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Soap is a sodium or potassium salt of a long chain carboxylic acid (fatty acids). Soap consists of a long chain hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylic acid on one end which is bonded to a metal usually sodium or potassium. Soaps are also known as soapy detergents

Soap has a large non-ionic hydrocarbon group and an ionic group COO-Na+
The hydrocarbon end is non-polar and is soluble in non-polar substances (such as
fats and oils), and the ionic end (the salt of a carboxylic acid) is soluble in water.

Preparation of soap

Soap is manufactured by hydrolysis of fats and oils in a process known as saponification. The fats and oils from (animals e.g. beef or other fat and plants e.g. palm oil, coconut oil etc.) are heated with a concentrated alkali (concentrated sodium hydroxide) until saponification is complete; sodium chloride is then added to precipitate the soap in a process known as salting out. The soap is then filtered off, washed. Additives such as preservatives, colour and perfume may be added to the soap
and then it can be compressed into bars.

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POISON THAT KILLS MEN

Once upon a time a beautiful girl got tired of her marriage life and wanted to murder her spouse.

One morning she ran to her mother and say to her " mother, I am tired of my husband I can no longer support his nonsense. I want to kill him but I am afraid Law of the land will hold me responsible, can you please help me mother?"

The mother answered:

- Yes my daughter I can help you, but,  there is  a little task attached.

The daughter asked "what task? I am willing and ready to assume any task attached in order to get him out"

OK, said the mother,

1..You will have to make peace with him, so that no one will suspect you when he is dead.

2.. You will have to beautify yourself in order  to look young and attractive to him

3.. You have to take good care of him and be very nice and appreciative to him

4.. You have to be patient, loving and less jealous, have more listening ears, be more respectful and obedient

5. Spend your money on him and don’t get angry even when he refuses to give you money for whatever

6. Don’t raise your voice against him but encourage Peace and love so that you will never be suspected when he must have died.

Can you do all of that?
Asked the mother.
Yes i can. She replied
OK, said tow the mother.

Take this powder and pour a bit in his every day meal, it will slowly kill him.

After 30 days the lady came back to her mother and said.

Mother, I have no intention of killing my husband again. As of now I have grown to love him because he has completely changed, he is now a very sweet husband than I ever imagined.

What can i do to stop the poison from killing him?

Please help me mother.

She pleaded in a sorrowful tone.

The mother answered;
Do not worry my daughter. What I gave you the other day was just Tumeric Powder. It will never kill him.

In reality, you were the poison that was slowly killing your husband with tension and dispassion.

It was  when you started loving, honouring and cherishing him that you saw him change to a nice and sweet husband.

Men are not really wicked, but our way of relating with them determines their responses and feelings towards us.

Women if you can only show respect, dedication, love, care and commitment to your husband he will 100% be there for you.

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The Monkey and the Crocodile

It was a beautiful lake surrounded by lush green grasses, beautiful trees, mountains and sweetest, tastiest jamun trees. There lived a monkey on one of the jamun trees located near the lake.

The lake also had a few crocodiles. There was one crocodile that used to collect the jamun fruits from the lake that fall from the tree.

As the crocodile visits the jamun trees every day, it became friends with Monkey. Crocodile and monkey met every day. The monkey helped crocodile by providing more and fresh jamun fruits from the tree. Their relationship continued and they became close pals.

One day, the monkey asked the crocodile to give some jamun fruits to his wife and family as the fruits were more delicious. The crocodile agreed and took a lot of jamun fruits to his wife.

His wife was so happy and surprised that she never ate so delicious fruits, so far. She inquired her husband, where he got those fruits. The crocodile told her, his friend, monkey who lives in a Jamun tree gave these for him.

The wife crocodile made a plan in her mind. She asked her husband, 'Does your friend eat these fruits every day?' The crocodile replied yes. She added, 'Oh my goodness. These are the sweetest fruits we ever ate. Imagine how delicious the monkey's heart would be if he eat these fruits daily! I need the heart of your friend. Can you please bring it for me?'

The crocodile was shocked to hear it from his wife. He replied, 'But he is my close friend. I can't do this to him.'

The wife crocodile told him, 'don't worry. You bring him here. I will then take care! Or else, you may try to push him down into the water if he doesn't know swimming!'

After a long time, the crocodile agreed to bring monkey to his wife.

The very next day, crocodile invited monkey to join them for lunch and asked for his favorite foods. Monkey happily agreed to be the guest and but worried that the monkey did not know how to swim in the lake.

Crocodile on thinking about monkey's sorrow, pleased monkey and told him, 'Don't worry. I will carry you on my back and will take you back safely too!'

The monkey accepted and crocodile rode him to his home on his back on the water. As they reached half way, the crocodile tried to push monkey down into the water. However, monkey held the crocodile tightly and did not fall. Monkey got suspicious about crocodile's act and asked him to tell the truth.

Since crocodile believed him as his good friend, he told about the conversation and the fight his wife had with him and he was taking monkey to eat his heart!

The intelligent monkey said, 'Oh my dear friend, you should have told me this earlier. I left my heart on one of the branches of the tree as I won't carry it if I travel long. If you take me back, I can give you my heart.'

Crocodile accepted and rode the monkey back to the lake. As they reached the tree where the monkey lived, the monkey climbed quickly and escaped from the crocodile.

He shouted at crocodile, 'I thought you as a good friend, but you cheated me. I will never come back and never be your friend.'

The crocodile understood his mistake and returned back home empty handed,

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INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

Chemistry is a laboratory science whose subject matter and theories are based on experimental observations.
However, it's scope goes beyond the laboratory and into every aspect of life.
That is to say; chemistry is applied in our everyday life, it helps is understand the nature of our planet, the environment we live in, the resources available to us and the things that affect our health
Therefore; chemistry can be defined as the study of matter and changes that occur to substances under different conditions

Question
Why is Chemistry Studied?

We live in a world that faces a variety of complex and ever-changing issues. A clear understanding of scientific concepts and thinking is essential for a citizen who can make proper decisions. For example, combating climate change, finding alternative energy sources, providing sustainable supply of clean water and development of medicines all require the appropriate knowledge of chemistry.

We use substances, such as metals, oil, salts, cement and limestone as raw materials for the manufacture of tools, machines, houses, clothing and other important materials which we need in everyday life.
Scientists also find ways of converting natural substances into new substances. The change of substances into new ones is called chemical reaction

Chemistry in everyday day life

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Laboratory preparation of a soapless detergent from dodecanol (dodecyl alcohol) 

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Laboratory preparation of a soapless detergent from dodecanol (dodecyl alcohol) 

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✓Place 5 cm3 of dodecanol into a 100 cm3 beaker

✓Measure 2 cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4, in a 10 cm3 graduated cylinder. With stirring, slowly add the 2 cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid to
the dodecanol in the beaker.

✓Continue to stir for 1 minute after addition of the sulphuric acid is complete. Let the mixture stand for 10 minutes.

✓Fill a 250cm3 beaker one-third full of ice, add about 10 g of sodium chloride, NaCl, and mix thoroughly.

✓Add water to bring the total volume of the mixture to 75 cm3.

✓Mix 5 cm3 of 6 M sodium hydroxide with 10 cm3 of water in a small beaker

✓Mix well, and then add 4 drops of phenolphthalein indicator. The pink color of the phenolphthalein may begin to fade in the strongly basic solution.

✓Prepare a mixture of about 25 cm3 of ice water. After the 10 minutes, carefully pour the sodium hydroxide solution into the dodecanol-sulfuric acid mixture.

✓Stir until the pink color disappears. A large amount of solid detergent should
form.

✓Pour the detergent mixture into the ice-salt bath. Stir to break up large lumps
of detergent.

✓Filter the precipitated detergent mixture through 2-3 layers of cheesecloth in a
funnel mounted on a ring stand.

✓Wash the collected detergent twice with 10 cm3 portions of ice-cold water.

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Fig 1.2a: Some products made by the knowledge of chemistry

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Chemistry deals with the study of the substances around us. The study of chemistry involves the air we breathe, the materials we use, the food we eat, the clothes we wear and all the other materials present in our environment.

The figure 1.1a shows some of the products made by the knowledge of chemistry. Identify these products and their usage in daily life.

Many products as shown above are made with the knowledge of chemistry. Also their production and usage in everyday life requires special skills.

Explore your environment and Identify other substances used in everyday life made with the knowledge of chemistry

https://youtu.be/j4Cn0kzM-Mg

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Fig 1.1b: products from different materials

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How is Chemistry Related to the Other Branches of Science?

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How is Chemistry Related to the Other Branches of Science?

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Chemistry is sometimes referred to as a central science because it connects the other sciences to each other. The study of chemistry is linked to many other fields of study. For example, when we extract metals from stones containing ores, we are applying chemistry in geology; when we study about the composition of foods we eat, we are using chemistry in biology; and when we study about acid rain and global warming, we are using chemistry to study our environment.

Activity
The products in this Fig 1.1a above are made from different materials

Task
Identify the materials from which the products in the Fig 1.1a have been made
.................................................................
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Note:
The study of chemistry links up with many other fields of science. For example living things that we study in biology are made of chemical substances such as proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Geological studies deal with different types of earths, clays and soils which are chemical compounds.

Assignment:
Identify ways in which the study of chemistry is lated to:

1. Agriculture

2. Environment

3. Physics

4. Biology

5. Geology

6. Medicine

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Careers related to the study of chemistry

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Careers related to the study of chemistry

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Have you thought about what you want to do in future? Probably you want to be a doctor, a nurse, an engineer, or any other related field. Chemistry as a study of matter is a link to many science-based careers.

CAREERS RELATED TO THE STUDY OF CHEMISTRY

It may also be noted that the study of chemistry is related to various careers and professions. It is important to understand chemistry if you are studying any of the science subjects because all of the sciences involve matter and the interactions between different types of matter. Students who desire to become doctors, nurses, physicists, nutritionists, geologists, pharmacists, and (of course) chemists all study chemistry.

Chemistry sometimes is called the "central science" because it connects other sciences to each other, such as biology, biochemistry, physics, botany, geology, and environmental sciences  materials sciences and pharmaceuticals.

You might want to make a career of chemistry because chemistry-related jobs are many and high-paying.

Fig 2.1a: above shows the careers in chemistry

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Contribution of chemistry to the Ugandan economy

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Contribution of chemistry to the Ugandan economy

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Uganda is a land-locked country with a good climate, and is known for a variety of cash and food crops such as coffee, tea, cotton, matoke, millet, potatoes and sorghum. We also have natural resources such as fertile soils, mineral deposits, oil and natural gas. The natural resources must be exploited with care while there must be value added to crop products if our country is to develop. Knowledge of chemistry helps in a number of ways towards improvement of the national economy. For example, the manufacture of fertilisers from ammonia gas helps farmers to improve their crop yields. By selling their crops, the country is able to collect taxes. This contributes to improvement of the national economy.

Question

How can chemistry;
a) be useful in improving agriculture?

Fertilizer help improve crop yields.

Herbicides help remove weeds.

Acaricides kill ticks in livestock.

Vaccination helps against animal deseases.

b) help to produce better automobile fuel?

Distillation process gives cleaner fractions.

Catalysts reduce the harmful fumes produced.

c) knowledge be useful in improving the economy of Uganda?

Industrial products sold to boost natural income.

Products are taxed to improve revenue.

Improved yields due to industrial chemicals boost production.

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Image showing computer and some of its parts

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ICT is defined as a set of technological tools and resources used to communicate, create, disseminate, store and manage information. These tools include: computers, the internet, broadcasting (radio and Television)

A computer is a general purpose electronic machine that receives/accepts, processes, stores and output data into meaningful information

A computer can also be defined as an electronic device operating under control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data, manipulate the data according to specified rules, produce results, and store the results for future use

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The Dog and The Bone

Once a stray dog while searching for food came to a butcher's shop. There he got a bone with some meat on it. So, he lifted it and ran to a safe place to enjoy it at ease.

He chewed the bone for a very long time and this made him quite thirsty. So, he went to a river to quench his thirst. It took the bone along, as it was worried that some other dog might not take it away.

As the dog stood on a bridge across the river, it looked around to see if it could safely put the bone down while it quenched its thirst.

By chance, he saw his reflection in the water from over the bridge. He could not follow that it was his shadow. Rather, he thought it to be another dog with a bone in his mouth.

Being greedy by nature, he wanted that bone too. So, he barked at the other dog, hoping to scare it into giving it that bone. But alas! The bone that he held in its mouth fell into the river.

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The late king of a certain community had ten wild dogs. He used them to torture and eat any of his servants who made a mistake. One of the servants gave an opinion that was wrong, and the king didn’t like it at all. So he ordered that the servant be thrown to the dogs.

The servant said, “I served you for ten years, and you do this to me? Please give me ten days before throwing me to those dogs!” The king agreed.

In those ten days, the servant went to the guard who looks after the dogs and told him he would like to serve the dogs for the next ten days. The guard was baffled but agreed, and the servant started feeding the dogs, cleaning for them, bathing them, and providing all sorts of comfort for them.

When the ten days were over, the king ordered that the servant be thrown to the dogs for his punishment. When he was thrown in, we were all amazed to see the ravenous dogs only licking the feet of the servant!

The king, baffled at what he was seeing, said,
”What has happened to my dogs?”

The servant replied, "I served the dogs for only ten days, and they didn’t forget my service. Yet I served you for a whole ten years and you forgot all, at my first mistake!"

The king realized his mistake and ordered the servant to be set free.

This post is a message to all those who forget the good things a person does for them as soon as the person makes a mistake towards them. Don’t put out the history that is filled with good because of a mistake you don’t like.

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It was a quick sex, immediately she reached orgasm, she jumped off him and laid on the floor. Randy reached for his laptop and dashed out of the room. It took her minutes to realize what just happened, it dawned on her that she just had sex with her boyfriend's brother.

She sat on the floor and wept, she was confused and didn't know what to do. She went into the shower and opened the shower on herself for several minutes before she heard her phone ringing.

She stepped out of the shower to see and the caller was Anold. She fiddled, she didn't know what to say if she picked the call. He called again and she picked this time.

"Hi baby, why didn't you pick before? Where are you?" He asked.

"I'm sorry, I was in the shower." She said but Anold could sense the worries in her voice.

"Are you okay?, why are you sounding this way?" He asked.

"I'm fine, I'm just tired." She replied.

"Okay, I just got off the meeting now, I'm coming home tomorrow…where is my brother?" He asked.

"I don't know, maybe in his room, see you tomorrow then." She replied.

Anold knew something was wrong, she was not excited he would be coming home unlike before that she would scream and rejoice over the phone. He asked again if everything was fine but she told him she was fine. He dropped the call and her heart wouldn't stop beating fast.

Several questions popped up in her mind.

"Will Randy tell his brother?"

"What if he told his brother?"

What is going to happen if Anold eventually finds out?"

"Did she still have a chance in this relationship?"

"What if…?"

She decided to take a bold step. She dressed up and went into the sitting room to look for Randy but he wasn't there so she headed to his room and knocked.

"What do you want from me again?" Randy exclaimed from inside and the question got her confused.

"What did he mean by that? Is he trying to put all the blame on me?" She thought.

"Please open the door, we need to talk." She said.

"Leave me alone, I don't wanna talk." He replied.

His words made her feel more sad, she did not deserve that kind of treatment from Randy. She swallowed her pride and pleaded he open the door so they could talk but Randy insisted he wouldn't. After several minutes of persuasion and begging,  he finally opened up and she joined him.

"I want us to talk about what happened, I know we were caught up in each other and it happened because it was beyond our control, we are both adults and I want this to be our little secret. Nothing happened between us, I love your brother and I love him so much but it has happened and we cannot reverse it, please let's keep this between us and make sure it doesn't happen again." She said.

Randy looked at her quizzically.

"What do you mean we were caught up in each other, you dragged me and forced me…" he said and she interrupted.

"You kīssed me first, you came into my room with only short, you touched me and kissed me, you knew my weakness and you took advantage of it…" she paused and took her breathe.

She continued.

"See Randy,  like I said, I am not blaming you because it won't change anything, let's pretend it doesn't happen and move on please,  I am begging you." She pleaded.

"Why are you gaslighting me Agata, I didn't kiss you, you raised your head and kissed me. You reach for my manhood, I tried to stop you but you didn't stop, you kept on going and jumped on me, you lured me into this." He cried.

"Stop please,  Randy please stop, you are making this hard for me, what have I done to deserve this from you? Why did you hate me this much? You declined all my advances when I had no one, why did you want to take my happiness away? Please Randy, let this be our little secret for God's sake, I am begging you." She wept uncontrollably but everything she said went behind Yele's ears.

"I'm sorry, I'll have to tell my brother about this, he doesn't deserve to be treated this way, he deserves better." Yele blurted.

"What! I am finished." Agata said as she placed her hands on her head.

She left his room and went back to her room. She paced the room and several thoughts came to her mind. Randy seemed determined, she was unable to convince him.

She thought of telling Anold her part of the story first before Randy did since he was going to know what happened eventually.

She was ready for the repercussions.

She picked up her phone and sent him a text.

"Hey Anold, this might come as a shock to you and I will respect any decision you make after reading this. I and your brother, Randy, had sèx but I can explain"

To be continued...

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Geometry is study of lines, shapes, line and angle properties of polygons

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Geometry; is the branch of mathematics concerned with the shape of individual objects, spatial relationships among various objects, and the properties of surrounding space. It is one of the oldest branches of mathematics, having arisen in response to such practical problems as those found in surveying, and its name is derived from Greek words meaning “Earth measurement.”

Under this we are going to learn the following

1. Point and Line:
What is a;

Point?

Line?

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Learn more about point and line;

2. Angle:
Angle can be defined as a chord formed when two lines meet.
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Learn more about angles:

3. Triangle and it's properties:
A triangle is a polygon with three side and vertices.
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Learn more about Triangle and it's properties;

4. Quadrilaterals:
Quadrilaterals are four sided polygons. E.g Rectangle, square, kite, rhombus, parallelogram, trapezium etc.
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Learn more about quadrilaterals;

5. Polygon and their properties:

Polygons are 2-dimensional shapes. They are made of straight lines, and the shape is "closed" (all the lines connect up).

A regular polygon has all angles equal and all sides equal, otherwise it is irregular

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Learn more about polygons and their properties

6. Circle:
A circle is a round-shaped figure that has no corners or edges.
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Learn more about a circle;

7. Solid geometry:
Here we look at various solid such as cube, cuboid, prism, pyramid, cylinder, come etc
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Learn more about solid geometry;

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INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE ASSIGNMENT

Do the assignment and scan your work.

Submit work to;

aitabenable35@gmail.com for marking.

Ensure that your work contains your Name, School, Class and streeme

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This document comprises of ICT tools used in education and how they can be used in Teachingand Learning. Find it useful for Teachers and Learners.

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