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The phrase “Tower of Babel” does not occur in the Biblical story. Rather, the tower is in the process of being built in the middle of a new city also under construction. It is not until after the Lord confuses the languages that the city is referred to as Babel, meaning confused or mixed.

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Native American tribes often traveled long distances in search of food.

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Babies spent most of their time strapped in a cradleboard and carried by their mothers. Older children were cared for by their extended family.

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800

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Characteristics:

1. Wrote mostly diaries and histories, which expressed the connections between God and their everyday lives.
2. South to "purify" the Church of England by reforming to the simpler forms of worship and church organization described in the New Testament.
3. Saw religion as a personal, inner experience.
4. Believed in original sin and "elect" who would be saved.
5. Used a plain style of writing.

Famous Authers And Works:
William Bradford
-"Of Plymouth Plantation"

Anne Bradstreet (poetry)

John Edwards
-"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Edward Taylor
-"Huswifery"

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On May 14, 1607, a group of roughly 100 members of a joint venture called the Virginia Company founded the first permanent English settlement in North America on the banks of the James River.  before the arrival of a new group of settlers and supplies in 1610. Tobacco became Virginia’s first profitable export, and a period of peace followed the marriage of colonist John Rolfe to Pocahontas, the daughter of an Algonquian chief. During the 1620s, Jamestown expanded from the area around the original James Fort into a New Town built to the east. It remained the capital of the Virginia colony until 1699

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a series of investigations and persecutions that caused  convicted “witches” to be hanged and many other suspects to be imprisoned in Salem Village in the Massachusetts in 1692. It changed history after this mistake was made. It changed the way those accused in court keep their rights no matter what. That includes the saying innocent until proven guilty.

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1741: Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" 

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1741: Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" 

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It is a revival sermon delivered in 1741 during the Great Awakening. The sermon itself is rigorously structured, falling roughly into five distinguishable parts: text, context, doctrines, arguments, and applications. this was a key part for the first great awakening.

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason "and  "The Enlightenment" 

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason "and  "The Enlightenment" 

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special dates: revolutionary war

Period Characteristics:

1. Mostly comprised of philosophers, scientists, writing speeches and pamphlets

2. Human beings can arrive at truth (God's rules) by using deductive reasoning, rather than relying on the authority of the past, on religious faith, or intuition

Famous authors and works:

Benjamin Franklin
—Autobiography

Patrick Henry
—"Speech to the Virginia Convention"

Thomas Paine
—"The Crisis"

Phyllis Wheatley
—poetry

The Constitution

The Bill of Rights

The Declaration of Independence

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began April 19, 1775
ended September 3, 1783

a war between Great Britain and her North American colonies. The war was over the independence that the colonies were trying to get from Brittan. America ends up winning

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European politics, philosophy, science and communications were radically reoriented during the course of the “long 18th century” (1685-1815) as part of a movement referred to by its participants as the Age of Reason, or simply the Enlightenment.

Facts:

Enlightenment thinkers in Britain, in France and throughout Europe questioned traditional authority and embraced the notion that humanity could be improved through rational change.

Its roots are usually traced to 1680s England, where in the span of three years Isaac Newton published his “Principia Mathematica”

Thomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson, whose “Declaration of Independence” (1776) framed the American Revolution in terms taken from of Locke’s essays.

The French Revolution of 1789 was the culmination of the High Enlightenment vision of throwing out the old authorities to remake society along rational lines, but it devolved into bloody terror that showed the limits of its own ideas and led, a decade later, to the rise of Napoleon.

Enlightened rationality gave way to the wildness of Romanticism, but 19th-century Liberalism and Classicism—not to mention 20th-century Modernism—all owe a heavy debt to the thinkers of the Enlightenment.

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Transcendentalism / The American Rennaissance 

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Transcendentalism / The American Rennaissance 

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from oxford dictionary and britticana.com
1840-1860
an idealistic philosophical and social movement which developed in New England around 1836 in reaction to rationalism. Influenced by romanticism, Platonism, and Kantian philosophy, it taught that divinity pervades all nature and humanity, and its members held progressive views on feminism and communal living. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau were central figures.

Facts:

Eclectic and cosmopolitan in its sources and part of the Romantic movement, New England Transcendentalism originated in the area around Concord, Massachusetts, and from 1830 to 1855 represented a battle between the younger and older generations and the emergence of a new national culture based on native materials.

Clarke established in 1841 the Church of the Disciples in Boston, where he was minister from 1841 to 1850 and from 1854 until his death. He was also professor of religion at Harvard (1867–71). He worked closely with many of the significant persons of his day, and he printed original works by his friends Ralph Waldo Emerson, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and Nathaniel Hawthorne in the Western Messenger, a short-lived magazine he edited while at Louisville.

Transcendentalist movement, who opened the first English-language kindergarten in the United States.

Walden; or, Life in the Woods, series of 18 essays by Henry David Thoreau, published in 1854. An important contribution to New England Transcendentalism, the book was a record of Thoreau’s experiment in simple living on the northern shore of Walden Pond in eastern Massachusetts (1845–47). Walden is viewed not only as a philosophical treatise on labour, leisure, self-reliance, and individualism but also as an influential piece of nature writing. It is considered Thoreau’s masterwork.

American Renaissance, also called New England Renaissance, period from the 1830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War in which American literature, in the wake of the Romantic movement, came of age as an expression of a national spirit.

The literary scene of the period was dominated by a group of New England writers, the “Brahmins,” notably Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and James Russell Lowell. They were aristocrats, steeped in foreign cultur

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Famous Authors and Works
Transcendentalism

"The American Renaissance"

| 1840-1860
Transcendentalism

| 1. Everything in the world, including human beings, is a reflection of the Divine Soul.

2. People can use their intuition to behold God's spirit revealed in nature or in their own souls.

3. Self-reliance and individualism must outweigh external authority and link conformity to tradition.

4. Important social and political movements include the Abolitionist, Utopian, and Women's Suffrage Movements | Ralph Waldo Emerson
—Nature
—"Self-Reliance"

Henry David Thoreau
—Walden
—Life in the Woods

Louisa May Alcott
—Little Women

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1. Everything in the world, including human beings, is a reflection of the Divine Soul.

2. People can use their intuition to behold God's spirit revealed in nature or in their own souls.

3. Self-reliance and individualism must outweigh external authority and link conformity to tradition.

4. Important social and political movements include the Abolitionist, Utopian, and Women's Suffrage Movements

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2017- current day
from britticana.com

demonstrations held throughout the world on January 21, 2017, to support gender equality, civil rights, and other issues that were expected to face challenges under newly inaugurated U.S. Pres. Donald Trump.

Facts:

The march was initially scheduled to be held only in Washington, D.C., but “sister marches” arose throughout the United States and numerous other countries.

as many as 4.6 million people attended the various events in the United States, and it was widely believed to be the largest single-day demonstration in that country’s history.

21, 2017, the day after Trump’s inauguration. The turnout far exceeded expectations. According to organizers, more than 670 events were held on seven continents.

Civil rights laws attempt to guarantee full and equal citizenship for people who have traditionally been discriminated against on the basis of some group characteristic. When the enforcement of civil rights is found by many to be inadequate, a civil rights movement may emerge in order to call for equal application of the laws without discrimination.

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The 45th president, a deeply divisive leader, was running for re-election on immigration, trade and the economy. Then the coronavirus crisis hit.

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Special Dates:

The War of 1812
1812-1815

California Gold Rush
1848-1855

Period Characteristics:

1. Valued feeling, intuition, idealism, and inductive reasoning.

2. Placed faith in inner experience and the power of the imagination.

3. Shunned the artificiality of civilization and sought unspoiled nature as a path to spirituality.

4. Championed individual freedom and the worth of the individual

5. Saw poetry as the highest expression of the imagination

6. Dark Romantics: used dark and supernatural themes/settings (Gothic style)

Famous authors and works:

Washington Irving
—"Rip van Winkle"

Emily Dickinson
—poetry

Walt Whitman
—Leaves of Grass

Edgar Allan Poe
—"The Raven"

Nathaniel Hawthorne
—The Scarlet Letter

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Nathaniel Hawthorne, (born July 4, 1804, Salem, Massachusetts, U.S.—died May 19, 1864, Plymouth, New Hampshire), American novelist and short-story writer who was a master of the allegorical and symbolic tale. One of the greatest fiction writers in American literature, he is best known for The Scarlet Letter (1850) and The House of the Seven Gables (1851). - Britanica.com

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Two interesting facts about Nathaniel Hawthorne

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Two interesting facts about Nathaniel Hawthorne

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At the time of publishing the scarlet letter he was by far the most respected author of the renaissance.

Hawthorne’s ancestors had lived in Salem since the 17th century. His earliest American ancestor, William Hathorne (Nathaniel added the w to the name when he began to write), was a magistrate who had sentenced a Quaker woman to public whipping. He had acted as a staunch defender of Puritan orthodoxy.- britanica.com

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1940s-1950s

McCarthyism, name given to the period of time in American history that saw U.S. Sen. Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin produce a series of investigations and hearings during the 1950s in an effort to expose supposed communist infiltration of various areas of the U.S. government.

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From Brittanica.com
1. McCarthyism both reached its peak and began its decline during the “McCarthy hearings”: 36 days of televised investigative hearings led by McCarthy in 1954.

2. He served for three years as a circuit judge before enlisting in the U.S. Marine Corps in World War II.

3.   205 communists had infiltrated the State Department created a furor and catapulted him into headlines across the country.

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3 Facts:
1. As a teenager, Angelou earned a scholarship to study dance and drama at the California Labor School, but she briefly dropped out when she was 16 to become a cable car conductor in San Francisco.

2. Angelou’s time in Europe also gave her the chance to hear other languages, and she paid very close attention. Ultimately, she learned to speak French, Spanish, Hebrew, Italian, and Fante.

3. When President John F. Kennedy took the oath of office in 1961, the legendary Robert Frost became the first poet to participate in the inauguration ceremony. Lending her voice to President Bill Clinton’s inauguration in 1993, Angelou was the first poet since Frost to enjoy the honor of the august platform, reading the centuries-spanning epic “On the Pulse of Morning,” which she wrote for the occasion.

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3 Facts:

1.  His father died of cancer when he was seven.

2. He decided to become a minister, following in his father's footsteps. Despite struggling with vision problems and failing to graduate from his program

3. Emerson married Lydia Jackson , an abolitionist and animal rights activist. The couple had four children Waldo, Ellen, Edith, and Edwar and they named their first daughter Ellen Tucker to honor Emerson's first wife.

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3 Facts:

1. his mother, Louisa Van Velsor, was Dutch, and his father, Walter Whitman, was of English descent.

2. Walt, the second child, attended public school in Brooklyn, began working at the age of 12, and learned the printing trade. He was employed as a printer in Brooklyn and New York City.

3. Whitman had spent a great deal of his 36 years walking and observing in New York City and Long Island. He had visited the theatre frequently and seen many plays of William Shakespeare.