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•Ocean salinity is derived mainly from the weathering of rocks and the transport of dissolved salts from the land, with lesser contributions from hydrothermal vents in the seafloor.

• Evaporation of ocean water and formation of sea ice further increase the salinity of the ocean. However these processes which increase salinity are continually counterbalanced by processes that decrease salinity, such as the continuous input of fresh water from rivers, precipitation of rain and snow, and the melting of ice.

Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen cycle and ocean- In the open ocean, as on land, fixed nitrogen is one of the most important growth-limiting nutrients for photosynthetic organisms (primary producers) such as algae and marine bacteria. Nitrogen can also serve as an energy source or as an oxidant for marine bacteria and archaea. (Archaea are single celled organisms that look similar to bacteria, but which are in an entirely separate biological domain).

￼The ocean absorbs nitrogen gas from the atmosphere. In open-ocean areas with low concentrations of nutrients (“oligotrophic” regions), some of this nitrogen is taken up by microbes and transformed into various chemical compounds. The key steps in this process are listed below and shown in the simplified diagram at right (click on it to see a larger version).

Nitrogen gas (N2) from the atmosphere dissolves into seawater at the ocean surface. Nitrogen gas is the most abundant form of nitrogen in the ocean, but is not useful to most living things.

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The ocean play an important role in carbon cycle. The gases exchanging process with the atmosphere happens by surface waters. Surface waters absorbing and releasing carbon dioxide, oxygen and other gases. Plant-like phytoplankton living in the ocean convert carbon dioxide into sugars that feed marine ecosystems. When marine animals die, their bodies may sink into the depths. The carbon they contain gets dissolved back into deep waters. Coal or oil deposits may create at deep underground in this process. The absorption of carbon dioxide is high. The increase of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases may cause the high temperature of the earth. Oceans have absorbed much of these gases people have released into the atmosphere. When carbon dioxide reacts with surface water, it creates carbonic acid, and ocean water become acidic. This ocean acidification is harmful to marine organisms specially for corals. According to these factors we can identify ocean plays a huge role in C cycle.

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How is Ocean related to all the biogeochemical cycles?

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How is Ocean related to all the biogeochemical cycles?

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Water cycle:-
-Ocean holds 97% of total water on planet making its the largest reservoir of water on earth.
-78% of global precipitation occurs over the ocean.
-source of 86% of global evaporation.

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How the Ocean interact with the Silicon Cycle

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How the Ocean interact with the Silicon Cycle

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Silicon cycle is a biogeochemical flux.  Part of this flux is directly recycled in the surface ocean, and part is exported to the deep ocean.
As a part of carbon cycle,
Weathering process of silicate rocks result bicarbonate ions and precipitate them. And converted into carbonate ions and sediment into the ocean.
After silicon leaching out from the land to hydrosphere, aquatic organisms consume released silicon by chemical weathering.
Weathering of the Earth's crust by CO2 rich rain water (key process in the control of atmospheric CO2) result silicic acid in aqueous environment.
As above mentioned among all the other BGC cycles silicon cycle which is directly connect with carbon cycle is mostly associated with the ocean.

CRM_2021_001
Group 2

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How is ocean related to all the biogeochemical cycles?

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How is ocean related to all the biogeochemical cycles?

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Water cycle

71% of earth surface is covered with ocean.Just like all the water bodies mainly ocean provide water for the evaporation process. 78% of global precipitation occurs over the ocean. The precipitated water in the land also runoff to the ocean through freshwater bodies. The height of the ocean surface is affected by the precipitation indirectly.

Nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen is absorbed by the ocean from the atmosphere. Dissolved nitrogen in the sea water fixed by micro organisms to form nitrogen compound which is useful to marine life. Nitrogen gas (N₂ ) , a form of Nitrogen is the most abundant form of nitrogen in ocean. Nitrogen is taken by bacteria in the ocean then covert into ammonium through the process of Nitrogen fixation. Ammonium converts into nitrite and then to nitrite to nitrate by the process of nitrification. Micro organisms in the ocean consume ammonium, nitrate and nitrite.

Carbon cycle

Carbon is the 4th most abundant element in the Earth. The biggest carbon pool in the earth is ocean. So the ocean plays a major role in carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide can be taken by oceanic photosynthetic organisms like phytoplankton . The food produced by those organisms taken by marine organisms. After marine organisms die their bodies deposited in the depth of the ocean. Some amount of the carbon in that dead bodies is settle their for hundreds of years and gradually turning into coal or oil deposits. It can be also dissolved in the ocean forming carbonic acid. Carbon is rapidly exchanged between the ocean and the atmosphere to maintain the equilibrium of the earth.

Phosphorous cycle

Phosphorus enters to the ocean by leaching or runoff. They dissolved in the ocean and contributed to marine food web. Phosphorous helps to boost the growth of phytoplankton which is the primary level of food chain. The phosphorous containing compounds from the bodies of marine organisms or from wastes deposited in the ocean floor and they form new sedimentary rocks. These rocks may be moves to land from the ocean over a long period of time by the process of geological uplift.

Silicon cycle

Silicon is the 2nd most abundant element on the earth. Large amount of silicon can be found in the ocean. The residence time of silicon in the ocean is over 400 years relative to the total biological uptake in surface waters. Carbon dioxide uptake rate in the ocean is directly proportional to the rate of silicate weathering which is caused by high uplift rates. This process controls the pH level of ocean.

CRM-2021-005

Group 03

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Interaction between ocean and biogeochemical cycles.

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HOW BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES CONNECT TO THE OCEAN

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Microbial communities dominate the oceans, and they play a significant role in the biogeochemical cycles on Earth. Marine microorganisms play an important role in the carbon cycle because they are trapping anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the deep ocean. Much of the carbon dioxide created by burning fossil fuels is absorbed by the ocean. And also, Through the process of ocean acidification, ocean related to carbon cycle. The ocean is an important part of the water cycle. The ocean holds 97% of the total water on the planet. 78% of global precipitation occurs over the ocean, and it is the source of 86% of global evaporation. About nitrogen cycle, Nitrogen gas is absorbed by the ocean from the atmosphere. Some of this nitrogen is taken up by bacteria and converted into diverse chemical compounds in open-ocean areas with low nutrient concentrations.

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The oceans have an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of elements on Earth. The biogeochemical cycles of carbon and other important elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur.  

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The oceans have an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of elements on Earth. The biogeochemical cycles of carbon and other important elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur.  

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Water Cycle
The water cycle not only evaporates water from the oceans but also carries it around the world. Most of the world's water is stored in the oceans.

Carbon Cycle
The ocean plays a critical role in carbon storage. Oceans have a large capacity to absorb CO2 reducing the amount of CO2in the atmosphere. phytoplankton living in the ocean convert carbon dioxide into sugars that feed marine ecosystems.

Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen can serve as an energy source for marine bacteria. Nitrogen gas from the atmosphere dissolves into seawater at the ocean surface. When microbes die they decompose and releasing ammonium as well as dissolved organic nitrogen into the surrounding seawater.

Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus enters the ocean via leaching and runoff, where it becomes dissolved in ocean water or enters marine food webs. Phosphorus in the ocean promotes the production of microbes and tiny marine plants.

Sulphur Cycle
Sulfur enters the ocean via runoff from land, from atmospheric fallout, and from underwater geothermal vents. This sulfur then supports marine ecosystems in the form of sulfates.

Silicon Cycle
Silicon is a major nutrient for primary producers, which can become a potential limiting nutrient in oligotrophic areas.  Most of the silicon inputs to the marine environment come from continental discharges from both ground waters.

CRM/2021/013
Group 01

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Carbon cycle plays a major role in supplying nutrients to marine organisms.
The ocean absorbs large percentage of CO2 from the atmosphere. Phytoplankton convert these inorganic carbon into organic carbon by consuming sunlight and produce glucose.
Phytoplankton are the primary producers of marine ecosystem and all the organisms directly or indirectly depend on them.
After dying plants and animals, decomposers decay them. Some organisms depend on them.

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Most of the biogeochemical cycles are combined with the ocean. The ocean plays a major role in circulating elements among lithosphere, hydrosphere and the atmosphere. Mainly ocean acts as a store for many elements such as phosphorus and silicon.

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Most of the biochemical cycles are combined with the ocean. The ocean plays a major role in circulating elements among lithosphere, hydrosphere and the atmosphere. Mainly ocean acts as a store for many elements such as phosphorus and silicon.

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Nitrogen exists in the ocean as dissolved Nitrogen gas. It is the most abundant form of Nitrogen which can be seen in the ocean. Other Nitrogen compounds such as nitrate and ammonium are important for phytoplankton for primary production. Many species of phytoplankton and some bacteria absorb ammonia as dissolved ammonia in rainwater and through Nitrogen fixation by bacteria such as blue-green algae.     

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Nitrogen exists in the ocean as dissolved Nitrogen gas. It is the most abundant form of Nitrogen which can be seen in the ocean. Other Nitrogen compounds such as nitrate and ammonium are important for phytoplankton for primary production. Many species of phytoplankton and some bacteria absorb ammonia as dissolved ammonia in rainwater and through Nitrogen fixation by bacteria such as blue-green algae.     

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phosphate  comes to the ocean via weathering of rocks. In the other hand phosphate contained fertilizers will mix with fresh water and eventually gather into the oceans. When phosphorus compounds dissolve in the ocean water, marine plants can be up taken phosphorus in inorganic form, for their purposes . likewise, phosphorus cycle connects with the ocean.

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phosphate  comes to the ocean via weathering of rocks. In the other hand phosphate contained fertilizers will mix with fresh water and eventually gather into the oceans. When phosphorus compounds dissolve in the ocean water, marine plants can be up taken phosphorus in inorganic form, for their purposes . likewise, phosphorus cycle connects with the ocean.