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HPRS 2300 Unit 2 Drug List

U2 ANS Part 1.pptx
U2 ANS Part 2.pptx

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The ANS consists of two subdivisions, the Sympathetic Nervous System and the Parasympathetic Nervous System. Alternate names would be the Adrenergic System and the Cholinergic System.

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Neurotransmitters for the Sympathetic system include acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter for the Parasympathetic system.

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Acetylcholine is released at ganglia from presynaptic nerve endings on both systems. Norepinephrine are released at postganglionic nerve endings while epinephrine is released by the adrenal medulla. Dopamine is released by the hypothalamus of the brain.

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Receptors for the Sympathetic system are alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, and beta 2 receptors. Alpha 1 receptors are located on glands, smooth muscles, eyes, most arteries and veins. Alpha 2 receptors are located on adrenergic nerve endings. Beta 1 receptors are found in the heart and beta 2 receptors are found in smooth muscles, lungs, uterus, skeletal muscle arteries, and coronary arteries.
Receptors for the Parasympathetic system are muscarinic, nicotinic 1, and nicotinic 2 receptors. Muscarinic receptors are located in cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands. Nicotinic receptors are found in ganglia of parasympathetic nerves and sympathetic nerves and nicotinic 2 receptors are located in neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle.

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In the Sympathetic system, alpha 1 receptors cause vasoconstriction or constriction on most veins and arteries, smooth muscles, and the eyes (pupils). Alpha 2 receptors cause the decrease of release of norepinephrine and decreases contraction of smooth muscle and creates negative feedback. Beta 1 receptors increases heart rate, force of contraction, and atrioventricular conduction. Beta 2 receptors help smooth muscle and the uterus to relax, bronchodilation in the lungs, and vasodilation of the skeletal muscle arteries and the coronary arteries.
In the Parasympathetic system, muscarinic receptors decrease heart rate, cause bronchoconstriction, increase GI secretions, and increase urination and pupillary constriction. Both Nicotinic receptors trigger rapid neural or neuromuscular transmissions and can cause muscle contractions or can modulate blood flow.

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Sympathomimetics and Sympatholytics are type of drugs that affect the Sympathetic system. Sympathomimetics are drugs that produce effects that imitate the sympathetic system and Sympatholytics are drugs that work against the sympathetic system. Sympathomimetics drugs are usually called adrenergics or agonists and Sympatholytics drugs are called adrenergic blocking, blockers, inhibitors, or antagonists.
Parasympathomimetics and Parasympatholytics are drugs that affect the Parasympathetic system. Parasympathomimetics are drugs that imitate or mimic the parasympathetic system and Parasympatholytics are drugs that work agains the parasympathetic system. Parasympathomimetics drugs are called agonists or cholinergics and Parasympatholytics drugs are called antagonists or anticholingerics.

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Examples of Sympathomimetics drugs:
- Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists

ephedrine

phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine®)
-Adrenergic Agonists

epinephrine (Adrenalin®)
-Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonists

dobutamine

-Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists

formoterol (Foradil®)

albuterol (Proventil®, Ventolin®)

terbutaline (Brethine®)

Examples of Sympatholytics drugs:
-Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blockers

prazosin (Minipress®)

terazosin (Hytrin®)

doxazosin (Cardura®)
-Beta Blockers
~Nonselective

nadolol (Corgard®)

propranolol (Inderal®)

timolol (Blocadren®)
~Selective

atenolol (Tenormin®)

metoprolol (Lopressor®)
Examples of Parasympathomimetics drugs:
-Direct Acting Cholinergic Agonist

acetylcholine

pilocarpine (Pilocar®)

bethanechol (Urecholine®)

- Indirect Acting Cholinergic Agents

neostigmine (Prostigmin®)

Examples of Parasympatholytics:
-  Anticholinergics

atropine

dicyclomine (Bentyl®)