream: In the 1960’s the American Dream had to do with basic Human Rights.  Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was in the forefront of the Civil Right Movement to fight for these rights, and had many supporters

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The Prohibition Era began in 1920 when the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which banned the manufacture, transportation and sale of intoxicating liquo

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Known as the Harlem Renaissance, or the New Negro Renaissance , this creative upsurge in music, visual arts, theater, and literature found full expression in Harlem, Chicago, Washington, DC and other cities nationwide; it was a tangible form of racial uplift for African Americans.

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Harlem Renaissance: The movement also included musical, theatrical, and visual arts.

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Harlem Renaissance: The movement also included musical, theatrical, and visual arts.

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Harlem Renaissance: The Harlem Renaissance (c. 1918–37) was the most influential movement in African American literary history.

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Harlem Renaissance: The Harlem Renaissance (c. 1918–37) was the most influential movement in African American literary history.

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The American Dream: The 50s: The economy boomed after the war and so did the number of babies born. This is the era where the American Dream focused on material comfort, caused by pressures of social conformity. Other important advancements included medical health care, women were homemakers, automobiles, and highway systems.

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The American Dream: The 50s: The economy boomed after the war and so did the number of babies born. This is the era where the American Dream focused on material comfort, caused by pressures of social conformity. Other important advancements included medical health care, women were homemakers, automobiles, and highway systems.

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The American Dream: The 50s: This time period's American dream focused on building a family (nuclear family) and keeping up with the Jones' (trying to fit is and have all the luxuries that those around you also had (car, appliances, appearance, etc.)

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The American Dream: The 50s: This time period's American dream focused on building a family (nuclear family) and keeping up with the Jones' (trying to fit is and have all the luxuries that those around you also had (car, appliances, appearance, etc.)

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https://www.smokyhillmuseum.org/exhibits/online_exhibits_folder/1950s-an-american-dream.html

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1950s: An American Dream?

Many have a nostalgic view of the 1950s. On the surface, this decade beamed with prosperity with new homes, automobiles and appliances. Yet, under this decade's shiny appearance, many felt pressure to conform to societal norms.

The American dream of the 1950s centered on nuclear families living in modern, suburban homes. However, not all was ideal. Family roles were changing. The business industry used color to target consumer behaviors. Everything from leisure activities to automobiles to appliances pushed for sameness and for keeping up with ones neighbors. The countryside itself shifted as new highways were built. Changes were brewing below the surface of the American dream.

After American servicemen returned home from WWII, many women lost their jobs and returned to homemaking duties. Societal norms said women should manage the household and care for children.

Feminine images shown by media shaped the stereotypical housewife. Many women embraced this image. Others rebelled. Many sought jobs to raise their status and to eliminate the boredom of suburban living.

In 1957, Betty Friedan attended a class reunion at Smith College and surveyed former classmates. She discovered women were dissatisfied with their lives. They felt the media's image of women was inaccurate. While these women were educated, many felt displaced from society. They felt stuck in the role as a housewife. This prompted Friedan to write the book, Feminine Mystique (1963) that challenged the traditional homemaker's role and prompted change for women's rights.

Friedan criticized Dr. Benjamin Spock's guidance on the mother's role in the home. Friedan's book prompted a review of the ideas on traditional gender roles in the 1950s. The term, "feminine mystique" described the cultural acceptance and erroneous ideal of the housewife. It dispelled the myths that were at the core

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1950s: An American Dream? : Online Exhibits : Exhibits : Smoky Hill Museum

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1950s: An American Dream? Many have a nostalgic view of the 1950s. On the surface, this decade beamed with prosperity with new homes, automobiles and appliances. Yet, under this decade's shiny appearance, many felt pressure to conform to societal norms. The American dream of the 1950s centered on nuclear families living in modern, suburban homes.

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The 40's were affected by WWII and the late 40s were the start of the post war era where many people began to find great economic success. This was a period of rebuilding. People tended to value family, steady jobs, and stabiliy.

https://www.lovemoney.com/galleries/84477/what-the-american-dream-looked-like-the-decade-you-were-born?page=2

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The 30's is the original idea of the American Dream which valued ideals such as freedom rather than money or wealth. It is the ideal that life can be rewarding, everyone has equal opportunity, and everyone can "make it" if they are willing to work hard enough. It didn't mean that every person would be reach or even have equal success, but that everyone would be able to attain greatness according to their ability and status.

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/04/upshot/the-transformation-of-the-american-dream.html

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THE AMERICAN DREAM:  The 20s: Many people believed that hard work and determination would lead to prosperity and happiness, regardless of their social class or background

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THE AMERICAN DREAM:  The 20s: Many people believed that hard work and determination would lead to prosperity and happiness, regardless of their social class or background

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THE AMERICAN DREAM: The 20s:  the American Dream was that of equality, but over time, and especially in the 1920s, it became a dream of material possessions,

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THE AMERICAN DREAM: The 20s:  the American Dream was that of equality, but over time, and especially in the 1920s, it became a dream of material possessions,

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"World War II was the biggest and deadliest war in history, involving more than 30 countries. Sparked by the 1939 Nazi invasion of Poland, the war dragged on for six bloody years until the Allies defeated the Axis powers of Nazi Germany, Japan and Italy in 1945."
https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii

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World War II: Causes and Timeline | HISTORY

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World War II was fought from 1939 to 1945. Learn more about World War II combatants, battles and generals, and what caused World War II.

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"The Great Depression was the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world, lasting from 1929 to 1939. Explore topics on the era, from the stock market crash of 1929, to the Dust Bowl, to FDR’s response to the economic calamity—the New Deal."

https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression

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Great Depression: Causes, Definition & Dates | HISTORY

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The Great Depression was the worst economic downturn in world history. Learn about the Dust Bowl, New Deal, causes of the Great Depression, a Great Depression timeline more.

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" World War I, also known as the Great War, began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. His murder catapulted into a war across Europe that lasted until 1918. During the conflict, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers) fought against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Canada, Japan and the United States (the Allied Powers)."
https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/world-war-i-history

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Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Tensions had been brewing throughout Europe-especially in the troubled Balkan region of southeast Europe-for years before World War I actually broke out.

A number of alliances involving European powers, the Ottoman Empire, Russia and other parties had existed for years, but political instability in the Balkans (particularly Bosnia, Serbia and Herzegovina) threatened to destroy these agreements.

The spark that ignited World War I was struck in Sarajevo, Bosnia, where Archduke Franz Ferdinand -heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire-was shot to death along with his wife, Sophie, by the Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914. Princip and other nationalists were struggling to end Austro-Hungarian rule over Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The assassination of Franz Ferdinand set off a rapidly escalating chain of events: Austria-Hungary, like many countries around the world, blamed the Serbian government for the attack and hoped to use the incident as justification for settling the question of Serbian nationalism once and for all.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Because mighty Russia supported Serbia, Austria-Hungary waited to declare war until its leaders received assurance from German leader Kaiser Wilhelm II that Germany would support their cause. Austro-Hungarian leaders feared that a Russian intervention would involve Russia's ally, France, and possibly Great Britain as well.

On July 5, Kaiser Wilhelm secretly pledged his support, giving Austria-Hungary a so-called carte blanche, or "blank check" assurance of Germany's backing in the case of war. The Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary then sent an ultimatum to Serbia, with such harsh terms as to make it almost impossible to accept.

World War I Begins

Convinced that Austria-Hungary was readying for war, the Serbian government ordered the Serbian army to mobilize and appealed to Russia for assistance. On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, and the tenuous peace between Europe's great powers quickly collapsed.

Within a week, Russia, Belgium, France, Great Britain and Serbia had lined up against Austria-Hungary and Germany, and World War I had begun.

The Western Front

According to an aggressive military strategy known as the Schlieffen Plan (named for its mastermind, German Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen), Germany began fighting World War I on two fronts, invading France through neutral Belgium in the west and confronting Russia in the east.

On August 4, 1914, German troops crossed the border into Belgium. In the first battle of World War I, the Germans assaulted the heavily fortified city of Liege, using the most powerful weapons in their arsenal-enormous siege cannons-to capture the city by August 15. The Germans left death and destruction in their wake as they advanced through Belgium toward France, shooting civilians and executing a Belgian priest they had accused of inciting civilian resistance.

First Battle of the Marne

In the First Battle of the Marne, fought from September 6-9, 1914, French and British forces confronted the invading German army, which had by then penetrated deep into northeastern France, within 30 miles of Paris. The Allied troops checked the German advance and mounted a successful counterattack, driving the Germans back to the north of the Aisne River.

The defeat meant the end of German plans for a quick victory in France. Both sides dug into trenches, and the Western Front was the setting for a hellish war of attrition that would last more than three years.

Particularly long and costly battles in this campaign were fought at Verdun (February-December 1916) and the Battle of the Somme (July-November 1916). German and French troops suffered close to a million casualties in the Battle of Verdun alone.

World War I Books and Art

The bloodshed on the battlefields of the Western Front, and the difficulties its soldiers had for years after the fighting had ended, inspired such works of art as " All Quiet on the Western Front" by Erich Maria Remarque and " In Flanders Fields"by Canadian doctor Lieutenant-Colonel John McCrae. In the latter poem, McCrae writes from the perspective of the fallen soldiers:

Published in 1915, the poem inspired the use of the poppy as a symbol of remembrance.

Visual artists like Otto Dix of Germany and British painters Wyndham Lewis, Paul Nash and David Bomberg used their firsthand experience as soldiers in World War I to create their art, capturing the anguish of trench warfare and exploring the themes of technology, violence and landscapes decimated by war.

The Eastern Front

On the Eastern Front of World War I, Russian forces invaded the German-held regions of East Prussia and Poland but were stopped short by German and Austrian forces at the Battle of Tannenberg in late August 1914.

Despite that victory, Russia's assault forced Germany to move two corps from the Western Front to the Eastern, contributing to the German loss in the Battle of the Marne.

Combined with the fierce Allied resistance in France, the ability of Russia's huge war machine to mobilize relatively quickly in the east ensured a longer, more grueling conflict instead of the quick victory Germany had hoped to win under the Schlieffen Plan.

Russian Revolution

From 1914 to 1916, Russia's army mounted several offensives on World War I's Eastern Front but was unable to break through German lines.

Defeat on the battlefield, combined with economic instability and the scarcity of food and other essentials, led to mounting discontent among the bulk of Russia's population, especially the poverty-stricken workers and peasants. This increased hostility was directed toward the imperial regime of Czar Nicholas II and his unpopular German-born wife, Alexandra.

Russia's simmering instability exploded in the Russian Revolution of 1917, spearheaded by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks, which ended czarist rule and brought a halt to Russian participation in World War I.

Russia reached an armistice with the Central Powers in early December 1917, freeing German troops to face the remaining Allies on the Western Front.

America Enters World War I

At the outbreak of fighting in 1914, the United States remained on the sidelines of World War I, adopting the policy of neutrality favored by President Woodrow Wilson while continuing to engage in commerce and shipping with European countries on both sides of the conflict.

Neutrality, however, it was increasingly difficult to maintain in the face of Germany's unchecked submarine aggression against neutral ships, including those carrying passengers. In 1915, Germany declared the waters surrounding the British Isles to be a war zone, and German U-boats sunk several commercial and passenger vessels, including some U.S. ships.

Widespread protest over the sinking by U-boat of the British ocean liner Lusitania-traveling from New York to Liverpool, England with hundreds of American passengers onboard-in May 1915 helped turn the tide of American public opinion against Germany. In February 1917, Congress passed a $250 million arms appropriations bill intended to make the United States ready for war.

Germany sunk four more U.S. merchant ships the following month, and on April 2 Woodrow Wilson appeared before Congress and called for a declaration of war against Germany.

Gallipoli Campaign

With World War I having effectively settled into a stalemate in Europe, the Allies attempted to score a victory against the Ottoman Empire, which entered the conflict on the side of the Central Powers in late 1914.

After a failed attack on the Dardanelles (the strait linking the Sea of Marmara with the Aegean Sea), Allied forces led by Britain launched a large-scale land invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula in April 1915. The invasion also proved a dismal failure, and in January 1916 Allied forces staged a full retreat from the shores of the peninsula after suffering 250,000 casualties.

Did you know? The young Winston Churchill, then first lord of the British Admiralty, resigned his command after the failed Gallipoli campaign in 1916, accepting a commission with an infantry battalion in France.

British-led forces also combated the Ottoman Turks in Egypt and Mesopotamia, while in northern Italy, Austrian and Italian troops faced off in a series of 12 battles along the Isonzo River, located at the border between the two nations.

Battle of the Isonzo

The First Battle of the Isonzo took place in the late spring of 1915, soon after Italy's entrance into the war on the Allied side. In the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo, also known as the Battle of Caporetto (October 1917), German reinforcements helped Austria-Hungary win a decisive victory.

After Caporetto, Italy's allies jumped in to offer increased assistance. British and French-and later, American-troops arrived in the region, and the Allies began to take back the Italian Front.

World War I at Sea

In the years before World War I, the superiority of Britain's Royal Navy was unchallenged by any other nation's fleet, but the Imperial German Navy had made substantial strides in closing the gap between the two naval powers. Germany's strength on the high seas was also aided by its lethal fleet of U-boat submarines.

After the Battle of Dogger Bank in January 1915, in which the British mounted a surprise attack on German ships in the North Sea, the German navy chose not to confront Britain's mighty Royal Navy in a major battle for more than a year, preferring to rest the bulk of its naval strategy on its U-boats.

The biggest naval engagement of World War I, the Battle of Jutland (May 1916) left British naval superiority on the North Sea intact, and Germany would make no further attempts to break an Allied naval blockade for the remainder of the war.

World War I Planes

World War I was the first major conflict to harness the power of planes. Though not as impactful as the British Royal Navy or Germany's U-boats, the use of planes in World War I presaged their later, pivotal role in military conflicts around the globe.

At the dawn of World War I, aviation was a relatively new field; the Wright brothers took their first sustained flight just eleven years before, in 1903. Aircraft were initially used primarily for reconnaissance missions. During the First Battle of the Marne, information passed from pilots allowed the allies to exploit weak spots in the German lines, helping the Allies to push Germany out of France.

The first machine guns were successfully mounted on planes in June of 1912 in the United States, but were imperfect; if timed incorrectly, a bullet could easily destroy the propeller of the plane it came from. The Morane-Saulnier L, a French plane, provided a solution: The propeller was armored with deflector wedges that prevented bullets from hitting it. The Morane-Saulnier Type L was used by the French, the British Royal Flying Corps (part of the Army), the British Royal Navy Air Service and the Imperial Russian Air Service. The British Bristol Type 22 was another popular model used for both reconnaissance work and as a fighter plane.

Dutch inventor Anthony Fokker improved upon the French deflector system in 1915. His "interrupter" synchronized the firing of the guns with the plane's propeller to avoid collisions. Though his most popular plane during WWI was the single-seat Fokker Eindecker, Fokker created over 40 kinds of airplanes for the Germans.

The Allies debuted the Handley-Page HP O/400, the first two-engine bomber, in 1915. As aerial technology progressed, long-range heavy bombers like Germany's Gotha G.V. (first introduced in 1917) were used to strike cities like London. Their speed and maneuverability proved to be far deadlier than Germany's earlier Zeppelin raids.

By the war's end, the Allies were producing five times more aircraft than the Germans. On April 1, 1918, the British created the Royal Air Force, or RAF, the first air force to be a separate military branch independent from the navy or army.

Second Battle of the Marne

With Germany able to build up its strength on the Western Front after the armistice with Russia, Allied troops struggled to hold off another German offensive until promised reinforcements from the United States were able to arrive.

On July 15, 1918, German troops launched what would become the last German offensive of the war, attacking French forces (joined by 85,000 American troops as well as some of the British Expeditionary Force) in the Second Battle of the Marne. The Allies successfully pushed back the German offensive and launched their own counteroffensive just three days later.

After suffering massive casualties, Germany was forced to call off a planned offensive further north, in the Flanders region stretching between France and Belgium, which was envisioned as Germany's best hope of victory.

The Second Battle of the Marne turned the tide of war decisively towards the Allies, who were able to regain much of France and Belgium in the months that followed.

The Harlem Hellfighters and Other All-Black Regiments

By the time World War I began, there were four all-Black regiments in the U.S. military: the 24th and 25th Infantry and the 9th and 10th Cavalry. All four regiments comprised of celebrated soldiers who fought in the Spanish-American War and American-Indian Wars, and served in the American territories. But they were not deployed for overseas combat in World War I.

Blacks serving alongside white soldiers on the front lines in Europe was inconceivable to the U.S. military. Instead, the first African American troops sent overseas served in segregated labor battalions, restricted to menial roles in the Army and Navy, and shutout of the Marines, entirely. Their duties mostly included unloading ships, transporting materials from train depots, bases and ports, digging trenches, cooking and maintenance, removing barbed wire and inoperable equipment, and burying soldiers.

Facing criticism from the Black community and civil rights organizations for its quotas and treatment of African American soldiers in the war effort, the military formed two Black combat units in 1917, the 92nd and 93rd Divisions. Trained separately and inadequately in the United States, the divisions fared differently in the war. The 92nd faced criticism for their performance in the Meuse-Argonne campaign in September 1918. The 93rd Division, however, had more success.

With dwindling armies, France asked America for reinforcements, and General John Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Forces, sent regiments in the 93 Division to over, since France had experience fighting alongside Black soldiers from their Senegalese French Colonial army. The 93 Division's 369 regiment, nicknamed the Harlem Hellfighters, fought so gallantly, with a total of 191 days on the front lines, longer than any AEF regiment, that France awarded them the Croix de Guerre for their heroism. More than 350,000 African American soldiers would serve in World War I in various capacities.

Toward Armistice

By the fall of 1918, the Central Powers were unraveling on all fronts.

Despite the Turkish victory at Gallipoli, later defeats by invading forces and an Arab revolt that destroyed the Ottoman economy and devastated its land, and the Turks signed a treaty with the Allies in late October 1918.

Austria-Hungary, dissolving from within due to growing nationalist movements among its diverse population, reached an armistice on November 4. Facing dwindling resources on the battlefield, discontent on the homefront and the surrender of its allies, Germany was finally forced to seek an armistice on November 11, 1918, ending World War I.

Treaty of Versailles

At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, Allied leaders stated their desire to build a post-war world that would safeguard itself against future conflicts of such a devastating scale.

Some hopeful participants had even begun calling World War I "the War to End All Wars." But the Treaty of Versailles, signed on June 28, 1919, would not achieve that lofty goal.

Saddled with war guilt, heavy reparations and denied entrance into the League of Nations, Germany felt tricked into signing the treaty, having believed any peace would be a "peace without victory," as put forward by President Wilson in his famous Fourteen Points speech of January 1918.

As the years passed, hatred of the Versailles treaty and its authors settled into a smoldering resentment in Germany that would, two decades later, be counted among the causes of World War II.

World War I Casualties

World War I took the lives of more than 9 million soldiers; 21 million more were wounded. Civilian casualties numbered close to 10 million. The two nations most affected were Germany and France, each of which sent some 80 percent of their male populations between the ages of 15 and 49 into battle.

The political disruption surrounding World War I also contributed to the fall of four venerable imperial dynasties: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia and Turkey.

Legacy of World War I

World War I brought about massive social upheaval, as millions of women entered the workforce to replace men who went to war and those who never came back. The first global war also helped to spread one of the world's deadliest global pandemics, the Spanish flu epidemic of 1918, which killed an estimated 20 to 50 million people.

World War I has also been referred to as "the first modern war." Many of the technologies now associated with military conflict-machine guns, tanks, aerial combat and radio communications-were introduced on a massive scale during World War I.

The severe effects that chemical weapons such as mustard gas and phosgene had on soldiers and civilians during World War I galvanized public and military attitudes against their continued use. The Geneva Convention agreements, signed in 1925, restricted the use of chemical and biological agents in warfare and remain in effect today.

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World War I: Summary, Causes & Facts | HISTORY

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World War I began in 1914, after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and lasted until 1918. During the conflict, Germany, Austria‑Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers) fought against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan and the United States (the Allied Powers).

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One popular writing style using in modernism is the “stream-of-consciousness”, which reflect a scattered brain. Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman are known as the mother and father of Modernism due to their influence on other authors of this time period. There are a lot of famous modernism poets as well from this time period.

https://www.utoledo.edu/library/canaday/guidepages/Modernism2.html

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Modernist authors not longer wrote straightforward stories, but rather wrote "fragmented stories" to reflect what society was life during and after World War I.
https://www.utoledo.edu/library/canaday/guidepages/Modernism2.html

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Lorraine Hansberry
-A Raisin in the Sun

F. Scott Fitzgerald
-The Great Gatsby

William Faulkner
-"A Rose for Emily"

Eudora Welty
-"A Worn Path"

Robert Frost
-poetry

T. S. Eliot
-The Waste Land
-"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"

John Steinbeck
-Of Mice and Men
-The Grapes of Wrath

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1. Sense of disillusionment and loss of faith in the "American Dream": the independent, self-reliant, individual will triumph.
2. Emphasis on bold experimentation in style and form over the traditional.
3. Interest in the inner workings of the human mind (ex. Stream of consciousness).

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Quote: "Alice Walker is an internationally celebrated writer, poet and activist whose books include seven novels, four collections of short stories, four children’s books, and volumes of essays and poetry.  She won the Pulitzer Prize in Fiction in 1983 and the National Book Award."

https://alicewalkersgarden.com/about/

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Alice Walker is an internationally celebrated writer, poet and activist whose books include seven novels, four collections of short stories, four children's books, and volumes of essays and poetry. She won the Pulitzer Prize in Fiction in 1983 and the National Book Award.

Walker has written many bestsellers; among them, The Temple of My Familiar (a wisdom tale that originates in prehistory); By The Light of My Father's Smile ( sexuality and forgiveness as paths of healing); Possessing the Secret of Joy (1992), which explores the effects of female genital mutilation on one woman's psyche as well as her body (she becomes a patient of a fictional Carl Jung). This novel led to the 1993 book and documentary film Warrior Marks: Female Genital Mutilation and the Sexual Blinding of Women, both collaborations with British-Indian filmmaker Pratibha Parmar, and We are the Ones We Have Been Waiting For: Inner Light in a Time of Darkness.(Meditations on spiritual and political issues).

Her other novels are: The Third Life of Grange Copeland (one family's struggle to survive the sharecropping system - slavery under another name - in the South), Meridian (a spiritual biography of The Civil Rights Movement), The Color Purple (liberation from enforced, male dominant, religion and thought; also poses the question never asked by societies in which they occur: what becomes of the children whose parents are lynched/assassinated?) and Now Is the Time To Open Your Heart (a couple on the verge of separating decides to live together, fully in the present, despite awareness of the universal unraveling of societies around the globe).

Her short story collections include: In Love & Trouble: Stories of Black Women ( poor and marginalized women of color make choices reflecting their status in life) and You Can't Keep A Good Woman Down (the spirit of woman rises with the smallest encouragement; one of our most valuable human contributions) and The Way Forward Is With A Broken Heart (after a painful divorce, a woman opens herself to the heartbreak offered by the world, and loves the world enough to persevere).

There are seven volumes of poems. Among them: Once, Revolutionary Petunias, Horses Make a Landscape Look More Beautiful, Good Night, Willie Lee, I'll See You In the Morning, Her Blue Body Everything We Know, Absolute Trust In the Goodness of the Earth, Hard Times Require Furious Dancing, and The World Will Follow Joy: Turning Madness Into Flowers.

In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose examines the creative inheritance of one's maternal line, and how our own contributions,whether political, activist, or poetic connect on this foundation. Essays in Living By the Word reflect Walker's Earth and Womanist based spirituality. Anything We Love Can Be Saved: A Writer's Activism ( explores activism as a source of inspiration), The Same River Twice: Honoring the Difficult chronicles the adventure of having a film made of her novel The Color Purple and weathering storms of censorship, banning, criticism, and verbal attack.

Her work has been translated into more than two dozen languages, and her books have sold more than fifteen million copies. Along with the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award, Walker, in 2006, was honored as one of the inaugural inductees into the California Hall of Fame. In 2007, her archives were opened to the public at Emory University in her birth state of Georgia. In 2010 she presented the keynote address at The 11th Annual Steve Biko Lecture at the University of Cape Town, South Africa, where she met the beautiful sons of Steve Biko, and was awarded the Lennon/Ono Peace Grant in Reykjavik, Iceland, where she met John Lennon and Yoko Ono's "beautiful boy" Sean Lennon. (Walker donated this latter award to an orphanage for the children of AIDS victims in East Africa, The Margaret Okari Foundation in Kisi, Kenya). She served as jurist (2010 and 2012)for two sessions of The Russell Tribunal on Palestine. In Cape Town, South Africa, and NYC, New York.

Recent works are: Overcoming Speechlessness: A Poet Encounters the Horror in Rwanda, Eastern Congo and Palestine/Israel; Hard Times Require Furious Dancing; The World Has Changed: Conversations with Alice Walker; and The Chicken Chronicles: Sitting With the Angels Who Have Returned With My Memories, a Memoir. She also writes regularly on her blog site at www.alicewalkersgarden.com.

Two new books were presented in Spring of 2013: The Cushion in the Road: Meditation and Wandering as the Whole World Awakens to Being in Harm's Way; and The World Will Follow Joy: Turning Madness into Flowers, poems.

Walker has been an activist all of her adult life, and believes that learning to extend the range of our compassion is activity and work available to all. She is a staunch defender not only of human rights, but of the rights of all living beings. She is one of the world's most prolific writers, yet continues to travel the world to literally stand on the side of the poor, and the economically, spiritually and politically oppressed. She also stands, however, on the side of the revolutionaries, teachers and leaders who seek change and transformation of the world. Upon returning from Gaza in 2008, Walker said, "Going to Gaza was our opportunity to remind the people of Gaza and ourselves that we belong to the same world: the world where grief is not only acknowledged, but shared; where we see injustice and call it by its name; where we see suffering and know the one who stands and sees is also harmed, but not nearly so much as the one who stands and sees and says and does nothing."

Alice Walker was awarded the Mahmoud Darwish Literary Prize for Fiction 2016.
Collage by Alexis Pauline Gumbs, one of the authors of the important forthcoming book: Revolutionary Mothering: Love on the Frontlines Edited by Alexis Pauline Gumbs, China Martens, and Mai'a Williams

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About | Alice Walker | The Official Website for the American Novelist & Poet

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Alice Walker is an internationally celebrated writer, poet and activist whose books include seven novels, four collections of short stories, four children's books, and volumes of essays and poetry. She won the Pulitzer Prize in Fiction in 1983 and the National Book Award.

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Not only is Mrs. Walker an activist through her writing, but she also is an activist in her actions "literally stand on the side of the poor, and the economically, spiritually and politically oppressed." She uses her fame to make a difference in the life of the people she has written about for many years.
https://alicewalkersgarden.com/

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Alice Walker wrote a lot about issues of oppression and justice. Many of her novels and short stories talk about Women's rights or the oppression women face. She is also known to right about racial injustice, or the poor and marginalized.

https://alicewalkersgarden.com/

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Not only was he a author writing about the civil war, he fought in the Civil war for the Union Army. "He fought bravely in numerous military engagements, including the battles of Shiloh and Chickamauga and in Sherman's March to the Sea"
https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/ambrose-bierce

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His is most famous for his short stories about the Civil War and things that are supernatural.  His stories discussed death, "mental deterioration, uncanny and otherworldly manifestations, and the horror of existence in a meaningless universe."

https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/ambrose-bierce

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Ambrose Bierce's literary reputation is based primarily on his short stories about the Civil War and the supernatural-a body of work that makes up a relatively small part of his total output. Often compared to the tales of Edgar Allan Poe, these stories share an attraction to death in its more bizarre forms, featuring depictions of mental deterioration, uncanny and otherworldly manifestations, and the horror of existence in a meaningless universe. Like Poe, Bierce professed to be mainly concerned with the artistry of his work, yet critics find him more intent on conveying his misanthropy and pessimism. His bare, economical style of supernatural horror is usually distinguished from the verbally lavish tales of Poe. In his lifetime, Bierce was famous as a California journalist dedicated to exposing the truth as he understood it, regardless of whose reputations were harmed by his attacks. For his sardonic wit and damning observations on the personalities and events of the day, he became known as "the wickedest man in San Francisco."

Bierce was born in Meigs County, Ohio. His parents were farmers and he was the tenth of 13 children, all of whom were given names beginning with "A" at their father's insistence. The family moved to Indiana, where Bierce went to high school; he later attended the Kentucky Military Institute. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he enlisted in the Union army. In such units as the Ninth Indiana Infantry Regiment and Buell's Army of the Ohio, he fought bravely in numerous military engagements, including the battles of Shiloh and Chickamauga and in Sherman's March to the Sea. After the war Bierce traveled with a military expedition to San Francisco, where he left the army and began a literary career.

Bierce published two books of poetry, Black Beetles in Amber (1892) and Shapes of Clay (1903), which were later published as the fourth and fifth volumes in his Collected Works (1909-1912). A talented critic and satirist, his poems and other works were published in numerous newspaper columns for over 40 years, beginning with the Californian. In 1868 he became the editor of The News Letter, for which he wrote his famous "Town Crier" column. Bierce became something of a noted figure in California literary society, forming friendships with Mark Twain, Bret Harte, and Joaquin Miller. In 1872 Bierce and his wife moved to England where, during a three-year stay, he wrote for Fun and Figaro magazines, acquiring the nickname "Bitter Bierce." His first three books of sketches- Nuggets and Dust Panned Out in California (1872), The Fiend's Delight (1873), and Cobwebs from an Empty Skull (1874)-were published during this period. When the English climate aggravated Bierce's asthma he returned to San Francisco. In 1887 he began writing for William Randolph Hearst's San Francisco Examiner, continuing the "Prattler" column he had done for the Argonaut and the Wasp. Bierce relocated to Washington, DC in 1896, where he continued to publish poems, essays, epigrams, and short stories in newspapers and magazines.

Bierce's major fiction was collected in Tales of Soldiers and Civilians (1891) and Can Such Things Be? (1893). Many of these stories are realistic depictions of the author's experiences in the Civil War. However, Bierce was not striving for realism, as critics have pointed out and as he himself admitted, for his narratives often fail to supply sufficient verisimilitude. His most striking fictional effects depend on an adept manipulation of the reader viewpoint: a bloody battlefield seen through the eyes of a deaf child in "Chickamauga," the deceptive escape dreamed by a man about to be hanged in "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge," and the shifting perspectives of "The Death of Halpin Frayser." The classic Biercian narrative includes a marked use of black humor, particularly in the ironic and hideous deaths his protagonists often suffer. The brutal satire Bierce employed in his journalism appears as plain brutality in his fiction, and critics have both condemned and praised his imagination as among the most vicious and morbid in American literature.

Along with his tales of terror, Bierce's most acclaimed work is The Devil's Dictionary (1906), a lexicon of its author's wit and animosity. His definition for "ghost"-"the outward and visible sign of an inward fear"-clarifies his fundamentally psychological approach to the supernatural. In The Devil's Dictionary, Bierce vented much of his contempt for politics, religion, society, and conventional human values. A committed opponent of hypocrisy, prejudice, and corruption, Bierce acquired the public persona of an admired but often hated genius, a man of contradiction and mystery. In 1913 he informed many of his correspondents that he intended to travel Mexico and join Pancho Villa's forces as an observer during that country's civil war. He was never heard from again, and the circumstances of his death are uncertain.

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Ambrose Bierce's literary reputation is based primarily on his short stories about the Civil War and the supernatural-a body of work that makes up a relatively small part of his total output. Often compared to the tales of Edgar Allan Poe, these stories share an attraction to death in its more...

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Ambrose Bierse was an American author of both of satire and sardonic (mocking and cynical) short stories which were often about death or horror. Ironically, when is life ended, his ending itself was a mystery.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ambrose-Bierce

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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica • Edit History

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Ambrose Bierce, American newspaperman, wit, satirist, and author of sardonic short stories based on themes of death and horror. His life ended in an unsolved mystery. Reared in Kosciusko county, Indiana, Bierce became a printer’s devil (apprentice) on a Warsaw, Indiana, paper after about a year in

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"Reconstruction, in U.S. history, the period (1865–77) that followed the American Civil War and during which attempts were made to redress the inequities of slavery and its political, social, and economic legacy and to solve the problems arising from the readmission to the Union of the 11 states that had seceded at or before the outbreak of war."
https://www.britannica.com/event/Reconstruction-United-States-history

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"The Civil War in the United States began in 1861, after decades of simmering tensions between northern and southern states over slavery, states’ rights and westward expansion."

https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/american-civil-war-history

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Literary Realism was a movement where literature shifted from being poetic and romanticized to talking about mundane everyday life in a rich and detailed way. It is characterized with familiar people, places, and stories, with the objective being to talk about what life is really like.

https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-literary-realism

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Realism was started in the 19 century by the anti-Romantic movement in Germany, the growing interest in professional journalism, and the incoming of photography.

https://www.britannica.com/art/realism-art

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realism, in the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close observation of outward appearances. As such, realism in its broad sense has comprised many artistic currents in different civilizations. In the visual arts, for example, realism can be found in ancient Hellenistic Greek sculptures accurately portraying boxers and decrepit old women. The works of such 17th-century painters as Caravaggio, the Dutch genre painters, the Spanish painters José de Ribera, Diego Velázquez, and Francisco de Zurbarán, and the Le Nain brothers in France are realist in approach. The works of the 18th-century English novelists Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding, and Tobias Smollett may also be called realistic.

Realism was not consciously adopted as an aesthetic program until the mid-19th century in France, however. Indeed, realism may be viewed as a major trend in French novels and paintings between 1850 and 1880. One of the first appearances of the term realism was in the Mercure français du XIX siècle in 1826, in which the word is used to describe a doctrine based not upon imitating past artistic achievements but upon the truthful and accurate depiction of the models that nature and contemporary life offer the artist. The French proponents of realism were agreed in their rejection of the artificiality of both the Classicism and Romanticism of the academies and on the necessity for contemporaneity in an effective work of art. They attempted to portray the lives, appearances, problems, customs, and mores of the middle and lower classes, of the unexceptional, the ordinary, the humble, and the unadorned. Indeed, they conscientiously set themselves to reproducing all the hitherto-ignored aspects of contemporary life and society-its mental attitudes, physical settings, and material conditions.

Realism was stimulated by several intellectual developments in the first half of the 19th century. Among these were the anti-Romantic movement in Germany, with its emphasis on the common man as an artistic subject; Auguste Comte's Positivist philosophy, in which sociology's importance as the scientific study of society was emphasized; the rise of professional journalism, with its accurate and dispassionate recording of current events; and the development of photography, with its capability of mechanically reproducing visual appearances with extreme accuracy. All these developments stimulated interest in accurately recording contemporary life and society.

Gustave Courbet was the first artist to self-consciously proclaim and practice the realist aesthetic. After his huge canvas The Studio (1854-55) was rejected by the Exposition Universelle of 1855, the artist displayed it and other works under the label "Realism, G. Courbet" in a specially constructed pavilion. Courbet was strongly opposed to idealization in his art, and he urged other artists to instead make the commonplace and contemporary the focus of their art. He viewed the frank portrayal of scenes from everyday life as a truly democratic art. Such paintings as his Burial at Ornans (1849) and the Stone Breakers (1849), which he had exhibited in the Salon of 1850-51, had already shocked the public and critics by the frank and unadorned factuality with which they depicted humble peasants and labourers. The fact that Courbet did not glorify his peasants but presented them boldly and starkly created a violent reaction in the art world.

The style and subject matter of Courbet's work were built on ground already broken by the painters of the Barbizon School. Théodore Rousseau, Charles-François Daubigny, Jean-François Millet, and others in the early 1830s settled in the French village of Barbizon with the aim of faithfully reproducing the local character of the landscape. Though each Barbizon painter had his own style and specific interests, they all emphasized in their works the simple and ordinary rather than the grandiose and monumental aspects of nature. They turned away from melodramatic picturesqueness and painted solid, detailed forms that were the result of close observation. In such works as The Winnower (1848), Millet was one of the first artists to portray peasant labourers with a grandeur and monumentality hitherto reserved for more important persons.

Another major French artist often associated with the realist tradition, Honoré Daumier, drew satirical caricatures of French society and politics. He found his working-class heroes and heroines and his villainous lawyers and politicians in the slums and streets of Paris. Like Courbet, he was an ardent democrat, and he used his skill as a caricaturist directly in the service of political aims. Daumier used energetic linear style, boldly accentuated realistic detail, and an almost sculptural treatment of form to criticize the immorality and ugliness he saw in French society.

Pictorial realism outside of France was perhaps best represented in the 19th century in the United States. There, Winslow Homer's powerful and expressive paintings of marine subjects and Thomas Eakins 's portraits, boating scenes, and other works are frank, unsentimental, and acutely observed records of contemporary life.

Realism was a distinct current in 20th-century art and usually stemmed either from artists' desire to present more honest, searching, and unidealized views of everyday life or from their attempts to use art as a vehicle for social and political criticism. The rough, sketchy, almost journalistic scenes of seamy urban life by the group of American painters known as The Eight fall into the former category. The German art movement known as the Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity), on the other hand, worked in a realist style to express the cynicism and disillusionment of the post- World War I period in Germany. The Depression-era movement known as Social Realism adopted a similarly harsh and direct realism in its depictions of the injustices and evils of American society during that period.

Socialist Realism, which was the officially sponsored Marxist aesthetic in the Soviet Union from the early 1930s until that country's dissolution in 1991, actually had little to do with realism, though it purported to be a faithful and objective mirror of life. Its "truthfulness" was required to serve the ideology and the propagandistic needs of the state. Socialist Realism generally used techniques of naturalistic idealization to create portraits of dauntless workers and engineers who were strikingly alike in both their heroic positivism and their lack of lifelike credibility.

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Realism | History, Definition, & Characteristics

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Realism, in the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism was a major trend in French novels and paintings between 1850 and 1880. Highlights included Gustave Courbet's painting Burial at Ornans (1849) and Gustave Flaubert's novel Madame Bovary (1857).

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Louisa May Alcott: She pretended to be her own servant to trick her fans.

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Louisa May Alcott: She pretended to be her own servant to trick her fans.

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https://www.howlifeunfolds.com/learning-education/10-little-facts-about-louisa-may-alcott

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Louisa May Alcott: Fans can visit Alcott's family home in Concord, Massachusetts.

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Louisa May Alcott: Fans can visit Alcott's family home in Concord, Massachusetts.

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https://www.howlifeunfolds.com/learning-education/10-little-facts-about-louisa-may-alcott

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Louisa May Alcott: She wrote about her experience as a Civil War nurse

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Louisa May Alcott: She wrote about her experience as a Civil War nurse

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https://www.howlifeunfolds.com/learning-education/10-little-facts-about-louisa-may-alcott

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Ralph Waldo Emerson:  He exposed American Thinkers to the Writings and Philosophies of Asia and the Middle East

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Ralph Waldo Emerson:  He exposed American Thinkers to the Writings and Philosophies of Asia and the Middle East

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https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/six-surprising-facts-about-ralph-waldo-emerson

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Ralph Waldo Emerson: He Was a Known as "The Sage of Concord"

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Ralph Waldo Emerson: He Was a Known as "The Sage of Concord"

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https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/six-surprising-facts-about-ralph-waldo-emerson

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Ralph Waldo Emerson: He Was an Ordained Unitarian Minister

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Ralph Waldo Emerson: He Was an Ordained Unitarian Minister

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https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/six-surprising-facts-about-ralph-waldo-emerson

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PERIOD NAME: She wrote a poem for a Presidential Inauguration

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PERIOD NAME: She wrote a poem for a Presidential Inauguration

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https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/five-interesting-facts-about-maya-angelou

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https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/five-interesting-facts-about-maya-angelou

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Maya Angelou: By the age of 16 she was the first African-American and the first female streetcar conductor in San Francisco.

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Maya Angelou: By the age of 16 she was the first African-American and the first female streetcar conductor in San Francisco.

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https://blog.bookstellyouwhy.com/five-interesting-facts-about-maya-angelou

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Born in April 4, 1928 as Marguerite Johnson in St. Louis, Maya Angelou had a difficult childhood. Her parents divorced when she was three, leaving Angelou to be raised by her grandmother. When she was seven, Angelou was sexually assaulted by her mother's boyfriend. After testifying against him, her attacker was beaten to death in an alley, causing Angelou to believe her voice was too powerful. She decided to remain nearly mute for the next five years. During this time Angelou connected with the written word, paving the way for her future as a writer. Angelou's importance cannot be overstated. We've compiled five interesting facts about her life below. This is just as overview because, as many know, a lifetime of study wouldn't be enough to unwrap all the layers of Angelou's life and work. And, she is sure to continue to impact many in generations to come. If you're interested in learning more, see the bottom of this post.

1. She is more than an author

Throughout her life, Maya Angelou accomplished many things. Before becoming an author at the age of 41, Angelou had worked as a cook, waitress, sex-worker, performer, playwright, editor, and director. She won three Grammys for best spoken word albums and was nominated for a Tony Award in 1973. By the age of 16 she was the first African-American and the first female streetcar conductor in San Francisco.

2. She wrote a poem for a Presidential Inauguration

Angelou was the second author to write a poem for a Presidential Inauguration, following Robert Frost's "The Gift Outright" presented at John F. Kennedy's inauguration. She wrote "On the Pulse of Morning" for President Clinton's inauguration. Clinton, himself, was inspired by I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Angelou grew up near Clinton's birthplace in Hope Arkansas, and her work reminded Clinton of his grandfather and his life in Arkansas.

claimed in the same interview that she was anxious about reciting the poem and managing the emotions of the day. Her recitation proved to be flawless. On that brisk January 20 morning in 1993, her poem resonated deeply and earned her critical acclaim. Read more about Angelou's inaugural poetry When asked in an interview with Bryant Gumbel about the work that went into the poem, Angelou shared that she hoped to write "for the American people." It was her dream that we would all "look at each other," and "find trust in each other's eyes." Angelou here.

3. She comes from a long line of strong women

Angelou's mother and grandmother both were examples of strong female role models in Angelou's life. In addition to being a nurse and helping deliver her grandchild, Angelou's mother worked as a seaman. When the union said they would not let women join, she only became more determined, becoming the first women to join and go to sea. Angelou's grandmother, who ran a grocery store, helped instill a confidence of being loved. She also taught Angelou not to lie to herself or others, not to boast, and not to complain.

4. Her first book was an instant best seller

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, published in 1969, is an autobiography covering Angelou's childhood from the age of 3 through 17. In her work, Angelou discusses racism, trauma, and rape, and how she was able to overcome and grow from these challenges. Since its publication, the book has never been out of print, proving its continued relevancy 50 years after its publication.

5. She wrote in a hotel room

In order to concentrate on work, Angelou would rent out a hotel room near her home when she was writing. She would arrive by six, taking a thermos of coffee with her, working until noon or one before returning home to work further. After taking the room, she had all of the decorations and furniture removed so there was only a bed and table and chair in addition to a thesaurus, dictionary, legal pad and pens, and a bottle of sherry.
Looking for a thorough overview of Angelou's life? Read on!
Marguerite Ann Johnson was born in St. Louis, Missouri on April 4, 1928. When she was three years old, her parents divorced, sending both Maya and her brother, Bailey, to live with their paternal grandmother in Stamps, Arkansas. Here, she was exposed to the harsh realities that African Americans faced in the South; however, her time in Stamps introduced her to the rich Southern African-American culture and community. Her grandmother instilled profound values and resilience in the young Maya, which would pervade her writings and make her the woman she is today.

When she was about seven years old, Angelou and her brother returned to their mother in St. Louis. At the time, her mother was living with a boyfriend who would later sexually abuse Angelou. She confided in her brother, who then informed the family of Freeman's transgressions. He was taken to court. Freeman was found guilty--and served only one day in jail for his crime.

Several days after he was discharged, Freeman was found dead-presumably murdered by Angelou's uncles. Being so young, she believed that her words had the power to kill Freeman and was traumatized. From this ordeal, Angelou refused to speak for almost five years. Through her silence she was able to open her mind to new things, allowing her imagination to grow. She read classics such as Shakespeare, Edgar Allan Poe, and Charles Dickens, in addition to reading contemporary poetry written by women of color.

At the age of fourteen, Angelou moved to Oakland, California with her mother and attended the California Labor School for dance and drama. Before graduating, she received a job as the first African-American streetcar conductor in San Francisco. When Angelou was seventeen years old, she gave birth to her only child, Clyde (Guy) Johnson.

In 1949, despite the disapproval of interracial marriage in society at the time, Maya married Greek electrician and aspiring musician Anastasios Angelopoulos. She continued to dance, taking classes, forming groups, and performing at various venues in San Francisco. In 1954, her marriage with Angelopoulos failed, and Angelou took a job singing and dancing professionally in night clubs. She had various stage names; however, she was encouraged to use the name Maya Angelouas her permanent stage name due to its genuine "Calypso" sound. Read more >>

Sources:

Grossman, Lev. (May 28, 2014). Maya Angelou: A Hymn to Human Endurance. Retrieved Feb. 22, 2019, here.
More, Lucinda. Growing Up Maya Angelou. (April 2003). Retrieved here.
Waxman, Olivia B. 5 Things to Know About Maya Angelou's Complicated, Meaningful Life. (April 4, 2018). here.

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Five Interesting Facts About Maya Angelou

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Born in April 4, 1928 as Marguerite Johnson in St. Louis, Maya Angelou had a difficult childhood. Her parents divorced when she was three, leaving Angelou to be raised by her grandmother. When she was seven, Angelou was sexually assaulted by her mother's boyfriend.

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PERIOD NAME: the McCarthy trials of the 1950s,

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PERIOD NAME: the McCarthy trials of the 1950s,

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PERIOD NAME: Arthur Miller was Inspired by the House Un-American Activities Committee

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PERIOD NAME: Arthur Miller was Inspired by the House Un-American Activities Committee

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CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH- 1814: It was one of the largest migrations in American history. 

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CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH- 1814: It was one of the largest migrations in American history. 

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THE WAR OF 1812:The War of 1812 has been called “America's Forgotten War.” 

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THE WAR OF 1812:The War of 1812 has been called “America's Forgotten War.” 

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RENAISSANCE PERIOD: Hawthorne was the founding member of a utopia.

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RENAISSANCE PERIOD: Hawthorne was the founding member of a utopia.

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RANAISSANCE PERIOD: American Renaissance, also called the New England Renaissance, was the period from the 1830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War in which American.

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RANAISSANCE PERIOD: American Renaissance, also called the New England Renaissance, was the period from the 1830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War in which American.

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MODERN DAY: Alice Paultook a stand to push the women’s suffrage movement into the national spotlight in the early twentiethcentury

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MODERN DAY: Alice Paultook a stand to push the women’s suffrage movement into the national spotlight in the early twentiethcentury

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https://www.history.com/.image/t_share/MTU3ODc4Njg0ODU4MjYyODU3/image-placeholder-title.jpg

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MODERN DAY: the demonstrators in Tiananmen Square who protested for greater freedom in China.

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MODERN DAY: the demonstrators in Tiananmen Square who protested for greater freedom in China.

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https://www.amnesty.org.uk/files/548x331_tiananmen_shiao_jang.jpg?VersionId=KF3UmGbPIVCGyuvZvUjUD059dAMT0dsm

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Romanticism: Romanticism emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental

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Romanticism: Romanticism emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental

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Romanticism:  Romanticism gave rise to the importance of plein-air painting

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Romanticism:  Romanticism gave rise to the importance of plein-air painting

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Washington Irving
—"Rip van Winkle"

Emily Dickinson
—poetry

Walt Whitman
—Leaves of Grass

Edgar Allan Poe
—"The Raven"

Nathaniel Hawthorne
—The Scarlet Letter

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1. Valued feeling, intuition, idealism, and inductive reasoning.

2. Placed faith in inner experience and the power of the imagination.

3. Shunned the artificiality of civilization and sought unspoiled nature as a path to spirituality.

4. Championed individual freedom and the worth of the individual

5. Saw poetry as the highest expression of the imagination

6. Dark Romantics: used dark and supernatural themes/settings (Gothic style)

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TRANSCENDENTALISM: Transcendentalists advocated the idea of a personal knowledge of God, believing that no intermediary was needed for spiritual insight.

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TRANSCENDENTALISM: Transcendentalists advocated the idea of a personal knowledge of God, believing that no intermediary was needed for spiritual insight.

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https://www.history.com/.image/ar_1:1%2Cc_fill%2Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_1200/MTU3ODc5MDg3MjQyMjI0OTY5/river-ottawa.jpg

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TRANSCENDENTALISM Transcendentalists believed people and nature were filled with goodness.

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TRANSCENDENTALISM Transcendentalists believed people and nature were filled with goodness.

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https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fstudy.com%2Facademy%2Flesson%2Ftranscendentalism-impact-on-american-literature.html&psig=AOvVaw2T8mWNrA-WSRMz2z_D8dbd&ust=1668155830754000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCNipzPKao_sCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

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*Either put an image of that portion of the chart here or type them.

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4. Important social and political movements include the Abolitionist, Utopian, and Women's Suffrage Movements

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Rationalism - "The Age of Enlightenment": The radical Enlightenment advocated democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority.

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Rationalism - "The Age of Enlightenment": The radical Enlightenment advocated democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority.

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https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/the-age-of-enlightenment/

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Rationalism - The Age of Reason: The Age of Reason saw the introduction of the Scientific Revolution and various progressions of new schools of thought.

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Rationalism - The Age of Reason: The Age of Reason saw the introduction of the Scientific Revolution and various progressions of new schools of thought.

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https://www.allabouthistory.org/age-of-reason.htm

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Rationalism - "The Age of Enlightenment": the Enlightenment was a philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century.

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Rationalism - "The Age of Enlightenment": the Enlightenment was a philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century.

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https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/the-age-of-enlightenment/

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Rationalism - The Age of Reason: The Protestants revolted against the Catholic Church and subsequent ‘holy wars’ occurred. 

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Rationalism - The Age of Reason: The Protestants revolted against the Catholic Church and subsequent ‘holy wars’ occurred. 

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https://www.allabouthistory.org/age-of-reason.htm

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment": Authors and Works

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment": Authors and Works

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" " The Enlightenment" - 1600-1700s

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" " The Enlightenment" - 1600-1700s

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1741: Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" 

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1741: Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" 

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Direction Note: Be sure to add any special events according to their date as needed

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1507: Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown

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1507: Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800: Puritan worship services were very long.

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800: Puritan worship services were very long.

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800: The Puritans believed in education and founded Harvard in 1636.

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800: The Puritans believed in education and founded Harvard in 1636.

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies : Authors and Works

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies : Authors and Works

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800: Period Characteristics

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800: Period Characteristics

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NATIVE AMERICANS : They used every part of the Buffalo

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NATIVE AMERICANS : They used every part of the Buffalo

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2200 B.C- Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9)

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2200 B.C- Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9)

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NATIVE AMERICANS: There are about 4.5 million Native Americans and Alaska Natives in the United States today. 

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NATIVE AMERICANS: There are about 4.5 million Native Americans and Alaska Natives in the United States today. 

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NATIVE AMERICANS AND 2200 B.C.- 1600 AD: Period Characteristic

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NATIVE AMERICANS AND 2200 B.C.- 1600 AD: Period Characteristic

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