# data[].attributes.headline
A "Know Nothing Party" ad, denouncing the Irish and German love of beer

# data[].attributes.subject
A "Know Nothing Party" ad, denouncing the Irish and German love of beer

# data[].attributes.body
The main colonial-period churches (Congregationalists, Episcopalians, and Quakers) grew slowly through natural increase, while Methodist and Baptist churches expanded spectacularly by winning converts.

Emotional revival meetings stressed conversion rather than doctrine, preaching that God would welcome any sinner who submitted to the Holy Spirit.

Evangelicalism preached that "God has made man a moral free agent" who could choose salvation. This doctrine of free will was particularly attractive to members of the new middle class.

Charles Finney was a Presbyterian minister that found a new way to propagate religious values. He focused on conversion rather than doctrine.

# data[].attributes.body
Horace Mann led the movement to increase elementary schooling and improve the quality of schooling.
- Lengthened the school year
- Established teaching standards in reading, writing, and math
- Recruited well-educated women as teachers

Dorthea Dix persuaded Massachusetts lawmakers to enlarge the state hospital to house indigent mental patients. She began a national movement to establish state asylums for the mentally ill.

# data[].attributes.body
Seventy women and thirty men attended the Secena Falls Convention, a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious conditions and rights of women.

The Secena Falls Convention participators issued the Declaration of Sentiments, which declared that "the history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward women.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton was an American writer and activist who was a leader of the women's rights movement in the U.S. during the mid-to late-19th century.

Lucretia Mott was another feminist that helped Stanton organize the Secena Falls Convention.

# data[].attributes.body
The Know Nothing Party aimed to combat foreign influences and to uphold and promote traditional American ways. They were the first party to leverage economic concerns over immigration as a major part of their platform.

German and Irish Immigrants were a major presence throughout the Northeast. The mass of impoverished Irish immigrants found allies in the American Catholic Church and the Democratic Party.

In New York, anti-immigrant gangs called for a halt to immigration and mounted a cultural and political assault on foreign-born residents, assaulting youths in the streets and restricting jobs.

# data[].attributes.body
Minstrelsy was a popular form of entertainment beginning in 1830, in which white actors put on blackface and and performed comedy routines that combined racist caricature and social criticism. The most famous was John Dartmouth Rice's "Jim Crow."

The Female Moral Reform Society focused on the combating of prostitution in New York City and the protection of single women from corruption.

The Temperance Movement is a social movement promoting temperance or complete abstinence from the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Commercialized Sex was part of the new urban culture. Men freely engaged in sexual conquests, having mistresses, visiting brothels, and enjoying prostitution.

# data[].attributes.body
Brigham Young was Joesph Smith's leading disciple and the sect's "prophet, seer, and revelator." He led the fleeing of 6,500 Mormons across the United States.

The Mormon Trail (1830-1848) was the trail that many Mormons took after their persecution due to their unorthodox religious values.

The Mormons suffered from religious persecution after their leader, Joseph Smith, claimed to have received a new revelation justifying polygamy, which enraged nearby Christians. In 1844, Illinois officials arrested Smith, who was killed after an anti-Mormon mob stormed the jail in which he and his brother were held.

Religious freedom is part of the first amendment.

# data[].attributes.body
The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century in the United States. It spread religion and sparked a number of reform movements.

# data[].attributes.body
Public institutions were reformed and improved. Dorthea Dix prompted many states to improve their prisons and public hospitals and Horace Mann increased the quality of public education.

# data[].attributes.body
With the prominence of women among the abolitionists and their presence in religious revivals and reforms, women entered public life. Their activism caused many gender issues, including sexual behavior marriage, and family authority.

# data[].attributes.body
By 1850, immigrants were a major presence in the Northeast. This alarmed New Yorkers, who organized Nativist movements and called for a stop to immigration.

# data[].attributes.body
As utopians organized communities in the countryside, culture also changed in the big cities. Women turned to prostitution and men freely engaged in previously frowned-upon sexual behavior.

# data[].attributes.body
The Mormons, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, were religious utopians with a conservative social agenda: to perpetuate close-knit communities and patriarchal power. Mormonism ruffled many feathers with the practice of polygamy.

# data[].attributes.body
The United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing, also known as the Shakers, was the first successful American communal movement. It was led by Ann Lee, who had a vision she was an incarnation of Christ and established a church near Albany, New York.
- The Shakers' theology was as radical as their social thought.
- They held that God was "a dual person, male and female, prompting Shakers to place community governance in the hands of both men and women.

John Humphrey Noyes embraced the pious Shakers as pioneers of modern Socialism. Noyes turned to perfectionism, an evangelical protestant movement, and set up a community near Putney, Vermont, later moving to an isolated area near Oneida, New York.

# data[].attributes.body
Utopias were communities people created after thousands of Americans grew dissatisfied with life in America's emerging market society and retreated into rural areas of the Northeast and Midwest. Ideally, they were to allow people to live differently and realize their spiritual potential.

# data[].attributes.body
Transcendentalism was an intellectual movement rooted in the religious soil of New England. It argued that inherited customs and institutions trapped people and that the only way they could be remade was to create a connection with nature.

Ralph Waldo Emerson was the leading voice of transcendentalism.

Henry David Thoreau was inspired by Emerson and sought inspiration from the natural world. After living in a cabin alone for two years, he published Walden, or Life in the Woods, an account of his search for meaning beyond the artificiality of civilized society.

Leaves of Grass was a collection of wild, exuberant poems first published in 1855 and constantly revised and expanded. The poet, Wild Whitman, recorded his efforts to transcend the barriers between solitude and community, prose and poetry, and the living and dead.

# data[].attributes.body
Transcendentalism led an American movement of individualism and self-reliance. Transcendatlists took progressive stands on women's rights, abolition, reform, and education. The transcendentalist message of individual self-realization reached hundreds of thousands of people through Emerson's writings and lectures.