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can you see this?

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Sojourner Truth was a slave who fled to freedom in 1826. She helped recruit black soldiers for the Union Army during the Civil War and afterwards worked to secure land grants for freed slaves from the federal government, and although unsuccessful she is still widely known as a catalyst for women's suffrage and black rights.

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Ways Harriet Tubman Successfully used the Underground Railroad.

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Ways Harriet Tubman Successfully used the Underground Railroad.

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6 Strategies Harriet Tubman and Others Used to Escape Along the Underground Railroad

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From elaborate disguises to communicating in code to fighting back, enslaved people found multiple paths to freedom.

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Malcolm X (1992) - Marching to the Hospital Scene (3/10) | Movieclips

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This article talks about how slaves also escaped to more southern or coastal regions away from America such as, Mexico, the Caribbean Islands, etc.

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Trends of routes travelled by freedom seekers.
Note that many individuals sought freedom in other nations, including Mexico, Canada, and the Caribbean.
NPS Photo

When many people learn about the Underground Railroad, they often learn about a very regimented movement taking place from 1830-1860. They learn that white abolitionist allies ushered freedom seekers from one location to another until they reached freedom in Canada. In reality - the history of the Underground Railroad is much more complex.

The Underground Railroad would not have existed without the brave men and women who made the decision to exercise their autonomy, escape from their enslavers, and claim their freedom. Freedom seekers traveled in whatever direction necessary to find a destination where they could live freely. As long as people enslaved others, freedom seekers escaped to build a better life for themselves, and if possible, their families.

Wherever and whenever slavery existed, there were efforts to escape. Free Black communities and some Indigenous tribes came together to aid freedom seekers in their fight for freedom; not just Quakers and wealthy white abolitionists. Freedom seekers who made the decision to escape traveled not just North to Canada; but South to locations like Spanish Florida, the Caribbean, and Mexico in order to claim their freedom. In other countries where people of African descent were enslaved, some also chose to self-liberate. This helps us understand the Underground Railroad as one of the first international Civil Rights movements.

Some freedom seekers chose to leave the United States when escaping slavery in part because of oppressive laws that allowed enslavers to capture and re-enslave them. The United States codified the ability of enslavers to capture freedom seekers. This is evident in the U.S. Constitution's Fugitive Slave Clause as well as the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793. These laws were strengthened after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, which made the federal government responsible for capturing and returning freedom seekers to their enslavers. Furthermore, Federal Marshals could capture freedom seekers in any state, regardless of state laws. Private citizens could be deputized on the spot to assist in capturing freedom seekers, and failure to do so could result in a six month prison sentence or a $1,000 fine. After extensive international legal battles, nations such as Canada created laws that did not allow for Americans to extradite freedom seekers after they crossed the international boundary. After exiting the United States - it became more difficult for enslavers not only to locate freedom seekers, but to force them back to a life of enslavement.

Outside of the United States, freedom seekers continued to face challenges. Regardless of location, many freedom seekers continued to combat racism and fight for equality. Others had to grieve their family members who were sold away or chose not to escape. Many constructed new lives for themselves, despite dangers of being kidnapped and sold by slave catchers after they emigrated. As in the United States, the resilience of those who escaped slavery continue to serve as inspiration for countless individuals.

The National Park Service's National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Program, established in 1998, serves to document and share Underground Railroad histories. As of September 2021, there are no international listings within the Network to Freedom.

The story map below, created in partnership with the National Committees in Canada, the United States, and the Netherlands of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (I.C.O.M.O.S.), serves to provide an international context for Underground Railroad History. This story map works in conjunction with a mapping project to seek out and highlight locations connected to freedom seeking outside of the United States.

The maps embedded in the story map are interactive. To interact with the maps, click "View full screen" below the story map, or "Explore Map" on the right side of the map itself.
International Underground Railroad Month (arcgis.com)

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International Underground Railroad Month Story Map (U.S. National Park Service)

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When many people learn about the Underground Railroad, they often learn about a very regimented movement taking place from 1830-1860. They learn that white abolitionist allies ushered freedom seekers from one location to another until they reached freedom in Canada. In reality - the history of the Underground Railroad is much more complex.

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Here is a painting of Africans practicing the religion Hoodoo which was fused from Christianity. Slaves were mostly forced to become Christians upon arrival in the New World. But from that they created their own religions based off the practices of Christianity and which some are still very prevalent today. 

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1. Spiritual Resistance Artifact (TJ Whiteman)

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1. Spiritual Resistance Artifact (TJ Whiteman)

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Harriet Stowe was an author and abolitionist who was best known for her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin.  Uncle Tom’s Cabin tells the story of Tom, an honorable, unselfish slave who’s taken from his wife and children to be sold at auction. On a transport ship, he saves the life of Eva, a white girl from a wealthy family. Eva’s father purchases Tom, and Tom and Eva become good friends.  Uncle Tom’s Cabin’s strong Christian message reflected Stowe’s belief that slavery and the Christian doctrine were at odds; in her eyes, slavery was clearly a sin.

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This is the symbol that was mainly used by white abolitionists. Although the beginning intentions of this image were pure, many white abolitionists used this image to still uphold some sort of racial hierarchy while still wanting to "help" the slaves.

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Toussaint Louverture was a key figure in the Haitian Revolution, which led to the establishment of Haiti as the first independent black republic in the Americas in 1804. Born into slavery, Louverture rose to become a leader of the Haitian Revolution, leading enslaved Africans in a successful rebellion against French colonial rule.

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Cuffy, also known as Kofi, was a leader of the Berbice Slave Uprising in Guyana in 1763. The uprising, also known as Cuffy's Rebellion, was one of the largest slave revolts in the Caribbean. Cuffy led a coalition of enslaved Africans in a rebellion against their Dutch colonial masters, seizing control of plantations and establishing a short-lived independent state.

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1. The Preservation of African Culture caused some Plantation owners to allow their enslaved individuals to engage in their own Cultural Practices to ensure the productivity of their slaves.

2. Through Cultural Expression, The enslaved people during this time showed their humanity during a period where it was snatched from them.

3. The Preservation of African Culture during slavery led to the creation of some of our best works of art including jazz music, blues, and gospel

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Denmark Vesey was a free African American who planned a large-scale slave rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1822. Vesey, along with a group of co-conspirators, planned to seize control of the city and liberate the enslaved population. However, the plot was betrayed, and Vesey and his followers were arrested before the rebellion could take place. Vesey was executed, and his planned revolt contributed to heightened tensions and increased repression of enslaved people in the South.

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Nat Turner expressing his beliefs to other enslaved Africans. 

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2. Noble Figure- Nat Turner (Sidney Morris)

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2. Noble Figure- Nat Turner (Sidney Morris)

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Nat Turner the slave revolt's leader that was driven to act rebelliously by his strong Christian beliefs. Turner thought that God was still speaking to the world. Turner explains two additional means by which God spoke to him. Initially, God spoke with him directly: "The Lord had shewn me things that had happened before my birth," he once said. "The Holy Ghost had revealed itself to me" at another instance. "The Spirit instantly appeared to me" on May 12, 1828. Turner said, "The Spirit that spoke to the prophets in former days," in response to Gray's question about what he meant by the Spirit. Turner regarded himself as a contemporary seer.

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A Jamaican slave and Baptist deacon who played a crucial role in the Christmas Rebellion (also known as the Baptist War) of 1831-1832. Sharpe's leadership and organizing efforts contributed to one of the largest slave rebellions in Jamaica, which ultimately hastened the abolition of slavery in the British Caribbean.

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Fredrick Douglass was an escaped slave from Maryland who argued that slaves had the mental capacity to function as fully fledged American citizens. He wrote literature that highlighted the experiences of slaves and fought hard for freedom.

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The enslaved people were forced to go to white people’s churches and be taught that they were inferior, and that slavery was God’s punishment upon black people. In resistance of being forced to attend their church services and being taught their flawed Christianity, the enslaved people held their own secret religious meetings. Their meetings served as a time for enslaved people to come together and share their experiences, shake hands, and chant canticles. To indicate a religious meeting was happening that night, they would sing “Steal Away to Jesus”. They had to be secretive because their meetings were forbidden by most enslavers.

Prayer was another forbidden act by the enslavers. It was forbidden in order to break the spirits of the enslaved people, and to force them to conform to the corrupt religion they were being taught. However, many slaves would still pray every day, and they would face beatings and whippings every day. This was a sign and symbol of many enslaved people’s unfaltering faith and determination in God and a brighter future.

These actions carried over into post slavery times with the black church being the most influential black institution during the 1900s and the Civil Rights Movement. Just as was mentioned above, the black church post slavery served as a place for black people to come together and bond over their struggles and unify. In fact, Morehouse College’s mission statement when it was still named Augusta Theological Institute was to teach newly freed enslaved men how to read and write so they could become teachers and preachers and give back to their community. This was the original statement because William Jefferson White (the founder of Morehouse College/Augusta Theological Institute) understood the importance of the black church. In fact, the first two locations of Morehouse College before it was named Morehouse College were churches. William Jefferson White wanted more preachers to spread the teachings which kept black people alive during slavery, and that was their faith in God and the undeniable unification which followed.

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One contemporary example of black spiritual resistance through Christianity is the use of gospel music as a form of protest and empowerment. Songs like "Glory" by Common and John Legend, inspired by the Civil Rights Movement, or "We Shall Overcome," originally a gospel hymn, have been used in recent years to rally people around social justice causes and continue the legacy of resistance and resilience in the face of oppression.

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Malcolm's religious beliefs working in tandem with his radical civil rights beliefs https://www.britannica.com/biography/Malcolm-X

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Notable Figure - Malcolm X (Damaje Smith) 

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Notable Figure - Malcolm X (Damaje Smith) 

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The Nation of Islam served as a foundational building block in embracing and affirming Malcolm’s ideology of separatism and pro-black nationalism. This obedience to the NOI’s teachings heavily influenced his radical socio-political views. Such views that were vastly differed from prominent social justice/ civil rights movement leaders such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Through this Malcolm X was not only able to configure and assimilate Black Americans into the Islamic faith, but he did so on the basis that peaceful protests and reliance of diplomacy was not enough in the fight for the liberation and equality of Black Americans.

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An example of contemporary abolitionists would be teens and young adults. This generation has showed a true importance for fighting for what's right. From the countless youth on the front lines during protests to the pressure we create on social media for politicians and big corporations. This generation is a perfect example of modern-day Abolitionists.

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One of the ways abolitionists have impacted today's day in age is that without their fight and their sacrifices, we wouldn't have the choice nor right to vote in a Black President

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The work of the abolitionists paved a way and inspired the pioneers for the woman's suffrage movement and some even overlap (Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth).

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1. Ebonics/African American Dialect of English

2. African Beads

3. Djembe/Drum music

4. African Masks

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Black Lives Matter is a decentralized political and social movement that seeks to highlight racism, discrimination, and racial inequality experienced by black people, and promote anti-racism. Its primary concerns are incidents of police brutality and racially motivated violence against black people. BLM regularly protests police killings of black people and broader issues of racial profiling, police brutality, and racial inequality in the United States criminal justice system.

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In the first place, I deny every thing but what I have already admitted, of a design on my part to free Slaves. I intended, certainly, to have made a clean thing of that matter, as I did last winter, when I went into Missouri, and there took Slaves, without the snapping of a gun on either side, moving them through the country, and finally leaving them in Canada. I desired to have done the same thing again, on a much larger scale. That was all I intended. I never did intend murder, or treason, or the destruction of property, or to excite or incite Slaves to rebellion, or to make insurrection.

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1. Madame C.J. Walker

1. A prominent black women who had a great deal in embracing and inspiring black women to love their hair. She created hair growth oil, hot combs, and so much more to allow black women everywhere to love the embrace their blackness through loving their hair. Hair has always had a deep value to women throughout the diaspora, and it continues to be held to high regard in the modern day.

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1. Madame Matilda Sissieretta Jones

1. She was the child of former enslaved people. She was a renowned opera singer. She was named "The Black Patti" because of her amazing Opera Voice. Her voice of expression comes from Her mother who used to sing in the church choir as an escape from slavery.

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1. Elizabeth Keckley

1. She was one of the most renowned seamstress and dress designers in Washington,DC. She was a former slave from Virginia who passion for design and dress took her from the field to the White house. Her knack of design trace backs to long roots of Africans designing and creating some of the most unique and symbolic styles that has existed in our culture for years.

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The Johnson House Built in 1768 for John Johnson. Used as a safe house during the Underground Railroad in Philadelphia. 

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The Johnson House Built in 1768 for John Johnson. Used as a safe house during the Underground Railroad in Philadelphia. 

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Historic safe stops during the Underground Railroad. 

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Historic safe stops during the Underground Railroad. 

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-Organized revolts contributed to the formation of collective memory and identity among enslaved communities. These events became symbols of resistance and solidarity, passed down through generations as stories of courage and defiance, shaping the consciousness of future descendants.

-Instilled fear among plantation owners, as they realized the potential for widespread rebellion among their enslaved workforce. In response, plantation owners often implemented harsher control measures and increased surveillance to suppress any signs of dissent, leading to more stringent enforcement of slavery laws and harsher punishments.

-The memory of organized revolts has fueled historical consciousness and contributed to the development of social justice movements aimed at addressing the legacies of slavery and racial inequality. Future generations, both descendants of the enslaved and others, draw upon these historical events to advocate for justice, equality, and the recognition of past injustices.

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 King was deeply influenced by the teachings of Jesus Christ, particularly the principles of love, nonviolence, and forgiveness. He drew from Christian ethics to advocate for peaceful resistance and nonviolent protest as effective strategies for social change.

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2. Noble Figure- Martin Luther King JR (Sidney Morris)

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2. Noble Figure- Martin Luther King JR (Sidney Morris)

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King's Christian faith provided him with a strong moral authority that resonated with many people, both within and outside the civil rights movement. His religious convictions lent credibility to his calls for justice, equality, and nonviolent activism. King often referenced biblical passages and stories, such as the Exodus story of liberation and Jesus' teachings on love and justice, to frame the struggle for civil rights as a moral imperative rooted in the Judeo-Christian tradition. King's Christian faith led him to critique societal injustices, including racism, poverty, and war. He saw these issues as fundamentally incompatible with Christian values and actively challenged both individuals and institutions to live up to the ethical standards of their faith. Christianity provided King with a moral framework, organizational support, and a platform to articulate his vision of a more just and equitable society, making it a central driving force behind the civil rights movement he led.

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Tessie McGee was a teacher in Louisiana in the early 1930s which was a text adoption state. That means states reviewed textbooks and other educational material and “approved” what could be used in class. Ms. McGee would would couch a copy of Woodson’s book, The Mis-Education of the Negro, in her lap during class, despite clear instructions from the state’s all-white department of education stating that all teachers had to stick to using pre-approved curriculum openly displayed on their desk. As Moore said in the video, “When the principal would come in, she would … simply lift her eyes to the outline that resided on her desk and teach us from the outline. This would come to be known as "fugitive Pedagogy" and this impacted slaves and people now because now only did It help educate slaves but also used in some teaching today for example when we talk about George Washington dentures weren't made from wood knowing that the rumor or what some schools want you to think

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One contemporary method that slaves developed from that period that has translated into the present day is the braided hairstyles that were created. Slaves utilized those hairstyles to help slaves navigate their routes in hopes of escaping. Another contemporary method used is the music that translates to today's time.

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Some stories have value, even if we as fact-checkers can't verify their authenticity.

The legend of cornrows and braids hiding maps and messages to freedom is both an idealistic tale, and indicative of the very real resilience of slaves living under brutal circumstances. The story mirrors others that seek to show slaves' ingenuity, like one that claimed messages encoded in quilts helped slaves escape to freedom on the Underground Railroad.

In February 2022, the African American Art & More Facebook page published a post about how Black slaves purportedly passed along maps and other information in cornrows to help them escape to the North.

Happy Black History Month‼️‼️❤️??

Did you know Cornrows were used to help slaves escape slavery?

Slaves used cornrows to transfer information and create maps to the north.

Since slaves were not allowed to read or write they had to pass information through cornrows.

It is believed to have originated in Colombia, South America where Benkos Bioho, in the late 1500's came up with the idea to have women create maps & deliver messages through their cornrows. They were also called "canerows" to represent the sugarcane fields that slaves worked in.

One style had curved braids, tightly braided on their heads. The curved braids would represent the roads they would use to escape.

Also in their braids they kept gold and hid seeds which helped them survive after they escaped. They would use the seeds to plant crops once they were liberated.

Cornrows was the best way to not give back any suspicion to the owner. He would never figure out such a hairstyle would mean they would escape or the route they would take. #BlackHistoryMonth

One copied version of the post was shared more than 4,500 times. Several other posts with similar information information were shared at least hundreds of times each. We looked back and found that we had been receiving reader inquiries via email that asked about the subject since at least 2016. A reader also posted about this rumor in our Snopes Tips Facebook group.

We read a number of accounts, and found no tangible evidence of slaves in the U.S. actually using cornrows to convey messages. But this doesn't mean that these stories should be disregarded, or that the practice never existed.

"When fugitive slaves figured out how to get themselves from place to place, they were incredibly brave and heroic people. That's the core message and that's true," Patricia Turner, folklorist and professor of African American studies at University of California Los Angeles, told us.

"[These are] kind of urban legends that [serve a] function of giving particulars to generalities. Slave messages on quilts and cornrows [...] make concrete [or] give a story to something that is ultimately very true in my mind," she said.

Indeed, oral history in Colombia tells stories of Black slaves using their hair to convey messages. A 2011 Washington Post story about the Smithsonian Folklife Festival, detailed this history through Ziomara Asprilla Garcia, an Afro-Colombian hair braider:

The first slaves arrived in Colombia around the beginning of the 16th century. Most were brought by the Spaniards who colonized the area. [...] But groups of slaves escaped and found refuge in areas that were geographically remote. In these areas, once thought to be uninhabitable, groups of runaway slaves thrived and built communities. The populations of these areas - including Choco, where Asprilla Garcia is from - have been mainly black for hundreds of years.

In the time of slavery in Colombia, hair braiding was used to relay messages. For example, to signal that they wanted to escape, women would braid a hairstyle called departes. "It had thick, tight braids, braided closely to the scalp and was tied into buns on the top," Asprilla Garcia says.
[...]
"And another style had curved braids, tightly braided on their heads. The curved braids would represent the roads they would [use to] escape," Asprilla Garcia says. "In the braids, they also kept gold and hid seeds which, in the long run, helped them survive after they escaped."

"Why did they not speak the messages?" someone asks.

"By that time, a lot of the owners understood their language," Asprilla Garcia says. The message in the women's braids "was the best way to not give back any suspicion to owner. He would never figure out such a hairstyle would mean they would escape."

The practice of hiding seeds in hair was mentioned in the book " Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas," by Judith Carney, a professor of geography at UCLA. She wrote about the possible African origins of a rice found in the South American country of Suriname:

The centrality of rice for cultural identity in maroon history is also captured in legends recounted by their descendants, who claim their ancestors introduced the crop from Africa. In the area of Cayenne where a French agronomist found the Baga varieties, the Djuka maroons maintain that rice originally came from Africa, brought by female slaves who smuggled in their hair grains from the slave ships that transported them to the New World. If the legend is literally accurate, these must have been seed grains.
[...]
In studies of a separate maroon group, the Saramaka of Suriname, anthropologist Richard Price records a similar legend, where the presence of the crop is attributed to female ancestors' hiding rice in their hair as they fled sugar plantations to freedom.

The use of hair to convey messages or hide grains of rice is so prevalent in oral retellings that the lack of documentation feels beside the point.

Even without proof of its authenticity, Turner says the practice made some sense in the U.S. "People felt Black bodies belonged to them. If [Harriet Tubman] had been searched there would have been no reservations about stripping her. The possibility that at some point someone may have hid something in their hair, I can't argue against [...] because it does adhere to some kind of logic at the time," she said.

While there is not a lot of definitive research out there about cornrows, historians have been interrogating the myth of messages in quilts for a while. Numerous experts argued that such ideas were too fanciful a construction. Historian Fergus M. Bordewich wrote in a New York Times opinion piece in 2007:

Few aspects of the American past have inspired more colorful mythology than the Underground Railroad. It's probably fair to say that most Americans view it as a thrilling tapestry of midnight flights, hairbreadth escapes, mysterious codes and strange hiding places.

So it's not surprising that the intriguing (if only recently invented) tale of escape maps encoded in antebellum quilts - enshrined in a metastasizing library of children's books and teachers' lesson plans and perhaps even in a Central Park memorial to Frederick Douglass - should also seize the popular imagination.

In her book, " Crafted Lives: Stories and Studies of African-American Quilters," Turner interrogates the mythology around the quilts, and points out that they grew popular from children's stories and oral history. In the 90s book, "Sweet Clara and the Freedom Quilt," a young slave uses scraps of cloth to fashion a map on a quilt, something her master would never recognize.

We prodded Turner further on whether we could definitively answer the question posed in this article, but she preferred to focus on the attention that legends like this brought to the real stories of the resilience of Black slaves. "I am reticent to say anything too concrete, because I want lay people to want to know more about what life was like for enslaved people," she responded. "There is no real value added to harshly saying "no" to a story."

"You can couch your language [and say] 'Well, no slave narrative covers it.' Others will say, 'Well that doesn't mean it didn't happen,'" she continued.

And ultimately, stories are often told by people in positions of power, something that Turner believes the tales of the quilt and cornrows push back against. She said:

One of the common denominators between the two stories is they focus on African Americans using their own resources for emancipation. If you look at stories that can be substantiated about the Underground Railroad, a lot of focus is on the white savior. The abolitionist or white conductor or Quaker, the parties that came in and helped the slaves, history gave a lot of attention [to them] as heroes. You could argue [they got that attention] because if 'mainstream culture' was white, and you depict white slave owners as evil, you want children to not have a negative view of white people. You make sure there are heroic white people too. At the end of the 20th century, Black people were telling the story and they were making the Black person the complete hero. You need narratives that reinforce the bravery of the Black people themselves. [These stories] come about at a time when talking about what Black people brought to the table was important politically, sociologically and economically.

While we cannot definitively answer the question of whether this was a real practice by slaves fleeing captivity in the American South, we can point to the rich and varied tales surrounding a real movement toward emancipation. Those stories certainly matter to people, hence their continuing popularity today.
Additional reporting by Jordan Liles.
Sources:
Bordewich, Fergus M. "Opinion | History's Tangled Threads." The New York Times, 2 Feb. 2007. NYTimes.com, https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/02/opinion/02bordewich.html.

Brown, DeNeen. "Afro-Colombian Women Braid Messages of Freedom in Hairstyles." Washington Post, 8 July 2011. www.washingtonpost.com, https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/afro-colombian-women-braid-messages-of-freedom-in-hairstyles/2011/07/08/gIQA6X9W4H_story.html.

Carney, Judith A. Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas. Harvard University Press, 2002.

"Did Maps in Cornrows Help Black Slaves Escape Slavery?" Snopes.Com, https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/cornrows-maps-slaves/. Accessed 8 Mar. 2022.

"Juneteenth Marks When Slaves Were Freed." Snopes.Com, https://www.snopes.com/ap/2020/06/18/juneteenth-marks-when-slaves-were-freed/. Accessed 8 Mar. 2022.

Stukin, Stacie. "Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews." Time, Apr. 2007. content.time.com, http://content.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1606271,00.html.

Turner, Patricia. Interview with Folklorist and Professor of African American Studies, Patricia Turner. Zoom, 25 Feb. 2022.

Turner, Patricia Anne. Crafted Lives: Stories and Studies of African American Quilters. University Press of Mississippi, 2009.

"Ziomara Asprilla García." Smithsonian Folklife Festival, https://festival.si.edu/2011/colombia/participant-portfolios/ziomara-asprilla-garcia/smithsonian. Accessed 8 Mar. 2022.

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Did Braiding Maps in Cornrows Help Black Slaves Escape Slavery?

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Some stories have value, even if we as fact-checkers can't verify their authenticity. The legend of cornrows and braids hiding maps and messages to freedom is both an idealistic tale, and indicative of the very real resilience of slaves living under brutal circumstances.

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"Thurgood Marshall stood up to people praising the founding Fathers. He pointed out that the original constitution needed many amendments that even resulted in a Civil War to solve."