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* Second Great Awakening made the United States genuinely Christian society
Revivals
- baptist methodist preachers reshaped the spiritual landscape throughout the South
- Offered powerful emotional message and promise of religious fellowship
attracted nonbeliever individuals and newly migrated families searching for social ties
Evangelicalism
- christianity based on spiritually and emotionally
- reaction to the Enlightenment priority of rationalism over emotionalism and spiritualism
Charles Finney
- young minister conducted emotional revival meetings that stressed conversion than doctrine
- his ministry accelerated the Second Great Awakening
- believed in "God has made man a moral free agent"
SUMMARY
The Second Great Awakening was a mass movement of people reviving their spirituality, which brought the whole nation together under one religion. It was significant to American society since it paved way for social movements like abolition and temperance.

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Educational Advances and Prison Reform          (pgs. 367)

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Educational Advances and Prison Reform          (pgs. 367)

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Horace Mann
- reformer and teacher wanting to increase elementary schooling and improve quality of instruction
- lengthened school year, established teaching standards in reading, writing, and arithmetic; and recruited well-educated women as teachers.
Dorothea Dix

- one woman who set out to improve public institutions
- used money from her grandparents to set up charity schools to "rescue some of America's miserable children from vice"
- persuaded Massachusetts lawmakers to enlarge the state hospital to house mental patients
- began a national movement of establishing state asylums
SUMMARY
There were many reformers improving many conditions in American society like lack of education and mental health consideration. Horace Mann and Dorothea Dix were significant to American society since they worked towards changing society to improve needs that were not acknowledged of at the time.

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*women entered the public life to join religious revivals and reform movements causing their activism to bring gender issues become acknowledged
Seneca Falls
- organized gathering of women's rights to draft the Declaration of Sentiments calling for women's equality and suffrage
Declaration of Sentiments
- document written at Seneca Falls Convention proclaiming all men and women to be equal and women would take action to procure rights that men have denied them of
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
- early women's rights abolitionist
- co-organizer with Susan B. Anthony expanded New York's  Married Women's Property Law of 1848, formed Women's    Loyal National League, and joined American Equal Rights Association to demand vote for women and African Americans
Lucrecia Mott
- 19th-century feminist activist, abolitionist, social reformer and pacifist who helped launch the women’s rights movement
- helped found the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society and co-wrote the Declaration of Sentiments in 1848 for Seneca Falls Convention
SUMMARY
The Women's Rights movement brought into attention of the gender issues leading to women's suffrage, more access to education, equitable pay between genders, and women being allowed to own property. It is significant to the American society since it led to more movements like the Abolitionist movement.

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Immigration and Nativism in Cities (pgs. 356-357)

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Immigration and Nativism in Cities (pgs. 356-357)

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Know Nothing Party
- former political party opposing immigrants and Catholic influence
German/Irish Immigrants
- Irish=200,000 and Germans 110,000 in New York City (1850)
- German influenced shops and foods
- poor Irish allies with the American Catholic Church ,which became Irish-dominated institution
NY anti-immigrant gangs
- New York nativists called for a halt on immigration and committed cultural ad political assault on foreign residents
- Gang of B'hoys assaulted Irish youth
- Employers restricted Irish workers
- Temperance reformers denounced German's fondness of beer
SUMMARY
In the mid 1800s, immigrants moved to America causing a cultural change into major cities like New York City. There were many negative reactions to immigrants ,which is significant to American society showing the oppression more immigrants would face due to stereotypes spread by people.

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Changing Values and Urban Pop Culture (pgs. 354-356 and 367)

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Changing Values and Urban Pop Culture (pgs. 354-356 and 367)

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* utopians with organized communities, rural migrants and foreign immigrants created a new urban culture as populations rose in cities like Boston, Manhattan, and Baltimore

Commercialized Sex
- young women had a hard time working for low wages and having to work as domestic servants turned to prostitution
- "sporting men" engaged freely in sexual activities
- rich married men kept mistresses and working men frequented brothels
- many men considered illicit sex as a right
Minstrelsy
- white actors in blackface presented routines of racist caricature and social criticism
- spread racist sentiments among Irish and German immigrants
Female Moral Reform Society
- middle class women in New York City founded the Female Moral Reform Society and tried to curb prostitution to protect single women from moral corruption
- provided moral guidance for young women working as factory operatives, seamstresses, or servants
- visited brothels singing hymns, offering prayers, and noting names of clients
- founded refuge for prostitutes and won passage of laws in Massachusetts and New York to make seduction a crime
Temperance Movement
- most successful social reform forcing abstinence of alcohol due to America's overconsumption of alcohol affecting people around them
SUMMARY
Commercialized sex led to the Female Moral Reform society, which united many women in the nation together allowing women to escape the private sphere to express more publicly. The significance of the Temperance Movement brought many housewives together promoting other movements like abolition of slavery and expansion of women's rights.

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* Mormons (members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) religious utopias with conservative life of living
Brigham Young
- Smith's leading disciple and sect's prophet
- led Mormon Migration
Mormon Trail
- 6,500 Mormons fled from persecution in Illinois to settle in Great Salt Lake Valley (Mexican Territory at the time) using the Oregon Trail
Religious persecution
- participated in polygamy (man having multiple wives)
- anti-mormon community stormed the jail in Carthage, Illinois where Smith and his brother were being held and murdered them
- persecuted by protestants
1st Amendment – freedom of religion
- guarantees freedoms concerning religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition
SUMMARY
Mormonism was persecuted for being an ideology that many did not respect. It was significant to American society since it was an example of the importance of America's freedom of religion law.

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Utopias & Examples                                                (pgs. 349-352) 

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Utopias & Examples                                                (pgs. 349-352) 

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*1820-1860 thousands of Americans moved to rural areas from market society desiring to create ideal communities (utopia) that allow people to live to their spiritual potential by creating culture that challenged norms in regular society
Shakers
- Believers in Christ's Second Appearing
- Started by Ann Lee Stanley (Mother Ann) after vision of incarnation of Christ
- Known for their ecstatic dance like worship
- Followers had radical beliefs (ex: God was male and female & need to replace male leaders with female and male)
Oneida
- John Humphrey Noyes inspired to make his own better utopia after Shakers
- Socio-religious perfectionists practiced polygamy, communal property and communal raising of children
SUMMARY
Utopias were significant to American society at the time since it presented the "radical" views of gender and sexuality that were not accepted. Compared to the majority of society, the utopias although not stating they were morally good, it emphasized the diversity of reform ideas in the early 1800s.

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 Henry David Thoreau & Ralph Waldo Emerson

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Changes in Art and Literature (pgs.346-349) 

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Changes in Art and Literature (pgs.346-349) 

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Transcendentalism
- New England originated intellectual movement about understanding the world spiritually rather than rationally (ex: romanticism)
Ralph Waldo Emerson
- previously Unitarian minister leader of the transcendental movement while being American essayist, poet, and philosopher
Henry David Thoreau
- New England intellectual inspired by Emerson so published book about human individuality in government based society
Leaves of Grass
-collection of poems by Walt Whitman individual passion and society
SUMMARY
Transcendentalism celebrated the individual people to not be affected by society, which supported ideas that were seen as improper like freedoms of women. It was significant to American society since it celebrated individuality and self reliance in people.