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No5WaialaeSection Map - click on link at bottom of post to open map

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In 1913, this No 5 Oahu Fisheries Waialae Section Map compiled by Monsarrat, shows the Maunalua Fishery was owned by Bishop Estate, and Kuapā Pond was a large Loko Iʻa (fish pond) in the middle of Maunalua.

AGS Hawaii. "Oʻahu Fisheries Map." State of Hawaiʻi Department of Accounting and General Services. Accessed April 9, 2023. https://ags.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/No5WaialaeSection.pdf.

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Maunalua Forest Reserve established in 1925

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Maunalua Forest Reserve established in 1925

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The Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry and the Trustees of the Bishop Estate wanted to protect and restore the upland forests of Maunalua.  The Maunalua Forest Reserve was established in 1921. Other portions of land was leased to the City and County of Honolulu, and plans were made in 1945 to create Koko Head Park which included Kuamoʻo Kāne - Kawaihoa (Koko Head), Kohelepelepe (Koko Crater), and Hanauma Bay.

Maly, Kepa. “Historical Documentary Kawaihoa-Kuamo‘okāne, Hanauma, and Kohelepelepe ...” Kumupono. Accessed April 23, 2023. https://www.kumupono.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/1998_10_19_Maunalua-Oahu-PDF.pdf.

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In Pre-Māhele times, Maunalua was an ʻIli belonging to the Ahupuaʻa of Waimānalo, in the Koʻolaupoko Moku as shown in this Oʻahu map prepared by Hawaiian Studies Institute, Kamehameha Schools, 1987.

Kamehameha Schools/Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate. “Hawaiian Place Names: Oʻahu Land Divisions Moku/Ahupuaʻa.” Manoa.hawaii.edu. Accessed April 27, 2023. https://manoa.hawaii.edu/coe/kulia/resources/ahupuaa_maps/OahuAhupuaa.pdf.

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Lehua Kahikina, Maunalua Bay, April 22, 2023.

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View from the top of the Kuliʻouʻou Trail overlooking Maunalua. These pictures were taken this week to add to this project to show what the area looks like in present day.

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Lehua Kahikina, Maunalua Bay, April 23, 2023.

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The State of Hawaiʻi has set up Ocean Management Rules and Zones in Maunalua Bay for the boating community, para sailing excursions, jet ski tours, etc. The Maunalua Bay and the Marina areas are accessed by many people who enjoy water activities such as surfing, canoe paddling, paddle boarding, jet skiing, boating, and fishing.

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Lehua Kahikina, Maunalua Bay, April 23, 2023.

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Lehua Kahikina, Maunalua Bay, April 23, 2023.

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Lehua Kahikina, Maunalua Bay, April 23, 2023.

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Lehua Kahikina, Nā ʻAnae Holo Project Mural, April 23, 2023.

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Picture taken on Kalanianaʻole Highway in Waiʻalae Iki.

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Lehua Kahikina, Nā ʻAnae Holo Project Mural, April 23, 2023.

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Picture taken on Kalanianaʻole Highway in Waiʻalae Iki.

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Our kupuna named our ʻāina specific names because these places had mana, and gave us life. Each place had a moʻolelo that had meaning for our people, because where we come from is of extreme importance. Foreign contact influence, land ownership transactions, and modern development of our lands for profit caused us to lose connections with our identity and our traditions.  During the influence of the missionaries arrival, our native language and our traditions became controlled. I believe we should continue the use of our traditional place names, because it continues the ʻike of these places, and our connection to our language, our traditions, our culture, and our ancestors.

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In 1961, the first state of Hawaiʻi artificial reef was created in 76 acres in Maunalua bay.... they first they used car bodies, then throughout the years until present time they used items such as concrete pipes, barges, and tires of trucks.

DAR. "Maunalua Bay Aritificial Reef, Oʻahu." State of Hawaiʻi Division of Aquatic Resources. Accessed April 23, 2023. https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/dar/fishing/artificial-reefs-and-fads/.

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Picture of Kuapā Fishpond in the 1956 found in the Digital Archives of Hawaiʻi before Henry J. Kaiser development altered the fishpond in 1959.

Hawaiʻi State Archives. "Oahu - Hawaii Kai and Kuapa Pond." Digital Archives of Hawaiʻi. Accessed April 8, 2023. https://digitalarchives.hawaii.gov/item/ark:70111/1w7G.

Traditional name:
Keahupua o Maunalua
"The shrine of the baby mullet of Maunalua"

Modern names were Kuapā (meaning wall of a fish pond) or Maunalua pond. In 1851, the pond covered 532 acres. The water was brackish and the area around it was swamp land. The wall of the pond was about 5000 feet long.

Ulukau. "Hawaiian Place Names." Ulukau. Accessed April 8, 2023. https://ulukau.org/cgi-bin/hpn?e=d-0hpn--00-0-0--010---4------0-0l--1haw-Zz-1---20-about-Kapalama--00031-00110escapewin-00escapewin-00&a=d&p=about&c=hpn&cl=CL1.11.1.52&d=HASH017b08174d851f4e72a7f44b&l=en.

In 1959 the fishpond was partly dredged to make a marina for the Hawaiʻi Kai development, and the new name was named after the developer Henry J. Kaiser. The Kuapā name was used to name a townhouse development called Kuapa Isle located on an artificial peninsula made in the middle of the pond for the houses.

Young, Peter T. "Henry J Kaiser." Images of Old Hawaiʻi. January 7, 2020. https://imagesofoldhawaii.com/henry-j-kaiser/.

Moʻolelo was told of the pond being built by menehune, and that the pond was thought to be connected by an underground tunnel with the Kaelepulu pond which was located in Kailua. The mullet was found to disappear in the Kuapā fishpond, and then was found in the Kaelepulu pond. Also, the awa from the Kailua pond would disappear and was found in the Kuapā pond.

McAllister, J. Gilbert. Archaeology of Oahu. New York: Kraus Reprint, 1971.

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Picture of fishing shack in 1930s. This maunalua.net website has amazing pictures of Keahupua o Maunalua / Kuapā pond throughout the years.

Moʻolelo was told of this area back in the early 1800s having a village of about one hundred huts that were probably mostly fisherman, and that they fished off Maunalua in their canoes.

Maunalua. "Keahupua o Maunalua." Maunalua. Accessed April 8, 2023. https://www.maunalua.net/views-of-kuapa-pond.html.

McAllister, J. Gilbert. Archaeology of Oahu. New York: Kraus Reprint, 1971.

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Fishermen working with their fishing nets at Keahupua o Maunalua in 1936 with Kohelepelepe (Koko Crater) in the background.

Maunalua. "Keahupua o Maunalua." Maunalua. Accessed April 8, 2023. https://www.maunalua.net/views-of-kuapa-pond.html.

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Maunalua.net provides a historic video titled "Geographical Study of the Central Maunalua Region, Island of Oʻahu State of Hawaiʻi 1959 by: Lehman Henry". This video was shot by Lehman Henry and was used for his Masters Thesis at the University of Hawaiʻi. He shows great footage of what the Kuapā Fishpond looked like before the Kaiser development, and the areas surrounding the fishpond. There were dairy farms, chicken farms and pig farms in the back of the valley at the end of Lunalilo Home Road. In the beginning of the valley they grew flowers and vegetables. He shows great shots of Kuapā Fishpond and the sluice gates as it entered Maunalua Bay under the original highway.

Henry, Lehman. “‘Maunalua History.’” Maunalua.net. Accessed April 25, 2023. https://www.maunalua.net/maunalua-region-1959.html.

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Kānewai translates to the Water of Kāne. A moʻolelo in the Hawaiian Mythology book by Martha Beckwith, tell of the adventures of Kane and Kanaloa (the Hawaiian gods) who traveled searching for wai to mix with their awa, and they landed at Hanauma during one of their travels. Kane would dig his spear into the ground to bring up fresh water and it is thought that their searching for wai here is the reason there is fresh water in the Maunalua area.

Beckwith, Martha. Hawaiian Mythology. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1971.

The Kānewai Spring is a natural spring that continues to produce fresh water that feeds into the Kānewai Fishpond, the Paikō Wildlife Sanctuary, and Maunalua Bay. This mixture of fresh and salt water allows the growth of rare and endangered species to include pīpīwai and hapawai (limpets), ʻamaʻama (mullet), aholehole (young Hawaiian flagtail), ʻopae ʻoehaʻa and ʻopae huna (shrimp), and aeʻo (Hawaiian stilt bird).

The Maunalua Fishpond Heritage Center and the Trust for Public Land organizations have continuously worked to protect this spring for many years.

TPL. "Kanewai Spring." Trust for Public Land. Accessed April 23, 2023. https://www.tpl.org/our-work/kanewai-spring.

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Kānewai Spring is one of the last remaining freshwater springs in Honolulu. The spring feeds into Kānewai Fishpond, the Paikō Wildlife Sanctuary, and Maunalua Bay. The mixing of fresh and salt water between the spring and fishpond provides a fertile estuary habitat for rare freshwater limpets and brackish water mollusks (pīpīwai and hapawai) and the endangered ae'o (Hawaiian stilts). Knowledgeable kupuna (elder) Uncle Henry Chang-Wo explained the spring is where the mountain gives birth to the ocean.

Since 2010, Maunalua Fishpond Heritage Center (MFHC) has been stewarding the spring and the archaeological and cultural sites on the property. In 2017, we purchased the property and transferred ownership to MFHC to permanently protect the site. MFHC continues to maintain the spring and offer educational opportunities-teaching skills for the next generation of caretakers such as invasive species removal and native plantings, traditional Hawaiian dry-stack stone masonry, and water-quality monitoring.

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Kānewai Spring is one of the last remaining freshwater springs in Honolulu. The spring feeds into Kānewai Fishpond, the Paikō Wildlife Sanctuary, and Maunalua Bay. The mixing of fresh and salt water between the spring and fishpond provides a fertile estuary habitat for rare freshwater limpets and brackish water mollusks (pīpīwai and hapawai) and the endangered ae'o (Hawaiian stilts).

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Lehua Kahikina, Kānewai Spring, March 30, 2022.

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To volunteer to kōkua and mālama the Kānewai Spring, please contact Maunalua Fishpond Heritage Center at maunaluafishponds@gmail.com.

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This picture shows the area that the Kānewai Spring is located in. It is on the makai side of the Kalanianaʻole Highway fronting the Kānewai Fishpond (which is that smaller pond that is enclosed by houses surrounding the pond. The Kānewai Fishpond then releases water into the Paikō Lagoon Wildlife Sanctuary, which is the larger looking pond, that has an opening on the right side of it, which then flows into the surrounding Maunalua Bay waters.

Historic Hawaii Foundation. "Kanewai Spring Complex (2015) Saved." Historic Hawaii Foundation. Accessed April 25, 2023. https://historichawaii.org/2015/11/01/kanewai-spring-complex-2015/.

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The Trust for Public Land is a nonprofit national organization that believes in connecting people to nature and the outdoors, and works on creating parks and protecting public lands. In 2017, the Trust for Public Land purchased the Kānewai Spring area property, and transferred ownership to the Maunalua Fishpond Heritage Center (MFCH) organization, so MFHC could continue to protect the site permanently. Organizations like these allow the community to get involved in protecting and caring for these natural environments and helps to stop housing development that would affect Kānewai Spring, one of the last natural springs in the Honolulu area.

TPL. "Kanewai Spring." Trust for Public Land. Accessed April 23, 2023. https://www.tpl.org/our-work/kanewai-spring.

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TPL takes imitative to protect the public spaces that people care about. We work to bring the joys of the outdoors across America.

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The Maunalua Fishpond Heritage Center (MFHC) is a nonprofit organization that cares about protecting and taking care of the Kānewai Spring, since that fresh water feeds into the surrounding areas of Kānewai Fishpond, Paikō Lagoon Wildlife Sanctuary and Maunalua Bay. They have worked with the Trust for Public Land and volunteers to protect the Kānewai Spring, so that it will continue ecosystem conservation. This group also protects the cultural sites around the spring to include the mākāhā (fishpond sluice gate) and kūʻula (fishing stone shrine). They welcome volunteers and donations that can assist with their continual work.

MFHC. "Maunalua Fishpond Heritage Center." Maunalua Fishpond. Accessed April 9, 2023. https://maunaluafishpond.org/

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Maunalua.net is an organization that cares about the ecosystems in Maunalua and the community surrounding this important area. They share numerous information to include the history of the area, place names, and moʻolelo. They care about keeping the culture alive and invite others to share stories they may have of our past. They hold events and talk story gatherings. They post maps, pictures, and videos of interviews of the people who have been a part of this community for many years.

Maunalua. "Exploring the History of Maunalua - Mauka a Makai." Maunalua. Accessed April 8, 2023.
https://www.maunalua.net/

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Ahupuaʻa Waimānalo sign on Kalanianaʻole Highway entering Maunalua

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Aloha mai kākou ~ ʻO Lehua Kahikina koʻu inoa. No Maunalua mai au. I grew up in Maunalua, but we called it "Hawaiʻi Kai." I knew the name of the bay was called Maunalua, but I never really questioned what that name meant or why it was called that because I did not speak ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi as a child. In recent years I learned that the area of land between Waimānalo and Kuliʻouʻou, was known as Maunalua, which means two mountains. We lost that traditional name of our ʻāina when Henry J. Kaiser came to visit Hawaiʻi in 1954 and decided to develop this area and drastically change it. Maunalua as it was known by our kūpuna was renamed Hawaiʻi Kai. Could Kai be a play on words for Kaiser the developer and for the meaning sea? Possibly...

Now when I drive to Maunalua, my home, I see this Ahupuaʻa Waimānalo sign, and I instantly feel a pilina with the mana of this ʻāina and my kūpuna who lived here before me. I searched for a picture of this sign online and found it on this Hawaiilife.com real estate webpage... of all places. I know we are not supposed to use real estate websites, but I wanted to cite the picture. I was also pleasantly surprised that the realtor who wrote the article listed similar views to mine regarding the changing of our traditional place names in the Maunalua area.

I wanted to find out what this ʻāina used to look like before Kaiser changed it. I wanted to learn more about Maunalua to strengthen my pilina with this ʻāina and my kūpuna, thus choosing Maunalua for my Final Project.

This sign above is a constant reminder to all of us, that we are still connected to our kūpuna who lived here. Even though they are gone, our kūpuna continue to share their ʻike with us. They respected and took care of the ʻāina and used their resources wisely to live sustainably and feed our people. We must continue to keep learning from them, and mālama our ʻāina, just like they did.

Mahalo to the organizations listed on the Preservation and Restoration section for all their hard work and dedication to protecting Maunalua and for teaching us that it is our kuleana to work as a community to keep our resources healthy and living.

E hoʻokamaʻāina iā Maunalua - ka ʻili o ke ahupuaʻa ʻo Waimānalo...

(Disclaimer: While doing my research, some of the place names were written without kahakō or ʻokina. I listed the names of the places in the way it was written in the cited documents when I refer to them. You will see spelling variances whenever I reference these place names. I chose to include the cited works where I included the information, since you do not have access to my bibliograpy, and I did not want to plagiarize).

Kato, Karen. “Beautiful Southeast Side of Oahu - Hawai'i Kai." Hawaii Real Estate Market & Trends: Hawaii Life. June 1, 2020. https://www.hawaiilife.com/blog/beautiful-southeast-side-of-oahu-hawaii-kai/.

Young, Peter T. “Henry J Kaiser.” Images of Old Hawaiʻi. January 7, 2020. https://imagesofoldhawaii.com/henry-j-kaiser/.

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Beautiful Southeast Side of Oahu - Hawai'i Kai... - Hawaii Real Estate Market & Trends | Hawaii Life

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While driving East along Kalanianaole highway, passing through Kuliouou Valley, one might notice a peculiar sign near the intersection of Kalanianaole and Kawaihae Street. An Ahupuaʻa marker, a sign placed to designate the land divisions of old Hawaii, reads " Waimānalo" less than one block from a much larger stone sign which designates the area, Hawaii Kai.

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Khon news Kānewai Spring Protected in 2017

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Khon news Kānewai Spring Protected in 2017

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https://www.khon2.com/local-news/ancient-freshwater-spring-permanently-protected-in-east-honolulu/.

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One of East Honolulu's few remaining freshwater springs is now forever protected.

Kanewai Spring in Hawaii Kai feeds clean water into Kanewai Fishpond, Paiko Wildlife Sanctuary, and Maunalua Bay, providing a home for rare limpets and mollusks.

The property also includes many Hawaiian cultural resources including a kuula (stone fishing shrine), a makaha (fish gate) and a traditional dry stacked wall lining the spring.

On Wednesday, the city, state, Trust for Public Land (TPL), and Maunalua Fishpond Heritage Center (MFHC) announced the successful purchase of the property to protect it from development and ensure its vital role in conservation and education.

"When you're in a place like Kanewai, there is a special feeling and it's really a feeling of not being the first ones there," explained Laura Kaakua of TPL. "There's been so many people, many of whom we might never even know their names, but they came here. They gathered water here. This was their life source, literally."

TPL and MFHC began working together in 2012 to purchase the Kanewai Spring property with support of the landowner, Rikuo Corporation.

The state Department of Land and Natural Resources Legacy Land Conservation Program pitched in $1.3 million, and the city's Clean Water and Natural Lands Program contributed an additional $1 million for the purchase. Local foundations and donors raised $350,000 to cover the costs of the transaction and expenses for land management.

The land is now permanently protected through a conservation easement with binding restrictions that will be monitored and enforced by the city and area nonprofit Livable Hawaii Kai Hui.

MFHC will continue to steward the land and host regular volunteer days for schools and the community, to provide a unique educational and service learning experience while restoring a healthy native ecosystem and perpetuating Hawaiian culture.

"It's really all about aloha aina," Kaakua said. "It's love for the land that then takes care of you. I's the reciprocal relationship. It's a cycle that never stops, and once you come to a place like Kanewai and you spend the day working, it's hard work, but you feel rejuvenated at the end of it, and we want everyone to have that experience."Click here for more information.

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ancient freshwater spring permanently protected in east honolulu

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Ancient freshwater spring permanently protected in East Honolulu

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One of East Honolulu's few remaining freshwater springs is now forever protected. Kanewai Spring in Hawaii Kai feeds clean water into Kanewai Fishpond, Paiko Wildlife Sanctuary, and Maunalua Bay, providing a home for rare limpets and mollusks.

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Photo of Hawaiian Airlines flying above Maunalua. Data said picture was displayed in 1962. "HAW-42" was written on the picture and from comparing other photos in the 1960s, this picture had to be taken in 1942, since there would have been more development showing in 1962.

Hawaiʻi State Archives. "Airlines - Hawaiian." Digital Archives of Hawaiʻi. Accessed April 8, 2023. https://digitalarchives.hawaii.gov/item/ark:70111/1zhc.

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Valerie Kahikina, Nā ʻAnae Holo Project Mural, April 23, 2023.

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Maunalua.net has organized a mural project along the Kalanianaʻole Highway from Kahala to Maunalua. The artist Ran Noveck and Maunalua.net have been painting different murals on approving home owners walls along the highway as an awareness and appreciation for the ʻAnae (mullet) who used to travel from Puʻuloa to Maunalua during the months of December to February for centuries. Since the changes to our ecology have affected the ʻAnaeʻs travel, fewer mullet make the journey. These fish fed our people, and this mural project honors the ʻAnae. These murals create beauty for our community while sharing a moʻolelo.

This picture was part of a larger mural that has recently been completed on a homeownerʻs property wall facing Kalanianaʻole Highway in Waiʻalae Iki. (See other pictures of this mural in Present Day Pictures section). There are several murals along the Kalanianaʻole Highway from Kahala to Mauanlua. This week I saw the artist painting an even larger mural on the property wall of the Kānewai Spring.

Maunalua. "Nā ʻAnae Holo Mural Project." Maunalua. Accessed April 8, 2023.
https://www.maunalua.net/na-anae-holo-mural-project.html.

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Map of Maunalua area in 1952.

Magis. "Research Guides: Maps, Aerial Photographs, and GIS (Magis)." Maps, Aerial Photographs, adn GIS (MAGIS) - Research Guides at University of Hawaii at Manoa. Accessed April 8, 2023. https://magis.manoa.hawaii.edu/remotesensing/GeoserverFiles/ShpFiles/Oahu/022/jpegs/2465.jpg.

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Aerial view of Koko Head and Koko Crater from the sky in 1955.

Hawaiʻi State Archives. "Arlines - Hawaiian." Digital Archives of Hawaiʻi. Accessed April 8, 2023. https://digitalarchives.hawaii.gov/item/ark:70111/1zhp.

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Aerial map of Hawaiʻi Kai development changes by 1968.

Magis. "Research Guides: Maps, Aerial Photographs, and GIS (Magis)." Maps, Aerial Photographs, adn GIS (MAGIS) - Research Guides at University of Hawaii at Manoa. Accessed April 8, 2023.
https://magis.manoa.hawaii.edu/remotesensing/GeoserverFiles/ShpFiles/Oahu/021/jpegs/2257.jpg.

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Aerial view of current Maunalua area on Oʻahu in 2023. Development shows how it affects our ecosystems today.

Google. "Location Hawaii Kai." Google Maps. Accessed April 24, 2023. https://www.google.com/maps/.

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The Buke Kakau Paa (Māhele Book) was the official book listing the transactions of the divisions of land between King Kamehameha III - Kauikeaouli, the chiefs, and the konohiki in 1848. This book was given to the Archives of Hawaiʻi for safe keeping in 1924. The book is written in ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, and documents that Victoria Kamamalu was granted the land of Maunalua that was listed as part of Waimanalo, located in the Koolaupoko district on the island of Oahu.

AGS Hawaii. "Māhele Book." State of Hawaiʻi Department of Accounting and General Services. Accessed April 9, 2023. https://ags.hawaii.gov/archives/online-exhibitions/centennial-exhibit/keoni-ana/mahele-book/.

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Listed in the Hawaiian Place Names article, under Legislated Boundary Changes, Kona Moku on Oʻahu changed itʻs name to Honolulu in 1859 and then included the ʻIli of Maunalua.

Kamehameha Schools/Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estate. “Hawaiian Place Names: Oʻahu Land Divisions Moku/Ahupuaʻa.” Manoa.hawaii.edu. Accessed April 27, 2023. http://www.manoa.hawaii.edu/coe/kulia/resources/ahupuaa_maps/OahuAhupuaa.pdf.

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The OHA - Kipuka Database shows the ʻIli of Maunalua, located in the Ahupuaʻa of Waimānalo, in the Moku of Koʻolaupoko was claimed by Victoria Kamamalu in 1861. Click on Description tab for information on Land Commission Award.

Kipuka. " Land Commission Award." OHA - Kipuka Database. Accessed April 8, 2023. https://kipukadatabase.com/kipuka/LandAwards.html?ObjectID=4470&b=2#view2.

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Also on the OHA - Kipuka Database shows an actual copy of the Land Commission Award written in ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi and dated 1864, still stating Maunalua is a part of Waimanalo in Koolaupoko.

Kipuka. " Land Commission Award." OHA - Kipuka Database. Accessed April 8, 2023.
https://kipukadatabase.com/kipuka/LandAwards.html?ObjectID=4470&b=2#view5.

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This Land Commission Award printed in english shows the land of Maunalua granted to Victoria Kamamalu, listed in the Waimanalo section, in Koolaupoko, Oahu, on page 32 of 33 on the pdf attached, found on the Royal Family of Hawaiʻi Official Website.

Crown of Hawaiʻi. "Crown Lands of Oʻahu." Royal Family of Hawaiʻi. Accessed April 8, 2023.
https://www.crownofhawaii.com/_files/ugd/a57dc8_1b2d1fbecb894f9c97cbaf646f02299b.pdf.

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In 1884, the No. 78 Certificate of Boundaries listed Maunalua in the District of Kona, on the island of Oahu. Ownership shows Charles Reed Bishop stating this land is for his wife Bernice Pauahi Bishop.

Kipuka. "Boundary Certificate." Kipuka. Accessed April 8, 2023. https://kipukadatabase.com/Docs/BCert/Oahu/078.pdf.

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The name of the Moku changed to Honolulu in 1859, but was still shown as Kona on other maps like this Bishop Museum map dated 1959. Maunalua is showing as part of Kona and not Koolaupoko.

Sterling, Elspeth P., and Catherine C. Summers. Sites of Oahu. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1978.

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1929 Hawaii Territory Survey Map of Oahu

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1929 Hawaii Territory Survey Map of Oahu

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In 1929, this Oʻahu map prepared by Hawaii Territory Survey found in the Great Mahele book written by Jon Chinen in 1958, shows Maunalua still a part of the Koʻolaupoko Moku.

All of the different information drawn on these maps show how modern development alters our traditional names of our ʻāina, and leads to confusion.

Chinen, Jon J. The Great Mahele: Hawaiiʻs Land Division of 1848. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1958.

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Tokio Jodoi "Uncle Fishy" Interview Around the Pond

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Maunalua.net provides an interview with 90 year old Tokio Jodoi who used to live in this area in the 1930s. He explains how all the houses were built where the fish pond used to be, and how the ground gave away during Kaiserʻs building in this area.

Maunalua. "Tokio Jodoi Interview." Maunalua. Accessed April 9, 2023. https://www.maunalua.net/holoholo-around-loko-ia-o-maunalua.html.

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Malama Maunalua is a non-profit organization dedicated to the clean up of the Maunalua Bay with the continual kuleana of the community to remove invasive algae species and assist with local reef management efforts. They address the poor water quality in the bay by hosting workshops, plan clean up volunteer events, and offer to adopt a coral by outplanting coral, or adopt a plot to be responsible for clean up and management of a certain area of the bay.

Malama Maunalua. "The Great Global Cleanup." Malama Maunalua. Accessed April 27, 2023. https://www.malamamaunalua.org/.

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We are outplanting locally sourced, thermally resilient corals to restore Hawai'i's coral reefs. By planting corals that can survive warming waters, we are protecting our coastlines and ensuring that future generations can enjoy these dynamic ecosystems.

Support our coral restoration efforts and Adopt-a-Coral today!

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Malama Maunalua - Restore & Conserve Malama Maunalua

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We are outplanting locally sourced, thermally resilient corals to restore Hawai'i's coral reefs. By planting corals that can survive warming waters, we are protecting our coastlines and ensuring that future generations can enjoy these dynamic ecosystems. Support our coral restoration efforts and Adopt-a-Coral today!

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Koko Crater is a tuff cone shown here in a 1952 map, and is located in Maunalua. The Crater is also known as Kohelepelepe. (Kohe meaning vagina and lepelepe meaning labia minor.) A moʻolelo told in Martha Beckwithʻs book, Hawaiian Mythology, tells of the goddess of sorcery, Kapo-kohe-lele, who had the power to remove her vagina from her body.  When the goddess Pele was attacked by Kamapuaʻa near Kalapana, Hawaiʻi, Kapo intervened to protect Pele, and sent her vagina away to distract Kamapuaʻa from Pele. He followed it to Oʻahu where her vagina left an imprint at Koko Crater.

Beckwith, Martha. Hawaiian Mythology. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1971.

Magis. "Research Guides: Maps, Aerial Photographs, and GIS (Magis)." Maps, Aerial Photographs, adn GIS (MAGIS) - Research Guides at University of Hawaii at Manoa. Accessed April 8, 2023. https://magis.manoa.hawaii.edu/remotesensing/GeoserverFiles/ShpFiles/Oahu/022/jpegs/2459.jpg.

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This 1968 map shows Portlock, Koko Head, and Hanauma Bay which is on the left of the Koko Crater area.

Magis. "Research Guides: Maps, Aerial Photographs, and GIS (Magis)." Maps, Aerial Photographs, adn GIS (MAGIS) - Research Guides at University of Hawaii at Manoa. Accessed April 8, 2023. https://magis.manoa.hawaii.edu/remotesensing/GeoserverFiles/ShpFiles/Oahu/021/jpegs/2256.jpg.

Koko Head is on the back side of Hanauma Bay that faces west. Koko means red earth or blood of a man bitten by a shark, the red color in the dirt after it rains.

Hanauma Bay is a beach park/marine conservation that was built for the public in 1967 to attract visitors. Hanauma means curved-bay or hand wrestling bay, named for the wrestling game the Hawaiians used to do in that bay in olden days.

On the left side of Hanauma Bay is a round crater called Nonoʻula, meaning red sunburned, said to be named for a mythical creature Pele created.

The Hill (642 feet high) above Hanauma Bay is called
Kuamoʻokāne, meaning Kāne backbone.

Kawaihoa is the end point past Portlock Road, meaning the companionʻs water, and believed to be where the god Kāne brought water up from the ʻāina.

Maly, Kepa. “Historical Documentary Kawaihoa-Kuamo‘okāne, Hanauma, and Kohelepelepe ...” Kumupono. Accessed April 23, 2023. https://www.kumupono.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/1998_10_19_Maunalua-Oahu-PDF.pdf.

Pukui, Mary Kawena, Samuel H. Elbert, and Esther K. Mookini. Place Names of Hawaii. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1974.

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ʻIhiʻihilauākea means wide-leafed ʻihiʻihi (an extinct or unknown plant said to have grown at this site.)

ʻIhiʻihilauākea is the name for the crater west of Hanauma Bay, and bridge over ravine between Blowhole and Hanauma Bay.

Pukui, Mary Kawena, Samuel H. Elbert, and Esther K. Mookini. Place Names of Hawaii. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1974.

Ihiihilauakea has been referenced as a mythical creature that Pele created, and also as a beautiful chiefess that was kind to the people of Makapuu, who enjoyed going to the beach with the people to fish.

Sterling, Elspeth P., and Catherine C. Summers. Sites of Oahu. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press, 1978.

In The Wind Gourd of Laʻamaomao book, Kūapākaʻa calls on the winds of Oʻahu from his wind gourd and speaks of Ihiihilauakea and Hanauma... this shows that these places were important to our ancestors. When they chanted these place names, they continued their ʻike through these moʻolelo, and this oral tradition was able to be passed on for generations:

"...There are our clouds, my father's and mine,
Covering the mountains;
The clouds rise with a sudden shower,
The whirling winds blow,
The source of the storm of the keiki,
Ku a ē-ho is at sea,
From the sea, the storm comes sweeping toward shore,
The windward Kui-lua wind churns up the sea,
While you're fishing and sailing,
The Ihiihilauakea wind blows,
It's the wind that blows inside Hanauma,
A wind from the mountains that darkens the sea,
It's the wind that tosses the kapa of Paukua..."

Nakuina, Moses K., Esther T. Mookini, and Sarah Nākoa. The Wind Gourd of Laʻamaomao. Honolulu: Kalamakū Press, 2005.

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ʻAwāwamalu also known as Wāwāmalu is the area known as Sandy Beach and means shady valley.

In The Hawaiian Planter book written by Craighill, Wawamalu was mentioned as a place that grew sweet potatoes:

"According to the last surviving kamaaina of Maunalua, sweet potatoes were grown in the small valleys, such as Kamilonui, as well as on the coastal plain. The plain below Kamiloiki and Kealakipapa was known as Ki-kula-o-Kamauwai. This was the famous potato-planting place from which came the potatoes traded to ships that anchored off Hahaione in whaling days. The village at this place, traces of which may still be seen, was called Wawamalu."

Handy, E.S. Craighill. The Hawaiian Planter. Honolulu: The Museum, 1940.

Kamilonui: large Ka-milo tree (valley)
Kamiloiki: small Ka-milo tree (valley)
Kealakipapa: the paved road (trail from Wāwāmalu to Makapuʻu)
Makapuʻu: hill beginning or bulging eye (the name of an image said to have been in a cave known as Ke-ana-o-ke akua-pōloli)

Pukui, Mary Kawena, Samuel H. Elbert, and Esther K. Mookini. Place Names of Hawaii. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1974.

Pukui, Mary Kawena, Samuel H. Elbert, and Samuel H. (Samuel Hoyt) Elbert. Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian. Rev. And enl. Ed. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1991.

In The Wind Gourd of Laʻamaomao book, Kūapākaʻa calls on the winds of Oʻahu and speaks of Awawamalu, again showing the importance of the place and the fishing in that area, and how they were famous for making fishhooks and were good fishermen. These moʻolelo continue to teach all of us when we hear these chants:

"...At Makapuʻu the winds turn,
The Kona winds turn, the Koʻolau winds turn,
The winds will turn before you and find you,
Youʻll be overwhelmed, O deaf aliʻi,
The winds will gather,
The naʻenaʻe leaves will bend,
Youʻll be swept ashore at Awawamalu,
Caught in the fishing net of the head fisherman,
Your thigh bone and upper-arm bone
Will be made into fishhooks..."

Nakuina, Moses K., Esther T. Mookini, and Sarah Nākoa. The Wind Gourd of Laʻamaomao. Honolulu: Kalamakū Press, 2005.

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Lit., Shady Valley (Pukui, Elbert, Mo’okini)

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UH at Mānoa Water Resources Research Center Engineering Solution to Restoring Wai

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UH at Mānoa Water Resources Research Center Engineering Solution to Restoring Wai

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In 2023-2024 Maunalua Fishpond Heritage Center will be working with DLNR Engineering to repair the mauka to makai water flow that was damaged with road construction, and affecting the Kānewai Spring and the Kalauhaʻihaʻi Fishpond. They are hoping that the fresh water will come back to these areas again and improve our ecosytems.

University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa. "An Engineering Solution to Restoring Wai: Kānewai Spring and Kalauhaʻihaʻi Fishpond." Water Resources Research Center. Accessed April 25, 2023. https://www.wrrc.hawaii.edu/an-engineering-solution-to-restoring-wai-kanewai-spring-and-kalauhaihai-fishpond/.

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Speakers: Mr. Chris Cramer and Ms. Hina Ioane

Abstract:

The 1990s widening of Kalanianaʻole Highway caused an environmental catastrophe by cutting the freshwater flow to Kalauhaʻihaʻi Fishpond in Niu, Oʻahu and Maunalua Bay. Nearby Kānewai Spring in Kuliʻouʻou was also severely damaged. In 2007, Maunalua Fishpond Heritage Center (MFHC) began working to return freshwater flow through these springs to the nearshore. Life-giving pūnāwai (water springs) were once plentiful and celebrated in Hawaiian moʻolelo. Today most are destroyed. Finding a lack of documentation, MFHC conducted oral histories to map the artesian water system.

Kānewai Spring is currently imperiled by a development project at its artesian source. However, water quality data gathered by Chaminade University students found it still able to support a range of native species. These same students found hypoxic conditions at the Kalauha'iha'i Fishpond. Unfortunately, their findings indicate Kalauhaʻihaʻi can no longer host native fish and aquatic species.

Systemic failure to protect artesian water resources has allowed them to be destroyed. In 2023 to 2024, MFHC is collaborating with the State DLNR Engineering Branch which is scheduling repairs to the mauka to makai water flow through a trenchless drilling project. This innovative approach offers promise for many communities with ruined water resources.

May 6, 2022 Transcript (download here)

May 6, 2022 Recording (click here)

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An Engineering Solution to Restoring Wai: Kānewai Spring and Kalauha'iha'i Fishpond - UHM Water Resources Research Center

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Speakers: Mr. Chris Cramer and Ms. Hina Ioane Abstract: The 1990s widening of Kalanianaʻole Highway caused an environmental catastrophe by cutting the freshwater flow to Kalauhaʻihaʻi Fishpond in Niu, Oʻahu and Maunalua Bay. Nearby Kānewai Spring in Kuliʻouʻou was also severely damaged.

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Drawn map area of Maunalua from book: Palapalaʻāina The Early Mapping of Hawaiʻi

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The Portlock area near Koko Head was named after Captain Nathanial Portlock who along with Captain George Dixon, moored their boats in Maunalua Bay in June of 1786. Captain Dixon and Captain Portlock were the second arrival of European visitors to Hawaiʻi. They were unable to pull their vessels ashore due to the rocks and coral in the bay, but the hospitality of the Hawaiian people was documented saying they brought calabashes of water up to the boats in exchange for nails.

Fitzpatrick, Gary L., and Riley Moore Moffat. Palapalaʻāina The Early Mapping of Hawaiʿi. Honolulu, HI: Editions Limited, 1986.

Papakilo. "Place Names - Maunalua." Papakilo. Accessed April 8, 2023. https://www.papakilodatabase.com/main/documentdisplay.php?id=165569&history=q:maunalua|r:1|o:10&s=source.

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Maunalua Place Names From 1921 Bishop Estates Map

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Maunalua Place Names From 1921 Bishop Estates Map

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In this Bishop Estates Map, it lists Maunalua Place Names from 1921 that are not commonly used today for those areas near the Halona Blowhole to the end of Sandy Beach.

Papakilo. "Maunalua Place Names From 1921." Papakilo. Accessed April 8, 2023.
https://www.papakilodatabase.com/main/imageserver.php?file=Maunalua+Place+Names.jpg&path=H/A/S/H/9/5/2/3/5.