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Mitosis produces two genetically identical “daughter” cells from a single “parent” cell.

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Meiosis produces cells that are genetically unique from the parent and contain only half as much DNA.

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Mitosis consists of four basic phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

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1. Prophase: The chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

2. Metaphase: The chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
3. Anaphase: The sister chromatids separate and move towards the poles.
4. Telophase: The chromosomes decondense and the nuclear envelope reforms.
5. Cytokinesis: The cytoplasm divides, resulting in two identical daughter cells. Meiosis, on the other hand, is a type of sexual reproduction in which the number of chromosomes in the parent cell is halved to form four daughter cells. These cells are not genetically identical and contain half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, in a diploid cell (Sousa, 2016).

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Meiosis consists of six phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis.

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1. Prophase I: The chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and crossing over occurs.
2. Metaphase I: The homologous chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
3. Anaphase I: The homologous chromosomes separate and move towards the poles.
4. Telophase I and Cytokinesis: The chromosomes reach the poles and the cell divides.
5. Prophase II: A new spindle forms around the chromosomes.
6. Metaphase II: The chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
7. Anaphase II: The sister chromatids separate and move towards the poles.

(Samantha F., Rebecca R., James W., 2013)

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The behavior of chromosomes during Meiosis generates variation in a lot of different ways. During Prophase I, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange parts in the process of Crossing Over. This leads to chromosomes that are a mix of maternal and paternal genetic material. During Metaphase I, the homologous chromosomes line up in random, leading to different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes in the daughter cells. This is known as independent assortment (Griffiths et al., 2000). Mendel's law of independent assortment states that, "The alleles for different traits segregate, or assort, independently of each other." This explains the behavior of chromosomes during Meiosis. During Metaphase I, the homologous chromosomes line up independently of each other, which means that the segregation of alleles for one trait does not affect the segregation of alleles for another trait.

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References:

Sousa, A. D. (2016). Cell Division: Binary Fission and Mitosis. Nature Education Knowledge, 3(10), 2.

Samantha F., Rebecca R., James W. (2013) Concepts of Biology Meiosis (7.2)

Griffiths, A. J., Miller, J. H., Suzuki, D. T., Lewontin, R. C., & Gelbart, W. M. (2000). An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. 7th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman.