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The Umayyads established a hereditary system of succession , with the title of caliph , automatically passing within the clan , usually from father to son

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Ottoman Empire declined the region of Suleyman, but it still ended and lasted until the 1900s.

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Many Muslims felt the new capital was to far from islam's heartland near medina

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The Abbasids ruled during a prosperous golden age in Muslim history , but the the caliphs were isolated from the people

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A dynasty of Turkish Muslims, know as the ottoman, emerged as frontier warriors against the Byzantines in Anatolia, or what is now Turkey, around the 1290s.

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The caliphate was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, also known as the Umayyads.

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To govern their growing territory the Umayyads set up an efficient bureaucracy , a system of government with specialized departments .

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Opposition to the Umayyads grew until rebel groups overthrew them in 750 .

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Suleyman the Magnificent, he ruled the Ottoman Empire at the height of the power and grandeur, from 1520 to 1566.

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in 1258 an invading group from central Asia called the Monngols stormed baghdad and killed the last Abbasid caliph

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The Abbasid Caliphate was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad

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Muslims had first conquered spain in 711 , much of the region came under Umayyad control by 750 .

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Slaves also made up the Janissaries, a group of the highly trained and declined soldiers in the Ottoman army who received the best equipment and benefits.

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Muslim rulers of al andalus faced many challenges , after the death of Abd al=Rahman lll in 961 civil war erupted

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The Safavids used their wealth to build fabulous palaces and mosques and schools, hospital, roads and bridges.

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Abd al-Rahman III , his strong leadership preserved Umayyad power , all of Muslim spain was united under his rule by 933

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The Safavid Empire was wedged between two other other Muslims empires, "the Ottoman Empire to the west and the- Mughal Empire to the east.

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the Ottoman Empire was the largest empire of its time, but it had to faced strong rivals in Persia and India.

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Abd al-Rahman lll transformed cordoba into one of the largest and greatest cities in the world

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The Mughal Empire power eventually began to decline, however, as rebellious Hindus and European countries sought to gain control of India.

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The Safavids Empire arose when a youthful leader named Ismail united the Persian kingdoms into an independent state in 1501.

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The Mudgal Empire became most famous from its dazzling splendor and the wealth.

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The Safavids actively spread Shi'ite Islam. they established it as dominant Iliadic faith in the Caucasus. which is a region between the black and Caspian Seas, and the western Asia.

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Babur laid the foundation of the Mughal Empire. which eventually stretches across almost the entire Subcontinent.

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In the 1556, the Mughal leader Akbar the Great came to the throne at the age of 13, and led Muslim India to brilliant golden age.