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Hydrogen and helium are really important, because since they were the first elements formed, they are considered the main source for the creation of all the other elements.

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Charles Darwin was an English naturalist and biologist that came after Lamarck and he was the one who disproved Lamarck's theory. Darwin disproved Lamarck's theory through natural selection. According to Darwin, organisms that adapt to their environment would produce more offsprings able to survive to it. Despite the fact that a part of Lamarck's theory was wrong, it helped Darwin to come up with the Natural selection theory, because Darwin accepted the idea purposed by Lamarck that offsprings would acquire traits from their parents, being a possible source to adaptation to natural selection.

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Jean Batiste Lamarck was a French biologist and naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution. According to Lamarck, the characteristics acquired from an organism would be passed through reproduction, passing to its offspring. Lamarck believed that not necessarily the characteristics that an organism was born with a would-be pass, but also the characteristics obtained. For example, if a person does a nose job, their children would be born with a "beautiful" nose.

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The difference between Darwin's theory of evolution and Lamarck's is that Darwin believed that adaptation was a purpose to help species live better in their environment. While Lamarck thought that the changes that occurred were random.

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Natural selection is the mechanism that leads to evolution. One example of this is the giraffes' case that was already explained in Evolution.

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Adaptation is also a type of mutation, however, differently from the mutation of a genetic disorder such as insertion or deletion that affects negatively, adaptation is a positive mutation that impacts on the fitness of a species in an environment, increasing their life expectation.

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Evolution is the theory on which species change through natural selection over time to adapt to the environment that they live in. In this theory, the fittest would survive and reproduce the most. One example from this, are the giraffes, before natural selection, they didn't have the neck as long that they do have now, but since the trees on the environment that they leave were teller than them, it was hard for them to eat, so over time, they started adapting and having longer necks. Now is only possible to see giraffes with long necks, because the fittest is the one who survive.

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Melanin is the substance in our bodies responsible for hair, eye, and skin color. The bigger the amount of melanin in a body the darker the eyes, skin, and hair of a person will be. The quantity of melanin in a body is determined by genetics and sun exposure.

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For my whole life, when I heard about the Big Bang theory I didn't pay much attention since I believe in God, I even thought that it could be a little disrespectful to my religion to believe in it. However, this project opened my mind to a new perspective. I started understanding better that there isn't only one correct explanation, I still believe in God, but I do believe that Big Bang happened.
Exists two ways of thinking about the origin of the universe. The idea that the universe was created by God, is a supernatural position and belief in which people believe that the creator (God), gave the origin to the universe and all the celestial bodies, sun, moon, and stars in six days. The explanation created by scientists to explain the beginning of the universe is called the Big Bang theory. According to the theory, with a giant explosion stars and galaxies were slowly formed over billions of years.

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Diversity is what differentiate one person from another, including different ethnicities, eye color, gender, race and etc. DNA and melanin are examples of what creates diversity and what makes each person unique.  Hair color, eye color, skin color are examples of what melanin determines. In addiction, all the biological variations caused by the DNA contributes to diversity, also known as genetic diversity.

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There are three different types of mutation: substitution, insertion, and deletion. Substitution mutation occurs when one nucleotide is replaced with another as a result of a mistake in the DNA replication process. An incorrect nucleotide might be introduced during the copying of the DNA strand. Insertion or deletion happens when a nucleotide is added or removed from the sequence. The insertion and deletion mutation are  the ones that most affect the DNA, because is when the DNA has more drastically changes, changing also the protein.

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Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can be produced by replication mistakes, radiation, or certain substances.

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Zygote is a combination of gametes, both female and male. Zygote is a part of the process of the last weeks of pregnancy, the embryonic development in humans and animals.

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Gametes are the reproductive cells present some organisms, such as humans and animals. In animals, the female gamete are called ova or eggs, while the male gametes in animals are called sperm. In humans, the female gametes present is called ovum while the male is called sperm. In conclusion, our bodies is the combination of gametes, one from our biological mother that has 23 chromosome and the other from our biological father that also has 23 chromosome, so in total each person has 46 .

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Chromosomes are structures found within the nucleus of animals and plants. A chromosome is made up of proteins and a single DNA molecule. Mainly all of cells have 46 chromosomes except for reproductive cells and gametes, because both of them have only 23 chromosomes, because the genes are passed through the gametes to the next generation through reproduction.

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Protein synthesis is the process of creation of proteins. Transcription and translation make part from the protein synthesis process.

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Inside the eukaryotic cells, there are chromatin cells, and inside them, there is the DNA double helix. Helicase/polymerase is what separated the two strands of DNA double helix to RNA and combines with the DNA forming the reciprocal combinations of nucleotide. This process of RNA combining with the DNA to find the reciprocal combination is called transcription.

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RNAm is a part of the process of transcription, and is the RNAm that's responsible for passing the information from the DNA to synthesize a protein.

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After the RNA attaches to the DNA, it leaves the nucleus and joins with a huge molecular machine known as the Ribosome. Ribosomes are huge macromolecules that detect the nucleotide sequence of mRNA and utilize that information to connect together a sequence of amino acids. A protein's main structure is a linked chain of amino acids.  Translation refers to the process of synthesizing a protein.

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RNAt is a part of the process of translation, it is what connects the RNA to the ribosome.

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Alleles are the matching genes from the biological mother and the biological father of a person. Each person has two copies of every gene in their body and alleles are what include all the variant forms of a specific gene.

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Punnet squares is a diagram that helps identify a person's alleles.

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A molecule is a group of more than one type of atom bonded together.

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"Genome is the complete set of DNA (genetic material) in an organism."
Source: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/genome

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Molecules are building blocks of matter that basically form everything on Earth, including living and non-living things. When molecules interact and combine, organisms are formed.

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Gene is a part of the DNA that carries particular genetic information.

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DNA is present in all of us and almost all other organisms, they are the hereditary material formed by molecules that are passed through generations. Parents pass on traits and characteristics. DNA basically contains all the necessary information to form each person's body, meaning that DNA is what makes us unique, each person has a different DNA, unless in the case of twins brothers since they would share the same genes.

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As stars, the galaxy is also held together through gravity. Galaxy is a massive cloud of gas, dust, billions of stars, and its solar systems.

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A star is located in the center of galaxies and it is a radiant ball of gas made of a combination between hydrogen and helium. What holds both elements together is gravity.

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Everything around us that occupy a space and has mass is considered matter. Matter is a substance material composed mainly by atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons.

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When the universe cooled from its hot and dense state, forming hydrogen, the quarks condensed into the nucleons to form Helium.

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3 minutes after the Big Bang, when the universe cooled from its hot and dense state, the neutrons fused with protons forming the nuclei of hydrogen, one of the first element created on Earth.

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Discovery of the Higgs Boson and the Higgs Field

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Discovery of the Higgs Boson and the Higgs Field

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In 1964, Peter Higgs, a British physicist that predicted the Higgs Boson and in 2013 won the Nobel Prize for his prediction and many others prize for his theory in the same area.

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Neutrons have no electric charge, meaning that it is neutral. It is also located in the nucleus of an atom. Neutrons are what determines the stability of atomic nuclei because they balance the negative charge of electrons and the positive charge of protons.

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Proton is a positive particle found in the center of an atom that determines which element is formed based on the number of protons present in an atom's nucleus.

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Electrons are particles that have a negative charge and orbit around the nucleus, creating chemical bonds between the atoms and being responsible for electricity and magnetism.

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https://www.iop.org/higgs-boson-and-history-universe#gref

https://www.exploratorium.edu/explore/origins/big-bang#:~:text=About%20one%20ten%2Dthousandth%20of,nuclei%20to%20make%20complete%20atoms.

https://astronomy.com/magazine/ask-astro/2018/12/the-first-element#:~:text=Within%20about%203%20minutes%20after,(just%20a%20few%20percent).

https://www.nature.com/articles/nchem.2186#:~:text=Hydrogen%20and%20helium%20atoms%20emerged,protons%20gathered%20to%20form%20atoms.

https://www.space.com/universe-early-stars-ancient-galaxy-evidence.html#:~:text=The%20first%20stars%20form%20 primarily,as%20temperatures%20and%20pressures%20increased.

https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/big-bang/en/#:~:text=The%20Short%20Answer%3A,and%20it%20is%20still%20stretching!

https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-powered-the-big-bang

https://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_theory.html

https://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/projects/vss/docs/space-environment/2-what-are-stars-made-of.html

https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainsthe-higgs-boson#:~:text=The%20Higgs%20boson%20is%20the,all%20fundamental%20particles%20have%20mass.
https://home.cern/science/physics/higgs-boson#:~:text=How%20did%20physicists%20know%20it,boson%20should%2C%20according%20to%20theory.
https://home.cern/news/news/physics/where-does-higgs-boson-come
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-Higgs
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/matter#:~:text=%3A%20material%20substance%20that%20occupies%20space,vegetable%20matter
https://astronomy.com/magazine/ask-astro/2018/12/the-first-element#:~:text=Between%20about%2010%2D12%20and,neutrons%20to%20form%20hydrogen%20nuclei.
https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainsnucleosynthesis#:~:text=Nucleosynthesis%20first%20occurred%20within%20a,deuterium%2C%20an%20isotope%20of%20hydrogen.
https://www2.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/10/0.html#:~:text=As%20the%20universe%20cooled%2C%20the,to%20fuse%20to%20helium%20nuclei.
https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-resources/what-is-a-star/#:~:text=A%20star%20is%20a%20luminous,small%20amounts%20of%20heavier%20elements.
https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/galaxy/en/
https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/basics/dna/#:~:text=DNA%2C%20or%20deoxyribonucleic%20acid%2C%20is,body%20has%20the%20same%20DNA.
https://www.mrsec.psu.edu/content/dna-determines-your-appearance#:~:text=DNA%20contains%20all%20the%20information,that%20you%20will%20soon%20see.
https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/punnett-square
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Difference-between-heterozygous-and-homozygous-alleles_fig2_358583928
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDwyHa4nRzs
https://www.infoescola.com/genetica/rna-mensageiro/
https://byjus.com/question-answer/the-function-of-mrna-is-to/
https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/genetics-dictionary/def/chromosome
https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Gamete#:~:text=A%20gamete%20is%20a%20reproductive,form%20a%20new%20diploid%20organism.
https://www.google.com/search?q=is+there+a+type+of+mutation+that+most+affect+the+dna&rlz=1C5GCEM_enBR1020BR1020&oq=is+there+a+type+of+mutation+that+most+affect+the+dna&aqs=chrome..69i57j33i160l3.9147j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&safe=active&ssui=on
https://www.google.com/search?q=how+is+DNA+related+to+diversity&rlz=1C5GCEM_enBR1020BR1020&oq=how+is+DNA+related+to+diversity&aqs=chrome..69i57j33i160j33i22i29i30.7243j0j9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8&safe=active&ssui=on
https://christiancourier.com/articles/the-big-bang-theory-vs-gods-word

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Nucleus of an atom is where most of the mass of the atom is located. The nucleus of atoms of elements is composed of the joint of protons and neutrons, except hydrogen. Hydrogen is formed by only one proton. Electrons orbit around the center (nucleus).

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Elements are made by types of atoms, but an element is formed by only ONE  type of atom.

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An atom is the smallest unit of a substance and it is present everywhere, because atom is basically building blocks of matter, and every single thing, even air is made of matter. Atom is made of protons, electrons, and neutrons. Atoms are important because they structure all of the matter around us.
For an atom to be neutral, it needs the same amount of protons (positive)and electrons(negative).

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The Big Bang happened 13.8 billion years ago, and during its first minutes, the universe was in extremely hot, and (10-12) seconds after the Big Bang, a quark was formed. As the universe cooled down, building blocks of matter emerged, more known as electrons, protons, and neutrons, forming atoms. From atoms, elements were created, so after the explosion, the elements hydrogen and helium were present all over the earth.

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 Protons and Neutrons Creation illustration

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 Protons and Neutrons Creation illustration

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Protons are made of two up quarks and one down quark. Each up quark has a value of 2/3. 2/3 + 2/3 is equal 4/3. 4/3 minus one down quark (-1/3) is equal to 3/3. 3 divided by 3 is 1, so 1 can also represent a proton because is a positive number representing a positive charge.

Neutrons are made of one-up quarks and two-down quarks, since each up quark has a value of 2/3 and each down quark has a value of -1/3, it cancels each other out. 2/3 minus two down quarks is equal to 0/3, but its only neutral number is 0.

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A particle's mass determines how much it resists changing its speed or position when it encounters a force.

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Higgs Field is an energetic force that together with the Higgs Boson particle, determines the mass of particles such as electrons and quarks. Higgs Field and Higgs Boson determine only the mass of electrons and quarks because they were the particles formed before both Higgs Boson and Higgs field.

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The Big Bang theory is the idea created by Father Georges Lemaître to explain the origin of the universe, his theory defends that the universe was born from a single point and it expanded until it gets as big as it is now and it will expand over time. The earliest and most direct evidence of the theory was the expansion of the universe and the light elements that were supposedly produced by the Big Bang. The Big Bang happened 13.8 billion years ago, and during its first minutes, the universe was in an extremely hot and dense state,

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Higgs Boson is a complement particle to the Higgs field, and when working together, they give mass to elementary particles.

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On the first seconds (10-12) after the big bang, quark was formed. Quark is a negative or positive elementary particle that combine with other particles to form hadrons (protons and neutrons are composed by quark), so they are examples of hadrons).However, without quark, hadron would not exist. Protons and neutrons are composed by two types of quarks: up and down quarks. Each up quark has a charge of +⅔ and each down quark has a charge of -⅓. There are six types of quarks: up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top.