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An article on action Portland tried to take to counter gentrification, and how it was viewed by those who were affected. 

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An article on action Portland tried to take to counter gentrification, and how it was viewed by those who were affected. 

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https://www.wweek.com/news/2022/05/25/the-city-of-portland-tried-to-undo-gentrification-black-portlanders-are-conflicted-about-the-results/

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Author's Notes/Conclusion of What I Learned.

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Author's Notes/Conclusion of What I Learned.

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Fair warning. I am not entirely sure how to use this program. I did try my best to make this layout exciting. I started by just trying to find out more about the causes of gentrification. It is a growing issue in the US and most of urban Oregon is feeling it really hard. Especially those who are pursuing the American Dream and trying to buy a house. Gentrification can affect everyone, but it affects people of color more than I realized, and I learned quite a bit about it.

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This article talks about how black people continue to be left out of revitalization efforts in the city. 

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This article talks about how black people continue to be left out of revitalization efforts in the city. 

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https://ncrc.org/gentrification-portlandor/

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An article on what Portland is doing to fight gentrification. 

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An article on what Portland is doing to fight gentrification. 

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https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/01/portland-anti-gentrification-housing-scheme-right-return
https://www.portland.gov/bps/planning/adap/gentrification-and-displacement-studies

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Portland has been known to be a quirky city. Often dubbed the most livable city. A desirable location for progressive and young people to be. Access to nature oriented activities is never far away. The food here is award winning, and nationally recognized. There are numerous microbreweries. Portland has become a hipster paradise. Notably white in culture.

The hipster culture that moved into Portland due to influence of media, and the general appeal of the city as quirky has done damage to the economy, and displaced people of color.

Portland was previously a pretty black city. Around 30% of people in Portland were black in 1990. In 2022 5.6% of Portlanders are black. Hispanic or Latinx people are the second largest demographic at 10.3% in 2022.

The increase in white culture is evident, and probably started somewhere between the 90s and early 00s. Larger businesses started to move into Portland and displace others.

"Yuppies" or wealthier, usually college educated, white people, are credited as part of the problem. They brought demand for the organic food industry which was too expensive, and pushed people away. The hipster/yuppie culture brings in more alternative, counter culture lifestyles, and tastes.

Int eh 90s, there was a noticeable shift in household incomes. This meant that the property values increased in tandem. This increase priced people out of their homes. Portland followed suit and built amenities to accommodate wealthier resident, further separating the poor from the rich. Where there were once black owned businesses, there can often be found popular restaurants, or construction making room for more consumerism. If you ever take a drive somewhere in Portland chances are you will see some sort of construction nearby.

Portland's coffee, beer, restaurant, and art cultures have served to spread gentrification as well. As these amenities appeal to wealthier, predominately white individuals. When black people and other racial minorities feel as if the services are no longer available to them, they will feel displaced, or often become displaced. These things make the economy too difficult for poorer people to afford. They are forced to leave the area as a result.

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A Study by the City of Portland on Gentrification and Displacement.

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A Study by the City of Portland on Gentrification and Displacement.

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https://www.portland.gov/bps/planning/adap/gentrification-and-displacement-studies
https://www.portland.gov/bps/adap/documents/2018-gentrification-and-displacement-neighborhood-typology-assessment-supporting/download

This article talks about how black people continue to be left out of revitalization efforts in the city.
https://ncrc.org/gentrification-portlandor/

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Gentrification and displacement have been long-standing concerns in Portland. In response, the community set a goal for increased equity through the Portland Plan.

The Portland Plan sets an expectation that an equitable city should be proactive about the inequitable impacts that neighborhood change and gentrification can have on vulnerable households. Specifically, it called for approaches to help evaluate and better manage potential gentrification impacts of new policies and programs.

As part of efforts to evaluate potential gentrification impacts, the Bureau of Planning and Sustainability (BPS) contracted with Dr. Lisa Bates to prepare a paper on how to assess vulnerability of different neighborhoods to increased gentrification pressure. Although gentrification can also have impacts on businesses or commercial space, this research focuses on the risks for residential displacement. The 2013 paper also includes a review of national best practices, including policy tools and programs that Portland could use to mitigate gentrification. This paper is the starting point for raising questions and a community discussion about what the City of Portland can do about gentrification.

The subsequent 2018 report presents the most recent findings of the gentrification and displacement neighborhood typology assessment, prepared by Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability staff. It builds off the previous work conducted by Dr. Lisa Bates of Portland State University in 2012, as well as her contributions around the topic for the Powell-Division Bus Rapid Transit project in 2016.

Documents

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Gentrification and displacement have been long-standing concerns in Portland. In response, the community set a goal for increased equity through the Portland Plan. The Portland Plan sets an expectation that an equitable city should be proactive about the inequitable impacts that neighborhood change and gentrification can have on vulnerable households.

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Census data on Portland
https://www.census.gov/quickfacts

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Portland has tried a number of things to fight the displacement and gentrification taking place within the city. It has instituted a policy known as the preference policy, or "Right to Return" to bring displaced ex-residents back to the Albina district if they can prove that they have history in the area. In order to qualify, you have to score a certain amount of points on the application based on the previous or current address. However, this requirement of proof is inherently classicist and racist, as some of those who were displaced no longer have proof, or can't afford to obtain it.

The "Right to Return" policy is working to give down payment assistance to displaced, or at risk residents who are first time home buyers. The program is the first of it's kind, and has worked to subsidize housing, and secure homes for residents. However, it feels a little lackluster, as according to an article written in 2018 by the Guardian, Portland only had enough funding to subsidize 65 households. A minuscule portion of the housing that was destroyed by urban development.

The black community in Portland has a mixed reception. Some are happy to have the opportunity to move back to the area that is home to them. The article by the Guardian interviews a black woman named Dianne Causey,  who benefited from the program after her landlord died, and the property she resided in was put up for sale. She was happy to have received assistance.

Others do not mirror Causey's opinion, as they are disappointed that the policy was not based on race. It is undeniable that the displacement in Portland caused by urban development projects, disproportionately affected black people. However, it is federally illegal to create policy on the basis of race, as that is considered discrimination. And while these neighborhoods were predominate black, and minority populated, there were some other races including the rare white person who were also affected.

Though the dissenting sentiment is understandable. White people statistically, and significantly out earn black people. White people inherently have more opportunities, and upward mobility. They do not have the same history in the gentrified areas, as they were not subject to red lining.

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An overview on the racist history of Portland's origin. 

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An overview on the racist history of Portland's origin. 

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/portlandcityoregonhttps://www.hcn.org/issues/50.9/race-racism-portlands-racist-history-of-housing-discrimination-and-gentrification

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Gentrification is when an area that is lower income, often occupied by a dominant population of minorities, is taken over by a wealthier class of people. Often more expensive commodities are introduced, and this leads to a takeover in housing and business properties over time by the wealthier population.

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In Oregon we have a growing and noticeable class divide. The homeless population is growing, and the cities are struggling to support them, if putting in any effort at all. The wealthier individuals treat this issue as an inconvenience and are unwilling to spend any time, money or effort on a solution. Many refuse to address the problem sociologically, and instead chalk it up to laziness, or a lack of work ethic. The issue goes much deeper than that, and is largely systematic.

Outsiders, and residents both complain about the cleanliness of the city. As a result it is often credited to the homeless population. However, the impact of the housing crisis, and egregious gentrification has forced people out of their homes. Those who have no reasonable answer often try to point to homelessness as the issue, but it is a result of the greater issue. The trash pile up, and homeless camps are impossible to ignore, however, many refuse to treat them as people, and instead as burdens. Meanwhile, many of these people were forced into this situation, many are starving, dirty, and impacted by the environment. Businesses lock their amenities, so that they cannot relieve, or clean themselves. During the seasonal weather many will either freeze or overheat, as there are not enough shelters for everyone.

Portland is making feeble attempts to fix the issue. But the homeless population, which is affecting the environment, is a result of gentrification.

In recent years, Portland has been testing out their tiny home projects, and created safe injection sites for homeless people and those suffering from addiction. It's a small start, but the outlook is promising if launched in full scale.

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Introduction to Gentrification, and Personal History

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Introduction to Gentrification, and Personal History

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I grew in a smaller suburb in the Portland metro area. While I didn't live within the city, a large majority of my family did. I spent a lot of my time there growing up, and the love and generations of life that existed within the city in my family, was extended to me. We never had much when I was younger, neither did the rest of my family. Many of them were content with their tiny living situations within the city. As an adult I now live right outside Portland. I could never afford to live within the city, as I dreamed when I was younger, and this is the same issue so many others are facing. And the reality of the housing crisis is only that much more real to those who actually have homes inside the city.

My family has been in the city of Portland for generations. My grandmother, who I spent a significant portion of my time with growing up, grew up in the heart of the city, and after her and my grandfather's military service had ended, moved right back. People love the city of Portland, and all of it's quirky icons. It hurts to see that it is becoming an unaffordable wasteland to anyone who isn't rich. People are being priced out of their homes. Some are fortunate enough to have enough money to leave. Others are not, and end up homeless, or displaced.

Most who have left did so out of necessity. Because of the greater issue of gentrification.  By the time I was born, the gentrification was already going on. It started around the 1960s and has accelerated since 2000, and continues to climb. Portland has officially been named the 4th fasted gentrifying city in the entire country. If you feel like you are being priced out of a home, or even the state, that feeling is not exclusive. Many cannot afford housing, and this is evidenced in many painfully obvious ways. Some of which have affected my family, and others have not.

This issue of gentrification and displacement has been slowly creeping for a very long time. It has substantial roots in racism, and classism, and I will be exploring that within this presentation.

Gentrification is not exclusive to Portland. In fact, the suburb I grew up in also experienced severe gentrification to the point where nearly everyone who lives there is middle to high income. My family, and many I grew up with have been priced out, and forced to move elsewhere. However, after my research on this subject, I have learned is a privilege that not everyone has. While I do not live with my immediate family anymore and continue to live right outside the urban area, I have still benefited from my race, and family of origin.

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A scholarly paper on how gentrification has been perpetuated in recent history by hipster and yuppie culture. And how depictions in media have shifted the viewpoint towards white, hipster consumerism. 

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A scholarly paper on how gentrification has been perpetuated in recent history by hipster and yuppie culture. And how depictions in media have shifted the viewpoint towards white, hipster consumerism. 

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https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/70795c14p

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Historically the cities were considered cheap places to live. In Oregon the of city of Portland is increasingly expensive to live in. This is pushing people who have lived there for years to leave. Entire neighborhoods have been erased because of city development projects. According to attached the article on Portland attempting to undo gentrification, the city of Portland erased 1000 houses in the Albina district to make room for i5.

According to historical trends and studies, Oregon's roots have much to do with racism. Gentrification and racism have a close knit relationship, often coexisting. Gentrification is inherently racist, as it affects not just poor people, but historically often affects black neighborhoods.

According to the attached NCRC article Portland has been named the whitest city for a city of it's size. A population of nearly 75% white people and only almost 6% black.

When Oregon became a state, black people were excluded from land ownership, or even living within the state itself. This particular amendment was not changed until 2001.

Portland participated in a practice called redlining.Redlining was the refusal to give a loan to someone based on wealth, race, or other discrimination. Typically used to keep minorities out of "white" neighborhoods. Black people had little choice on where to live in Portland during the mid 1900s. They were typically confined to just the Albina district.

Today the Albina district has a notably smaller population of black people. Almost entirely made up of white families. The district has been gentrified. This has largely been credited to the destruction of homes to make room for amenities, such as the Memorial Coliseum. Other projects such as the Emanuel hospital and i5 expansions did further damage to the neighborhood, and was seen as an opportunity by the racist development committee to be rid or the black people who lived there.