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Gans-Boriskin and Wardle (2005) contended that violent depictions of mentally ill characters in Law & Order may suggest that crime is disproportionately committed by people with mental illnesses.

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Little research has examined the messages about criminality to which people are exposed at an early age.

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The criminal is out-and-out bad or has a personal deficit that makes them act badly (Melossi 2000).

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The label of evil or pathological neatly disguises the challenge posed to rationality by criminal behavior and dismisses the specter of social conditions as causal factors (Garland 2001; Presdee 2000).

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Fabianic (1997) noted that homicides in Law & Order were motivated by greed, vengeance, or an attempt to cover other crimes. Some people were simply killers.

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The criminal is ‘‘the public enemy,’’ “a monstrosity,” ‘‘morally repugnant,’’ and ‘‘a deadly threat to the moral order’’ (Melossi 2000).

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For people who have limited non-media sources of information about crime, like the general child audience, the media becomes even more relevant for defining the socially constructed reality of crime (Surette 2003).

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In their analysis of best-selling comics and trade paperbacks, Phillips and Strobl (2006) found that violent street crime was the theme most frequently present.

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In reality shows like America’s Most Wanted, offenders are shown as dangerous and disturbed, lacking remorse, and described as physically ugly (Cavender 1998).

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Klein and Shiffman (2008) examined the portrayal of assault in cartoons from the 1930s to the 1990s. Their count of implied motives for assault revealed that anger was the most common motive, followed by revenge, self-defense, and mean-spiritedness.

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Wilson et al. (2002) analyzed data from National Television Violence Study and found that 97% of superhero shows depicted violence.

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According to Stoddart (2006), comics, such as the Superman and Batman titles, locate the cause of crime in the debased individual who abuses and takes advantages of his/her rights with disregard for victims.

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Programs like COPS also focus heavily on violence and bizarre behavior, emphasizing the sensational rather than the mundane aspects of crime (Koosistra et al. 1998).

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Wilson et al. (2002) studied how violence is portrayed in children’s programs, disaggregating by genre but not by protagonists and antagonists. They found that the most common motives depicted across program types were personal gain, anger, and protection