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Certain bills ushc as the GI bill and the Homestead act kept black Americans outside of wealth and has lead to a large wealth inequality in this country with many white individuals having generational wealth. This was carried out by the American government, making it institutional racism

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racism carried out by institutions such as political, educational, governmental etc.

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this is different because of the fact that this incident happened to the two multiple times over, with different cops, hinting at a cultural problem. Also them going after POC and other minorities is an institutionalized thing in the lower east side as the man discusses

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https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2013/07/15/guest-post-who-would-you-shoot/ (Police officers were more likely to shoot black individuals than their white counterparts doing the same activity - stronger association with crime when they saw a black person

https://www.npr.org/2022/04/13/1092687268/ali-wongs-divorce-news-causes-another-case-of-wrongasian (Used an incorrect image of Ali Wong's ex-husband; used a different Asian actor's picture. Shows how many still feed into the stereotype that all east asians look alike

https://openpolicing.stanford.edu/findings/ (officers are more likely to stop black individuals and search them at higher rates - again the stronger association of black people with crime

https://www.cbs8.com/article/news/nation-world/ukraine/russian-central-american-and-mexican-refugees/509-578cb0b1-a481-4e2b-94d6-9fe0146fd491 : Ukrainian refugees had an easier time getting into the refugee system than did their Russian counterparts - bias of seeing russians as unreliable

Microagressions article - many public buildings at institutions are named after white, heterosexual, males. The bias of seeing this group as being better than other marginalized groups

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In 2002, a study by Joshua Correll and colleagues, called The Police Officer's Dilemma, was published. In the study, researchers reported that they presented photos of black and white men holding either a gun or a non-threatening object (like a wallet) in a video game style setting. Participants were asked to make a rapid decision to "shoot" or "don't shoot" each of the men based on whether the target was armed.

They found that people hesitated longer to shoot an armed white target (and they were more likely to accidentally not shoot). Participants were quicker and more accurate with black armed targets but there were more "false alarms" (shooting them when they were unarmed). These effects were present even though participants did not hold any explicit discriminatory views and wanted to treat all targets fairly.

The effect we see here is a subconscious but measurable preference to give white men the benefit of the doubt in these ambiguous situations. Decision times can vary by a fraction of a second, but that fraction can mean life or death for the person on the other end of the gun.

A terrible reminder of this bias was brought back into the headlines on March 2nd when a black student in Gainesville Florida was shot in the face with a rifle by a police officer. The conditions surrounding the shooting are murky, as the police are extremely hesitant to release details.

It appears that Kofi Adu-Brempong, an international graduate student and teacher's assistant, was in a stress-induced panic and was worried about his student visa. On the day of the incident, his neighbors heard yelling in his apartment and called the police. It has been suggested that he may have suffered from some mental health problems that related to his panics (although this is not known for sure) and that he had resisted police in the past.

Even so, when the police arrived they broke down his door, citing that they did not know if there was someone else in danger inside the apartment. Adu refused to cooperate and the situation escalated to the point where police tried to subdue him with a tazer and a bean-bag gun. Then a policeman shot him. Adu is now in the hospital in critical condition and has sustained serious damages to his tongue and lower jaw. The police claimed that Adu was wielding a lead pipe and a knife and started violently threatening them with the weapons.
This post originally appeared in 2010. Re-posted in solidarity with the African American community; regardless of the truth of the Martin/Zimmerman confrontation, it's hard not to interpret the finding of not-guilty as anything but a continuance of the criminal justice system's failure to ensure justice for young Black men. Lauren McGuire is an assistant to a disability activist. She's just launched her own blog, The Fatal Foxtrot, that is focused on the awkward passage into adulthood.
In fact, there was no lead pipe and there was no knife in his hand. When the police approached Adu after he had been shot, the pipe showed itself to be a cane- a cane that Adu constantly used due to a case of childhood polio. And the knife they saw in his hand was actually sitting on the kitchen counter.

Instances like these are tragic reminders of the mistakes that can be made in split second decisions and how race can play into those decisions.

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Who Would You Shoot? - Sociological Images

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In 2002, a study by Joshua Correll and colleagues, called The Police Officer's Dilemma, was published. In the study, researchers reported that they presented photos of black and white men holding either a gun or a non-threatening object (like a wallet) in a video game style setting.

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subconscious opinions, assumptions, prejudice, and associations

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Georgia Office of Rep. Scott Defaced by Swastika

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A district office of Representative David Scott, Democrat of Georgia, is vandalized with a swastika.

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When someone acts on their racist/hateful opinions and thoughts to harm the person they are prejudiced against

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1. Which of the terms above do you think this is an example of? Explain...

People acting on their prejudices and racist beliefs - discrimination

1. Do you believe you have ever stereotyped someone (or treated them differently) by his or her accent or speech pattern? If so, how?

I think I unconsciously have done so. Despite trying not to, sometimes when someone has an accent, I  have assumed that they may not be the best at english and spoken a bit slower.

1. Is judging someone based on his or her accent or speech pattern different from judging that person based on his or her appearance?

They are similar because both happen almost instantly. When you look at someone, you form a judgement really fast and usually hearing someone speak is also one of the first impressions we have of a person

1. Can you think of examples of this that you have seen or experienced?

Yes I have seen many people talking louder and being passive aggressive when they meet someone with an accent that is not from developed nations.

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Prejudice: a prejudgment about a person/group not based on experience

Racism: a type of prejudice that is rooted in exercising superiority of one's own race
Discrimination: actions taken against people against whom a person is prejudiced towards
Stereotypes: a very generalized assumption about people with a specific characteristic
Colorism: occurs within an ethnic group. Thinking that a certain kind of skin or skin color is superior to another

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Shared culture
- religious
- language based
- traditions and customs based

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it is a label and it is not biologically identifiable; it is a societal understanding of a person who looks a certain way (has a certain skin color or certain features, hair types).

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US
-women
-immigrants
-lgbtq
-native Americans
-POC
-poverty
-religions that are not Christianity
-disabled

Woodson
- disabilities
-non English speakers
- women’s sports
- neurodivergent people
-introverted students
-non athletes
- non honors students

Fairfax County
- Muslims
- hard of hearing/deaf
- unhoused
- mental health issues
- making below the median income

Virginia
- the very rural areas
- POC
- people outside of NOVA area
- immigrants
- people without a college degree

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- people who are singled out - discriminated against as a group
- people not having much power in society when compared to a more dominant group
- often scapegoated for social or country issues

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(1) unequal treatment and less power over their lives
(2) distinguishing physical or cultural traits like skin colour or language
(3) involuntary membership in the group
(4) awareness of subordination
(5) high rate of in-group marriage.