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Thoracolumbar
Fight or Flight
fight, fright, flight
adrenergic
(from Textbook and ANS U2 part 1)

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Craniosacral
Rest and Digest
Cholinergic
(from Textbook and U2 ANS part 1)

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Preganglionic Acetylcholine
Postganglionic Norepinephrine
Epinephrine from the adrenal medulla into the bloodstream
Dopamine from central nervous system

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Preganglionic Acetylcholine
Postganglionic Acetylcholine

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Muscarinic cholinergic receptors
- Located in the postganglionic nerve endings of smooth muscle, heart, and glands
Nicotinic 1 Nn receptors
- Located at the ganglia of both sympathetic nerves at parasympathetic nerves

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Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors
- Located in smooth muscles, eyes, glands, and vascular system, sphincters of the urinary and GI tract
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors
- Located in nerve endings
Beta-1 adrenergic receptors
- Located in the heart
Beta-2 adrenergic receptors
- Located in the smooth muscle of blood vessels in coronaries and skeletal muscle, smooth muscle of the bronchi, uterus, and lungs

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Acetylcholine
- At the heart, the parasympathetic release of acetylcholine reduces heart rate, reduces atrioventricular conduction, and reduces heart contractility
- At the gastrointestinal tract, the parasympathetic release of acetylcholine increases motility and secretions
- At the eye, the pupil constricts
- In the respiratory pathway, the bronchi constrict
-  In the urinary bladder, the bladder contracts
- In the urinary sphincter, the sphincter relaxes

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Acetylcholine
- Induces release of Epinephrine at the adrenal medulla
Norepinephrine
- Constricts arteries of all but coronaries and skeletal muscles
- Dilates coronary and skeletal muscle arteries
- At the heart, norepinephrine increases heart rate and atrioventricular conduction, as well as increases heart contractility
- At the gastrointestinal tract, motility and secretion are decreased
- At the eye, the pupil is dilated
- At the urinary bladder, the bladder is relaxed
- At the urinary sphincter, the sphincter contracts
Epinephrine
- Constricts blood vessels
- Dilates pupils
- Increases heart contractility, atrioventricular conduction, and heart rate
- Relaxes the uterus, dilates the bronchioles, and dilates the coronary and skeletal muscle blood vessels
Dopamine
- Stimulates the central nervous system

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Parasympathomimetic/Cholinergic
- Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists bind to muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic system and mimic the action of acetylcholine.
- Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase, thus increasing the duration of acetylcholine at the synapse.

Parasympatholytics/Anticholinergics
- Anticholinergics bind to muscarinic receptors and act via competitive antagonism of acetylcholine.

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Sympathomimetic/adrenergic agonists
- Alpha-1 adrenergic agonists bind to the alpha-1 receptors and stimulate them directly, resulting in smooth muscle contraction, constriction of blood vessels, an increase in blood pressure, and if acting on the airways, vasoconstriction for decongestion
- Adrenergic agonists bind and stimulate all alpha and beta receptors
- Beta-1 adrenergic agonists, at low doses, stimulate dopaminergic receptors in the kidneys resulting in increased blood flow to the kidneys. At moderate doses, the agonists bind to beta-1 receptors in the heart and increase contractility. At higher doses, they stimulate alpha-1 receptors and cause the blood vessels to constrict.
- Beta-2 adrenergic agonists bind to and stimulate beta 2 receptors to relax smooth muscles of the uterus and lungs

Sympatholytic/adrenergic blockers
- Alpha-1 adrenergic blocking drugs bind to alpha-1 receptors and blocks them competitively, resulting in smooth muscle relaxation and dilation of blood vessels
- Selective beta-1 blockers act by binding to beta-1 receptors and blocking them competitively, thus decreasing contractility, heart rate, conduction, and cardiac output
- Non-selective beta-1 blockers act by blocking beta-1 and beta-2 receptors by binding to them competitively, thus decreasing contractility, heart rate, conduction, cardiac output, and potentially constricting the bronchi
- Neuronal blockers act by inhibiting the production or release of norepinephrine, thus lowering blood pressure and heart activity