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TIN layer is commonly an elevation surface that represents height values across an extent. It are commonly used to model and visualize terrain elevation data or other continuous spatial attributes. It needs data DEM to show the contour of the map.

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Raster and vector overlay are two popular approaches used to combine and analyze many forms of spatial data in (GIS)  These methods enable you to integrate and extract information from raster and vector datasets, allowing for more in-depth geographical analysis and decision-making.

Raster Overlay: Raster data is a grid of cells or pixels that each hold a value reflecting a specific property, such as elevation, temperature, or land cover. Raster overlay is the process of integrating numerous raster layers into a single output layer that reflects the combination of the input information.
Raster overlay operations can be performed in a variety of methods such as Arithmetic operations, Boolean operations and  Statistical operations

Vector Overlay: Vector data represents spatial characteristics like points, lines, or polygons, with attributes saved as attribute tables in each. The process of merging or intersecting various vector layers to create a new output layer that contains the attributes of the input datasets is known as vector overlay. the common vector overlay operation is union, intersection, and clip.

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Spatial interpolation is a technique used to estimate the value of a variable at an unsampled location based on the values of the variable at nearby sampled locations.
the example technique of spatial interpolation is Inverse distance weighting (IDW), Kriging, and Thin-plate splines.

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topology is important in ArcGIS Pro because it allows for feature configuration and shared geometry, ensures data integrity, allows for spatial navigation, and supports editing tools. It can be detected and fixed using a variety of tools and techniques. In GIS software, there are often tools that can be used to identify and fix topology errors. These tools can be used to identify the type of topology error that has occurred, and then to fix the error.

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Digitizing is an essential ability that spatial analysts must have. They enter the data into the software, which uses raster models from satellites, scanned maps, and so on... Then, build a new feature class and name it appropriately. Start digitizing by clicking "Create" and then selecting a suitable digitizing tool from the list of line, point, and polygon. The map will then be digitized based on the feature shape. Finally, save the file and any other connected items.

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> Scheme of work
> Study calendar
> Schedule for this subject

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-Observed
-predicted

comparison between predicted or observed are using RMSE, MSE, MAPE
RMSE - Root mean square
MSE - Mean square error
MAPE - mean absolute percent error

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Raster analysis is more suitable for visualizing and modeling environmental phenomena.

example of data:
spot high > raster > continuous surface

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- a system of interconnected linear features via which mass or information is carried
- we utilized a "barrier" to block rampory transit.

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- Surface value estimation of unsampled points based on known surface values of adjacent points
- Calculate elevation, precipitation, temperature, and chemical dispersion.
- Typically uses raster data - Can be done in a vector context by using TIN

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Query
- select by attribute
- Select by location

Vector overlay analysis
- structure vector (point, line, polygon)
- clip, update, append
- union, or, nor, not
- method: digitizing, spot height

Raster overlay analysis
- structure grid/pixel
- satellite image, orthophoto, airborne
- method: combine operation, neighborhood analysis, zonal, local operation

Triangular Irregular Network (TIN)

- Vector based
- Can be in GPS point data
- Consist of nodes that contain information of height, non overlapping triangular, connected by edges from contiguous
- TIN can be in very small size
- TIN created in mass point, break line, exclusion polygon

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1. Grid data is a raster data model. Every grid has values based on the nearest or average number.
2. area measuring, monitoring the environment, natural disasters, land use planning, and area comparison
3. First, the user can verify the correctness of the data by comparing the outcome to a real-world projection, such as an aerial shot. Second, examine how the data has been documented. All data will be documented properly, and all information will be clear with technique and data quality requirements. Finally, consider the data source. When assessing the quality of data, the source data is important.

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The Intersect tool computes the geometric intersection of many feature classes and feature layers. The features, or portions of features, that are shared by all inputs (i.e., intersect) will be written to the output feature class.

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function buffer is to generates a polygon around features at a set distance. The buffer tool is a proximity function that sets a fixed or variable distance surrounding the features.

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The process of superimposing (overlaying) many feature classes in order to analyse the relationship between the overlay features and the merging of many feature classes.

method
- Union (or)
- Erase
- Append
- Identity
- Merge
- Update
- Intersect
- Clip

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Describe the skill required to be a GIS analysis

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Describe the skill required to be a GIS analysis

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Strong IT abilities are required for GIS analysis as well as spatial analysis. This is due to the fact that several software programmes have been developed to aid in the analytical process. Second, the GIS analysis must be capable of manipulating complicated data. Every data set may have an issue, and it is up to spatial analysis to fix it. Third, spatial analysts should be familiar with mapping tools such as vector and raster data, as well as spatial modelling. The data procedure will be as smooth as butter with experience.

Explain the important of spatial analysis in real world modelling

In modelling, spatial data analysis will disclose geometric and geographic information (x,y,z). geographical data, which gives a numerical representation of any physical thing in a geographic coordinate system, is used to gain insight for geographical analysis. Geometric data from spatial information is projected onto 2D surfaces. Geographic data representing an entity's or location's latitude and longitude is superimposed on a sphere, which represents the earth.

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When you want to replace the values in the input raster with new values, reclassification is useful. This could be because it was discovered that the value of a cell should actually be a different value, such as when the land use of a region changed over time.