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Government, Business and Workers: Christopher Columbus and The Columbian Exchange, 1492

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Government, Business and Workers: Christopher Columbus and The Columbian Exchange, 1492

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Christopher Columbus was an explorer of the New World, or the Americas and well known for his part in the Columbian Exchange and the mistreatment of the Native Americans whose land he stole. Christopher Columbus’ main goals in voyaging and exploring the New World was to find a trade route to India towards the East, find gold, gain fame and spread Christianity. Christopher Columbus was successful in all but the trade route, and also in the trade of foreign goods and ideas. Some of the negatives were enslavement of the Native Americans, spread of disease and WASP superiority in the Americas.

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Dekanawidah, author of the “Native American Constitution”

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American Democracy: The Great Law of Peace: 1500s

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American Democracy: The Great Law of Peace: 1500s

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From the Iroquois Confederacy, made up of 5 tribes, an agreement on how the tribes would govern their people and each other was created. The US government and democracy took after it through popular sovereignty, separation of powers, limited government, checks and balances, and federalism. This lesson taught that we are affected today not only by European powers that conquered the Americas, but by those that lived there before that. This lesson also humanized the Native Americans, shining a light on how a people who really were the blueprint to how we live today have been mistreated for years.

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American Democracy: Thomas Paine & “Common Sense”: 1776

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American Democracy: Thomas Paine & “Common Sense”: 1776

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Paine was an influential philosopher and the author of “Common Sense” a document persuading the colonies to separate from England with ideas of how they were being dragged into unnecessary violence, how popular government was better than absolute monarchy, and other ideas from the Enlightenment. This showed the realization that kings and queens were no different than normal people and that a government must grow with its people, demonstrating how the colonies no longer needed England and its absolute monarchy. Paine believed the law should be the king of America, not a person.

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States’ Rights and Federal Power: Patrick Henry & Articles of Confederation, 1777

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States’ Rights and Federal Power: Patrick Henry & Articles of Confederation, 1777

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Overpowering British government created fear of federal government which led to the Articles of Confederation and strong state power which made the power balance uneven. The federal government could not declare war, collect taxes, create money, run courts or control education. Patrick Henry was against the Constitution which gave the federal government more power. Many issues arises from the Articles of Confederation such as  not being able to pay off debt from the Revolutionary War.

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States’ Rights and Federal Power: James Madison and the Constitution - 1787

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States’ Rights and Federal Power: James Madison and the Constitution - 1787

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The Constitution was created in rebuttal to the downfall of the Articles of Confederation which was represented by Shay’s Rebellion and the lack of ability of the federal government under the Articles of Confederation. James Madison was a founding father and known as the “architect of the Constitution.” This was made in the Constitutional Convention which was originally made to revise the Articles of Confederation. The Constitution gave the federal government all the powers specifically mentioned in the previous post, designated that everything remaining was up to the states and lastly, it included the Elastic Clause which gave the federal government to intervene whenever deemed necessary.

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American Democracy: James Madison & the Federalist Paper: 1787

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American Democracy: James Madison & the Federalist Paper: 1787

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Madison helped write the US Constitution and was president from 1809 to 1817. Madison, Hamilton and Jay wrote the Federalist Papers to make the Constitution become ratified. In No. 10 of the Federalist papers, it is identified that representative democracy is superior to direct democracy as it does not promote separation of the country by factions but rather unites people while still giving them a voice. This led to the American republic that is used today.

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Diversity and Discrimination: Roger Sherman & The US Constitution, 1787

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Diversity and Discrimination: Roger Sherman & The US Constitution, 1787

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Roger Sherman signed all 4 documents in the creation of the USA. He was known for his part in the Great Compromise, even though he himself was against slavery, where enslaved people were counted as 3/5 of a person in the US Constitution. The US Constitution described that enslaved people were 3/5 of a person for taxation and representation, that slavery could not be abolished until 1808 and that any slave that escaped to a free state could, legally, be returned and enslaved again if caught.

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States’ Rights and Federal Power: George Washington and the Whiskey Rebellion - 1791

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States’ Rights and Federal Power: George Washington and the Whiskey Rebellion - 1791

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There was immense debt from the Revolutionary War so there was an excise tax placed on spirits by Congress, and this upset many states as this tax stole money from them. Soon neighbors were turning against each other, people were protesting and violence was escalating. Therefore Washington stepped in and sided with the states and removed the tax as it was clarified to be a violation of their freedom. This was compared to British taxation, yet Washington clarified he had the right to tax based off of the Constitution, yet states were clarified to legally make an effort to change a law they did not agree with. In the end, the states must follow the law in place at that time.

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Foreign Policy: George Washington and the Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793

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Foreign Policy: George Washington and the Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793

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George Washington was the first president of the US, and had no examples of foreign policy before him. In 1793, there was a war between France and Britain, regarding monarchies, which the United States decided neutral in. While the US was previously supposed to be loyal to France, that died, Britain has political and cultural ties with the US, and lastly the US was much more poor than now and not ready for war. That is why the US a was neutral.

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Foreign Policy: George Washington and the Proclamation of Neutrality - 1793

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Foreign Policy: George Washington and the Proclamation of Neutrality - 1793

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George Washington believed the US should not be involved in the war between France and Britain and instead “oversee” and be “friendly and impartial.” Washington said this will be enforced onto the citizens of the US, threatening with punishment and no protection to those citizens whom took sides in the war. France was an ally to America, but America shares cultural ties with Britain, the treaty that allied France and America together was discarded, and America was not prepared for war from a military or economic perspective. For that reason, Washington decided to be neutral.

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American Democracy: Thomas Jefferson & his Inaugural Address: 1800

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American Democracy: Thomas Jefferson & his Inaugural Address: 1800

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Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence, was Secretary of State, and president. A limited government is where people have more control than the government in the end, which is what Jefferson wrote in his inaugural address. He talked about harpeus corpus, not allying with other countries, having a limited military among other things that a government should and should not do.

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Government, Business, and Workers: John Calhoun and The Outlaw of Slavery in Britain, 1807

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Government, Business, and Workers: John Calhoun and The Outlaw of Slavery in Britain, 1807

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When Britain outlawed slavery, America predicted the same would happen here, therefore slave owners like John Calhoun spoke out in things like his speech “The Positive Good of Slavery” where he glorified slavery and its alleged “positives.” Calhoun said slavery provided more care than if the slaves were freed and impoverished, if slaves were sick of elderly they would receive extra care, and that slavery is an essential part of every society.

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States’ Rights and Federal Power: John Marshall and The Right to Open a Bank - 1819

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States’ Rights and Federal Power: John Marshall and The Right to Open a Bank - 1819

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John Marshall was a federalist, a member of the SCOTUS and helped make the decision to open a national bank which was controversial because, according to the Constitution, the power to open a bank was given to the states not the federal government. Therefore, the federal government would have to pay taxes to the state government, which led to McCulloch vs. Maryland. However, the Elastic Clause supported the federal government as this decision was “necessary and proper.”

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Foreign Policy: James Monroe and the Monroe Doctrine - 1823

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Foreign Policy: James Monroe and the Monroe Doctrine - 1823

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James Monroe was the Secretary of State during The Second War for Independence between America and Britain which based off of America wanting to expand west and Britain attempting to recolonize territories. The Monroe Doctrine was a response to this by protecting countries in North and South America that were vulnerable as they were fighting for independence from European influence while being impartial. The Monroe Doctrine was just another extension of the ideology from the Proclamation of Neutrality but in more of a gray area where the US tried to exert power and control but failed and ended up being truly neutral in the situation. This created a pattern of neutrality until the Truman Doctrine.

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American Democracy: Andrew Jackson & His Political Cartoons: 1829-1837

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American Democracy: Andrew Jackson & His Political Cartoons: 1829-1837

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Jackson was president and was known for forcefully moving Native Americans to Oklahoma, taking too much power for himself but also for focusing on providing for the “common man.” His story was rags to riches. Jackson also wanted to uncharted banks as they took advantage of the “common man.” Many cartoons expressed how the people negatively viewed Jackson while other appreciated his view on supporting those who were not as economically fortunate.

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States’ Rights and Federal Power: John Ross and the Cherokee Nation - 1831

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States’ Rights and Federal Power: John Ross and the Cherokee Nation - 1831

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Georgia wanted the Cherokee people to leave their land, which was located inside the US but not on US land. The Cherokee nation wished to be treated as a foreign state not a state in the US so they sued Georgia, because therefore their forced move would be unlawful. John Marshall believed that because the Cherokee Nation was a foreign state that they had no right to sue. Therefore the Indian Removal Act was deemed unconstitutional. The federal government protected Native American rights as they denied them from being under the control of Georgia, or state government.

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States’ Rights and Federal Power: Daniel Webster and the Nullification Crisis - 1832

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States’ Rights and Federal Power: Daniel Webster and the Nullification Crisis - 1832

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A tax on imported goods was put in place, legally because the federal government could collect taxes by the Constitution, however it unfairly targeted Southern states as they imported many goods while Northern states manufactured most of their goods giving them an unfair advantage. As a result many southern states did not abide by the tax, or nullified it, but in the end the enforcement of the law overpowered this and the law was enforced as the federal power dominated the state power. Webster’s argument was that states could not simply disobey every law that they did not agree with and that when laws were put in place they are supposed to be followed.

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Government, Business and Workers: Sarah Bagley and Lowell Mill Women Strike - 1834

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Government, Business and Workers: Sarah Bagley and Lowell Mill Women Strike - 1834

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Many factories opened in the 19th century, so women were hired easier and for cheaper than men. Sarah Bagley worked at a textile mill in Lowell, Massachusetts and formed an union to investigate the 13-14 hour work days, the dangerous and sometimes fatal work conditions, the lack of time for breaks and meals, low wages, and plummeting health, education and religious identity of these women as a result. The women of Lowell went on strike for all those reason listed.

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Diversity & Discrimination: John Ross & Trail of Tears, 1838

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Diversity & Discrimination: John Ross & Trail of Tears, 1838

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John Ross was the Cherokee leader and Andrew Jackson wanted the Indian Removal Act. This was so white planters could take over the land because the Native Americans would move to Oklahoma. The Native Americans voiced their opinion against this act through Ross in a letter to Congress by detailing how the act was dehumanizing and unacceptable.

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Foreign Policy: James K. Polk, Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War - 1846-48

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Foreign Policy: James K. Polk, Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War - 1846-48

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James K. Folk was president during the Mexican-American War, supporting Andrew Jackson and ideals aligning with Manifest Destiny which was a god-given belief that America was to expand across North America. In attempt to do this and control what is now Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah and California, the Mexican-American War began. Manifest Destiny was a nationalist belief of sorts that justified conquering foreign lands with religion and “destiny” and hurt many people specifically Native Americans. After that war, America continued to attempt to expand and then Canadian borders were resolved and Mexican territory was controlled by the US.

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Diversity and Discrimination: Sojourner Truth the Abolitionist & Activist, 1851

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Diversity and Discrimination: Sojourner Truth the Abolitionist & Activist, 1851

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Sojourner Truth was an abolitionist and activist for women’s rights. She fought for equality for black women like herself, and in her speech “Ain’t I A Woman?” she expresses all that she has accomplished, how she is treated and how that relates to the way men experience these things, showing how women are not treated equally. Her definition of equality includes people of all races and genders and includes equal perception of people in these minorities; true equality.

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American Democracy: Frederick Douglass & His Speech: 1852

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American Democracy: Frederick Douglass & His Speech: 1852

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Frederick Douglass escaped slavery to Massachussets and became involved in an abolitionist movement there. In Douglass’ speech in 1852, Douglass expresses how the US Consititution wrote “all men created equal” however this does not support African American people, as many other thing in the US benefit white people as they celebrate their liberty from Great Britian while black people continued to suffer under white people’s control. He mentions the 4th of July in specific and implies how it is a hypocritical holiday for the same reason.

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Diversity & Discrimination: Roger Taney & Black People in the Constitution, 1856

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Diversity & Discrimination: Roger Taney & Black People in the Constitution, 1856

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Roger Taney was a SCOTUS justice and was directly involved in Scott vs. Stanford where it was decided that black people were not intended to be part of the US Constitution’s rights. Enslaved people were not seen as citizens, therefore the US Constitution did not apply to them when it said “all men were created equal”. They were perceived to be property while Native Americans were treated as foreigners to their own country.

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Diversity and Discrimination: John Brown and Slavery, 1859

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Diversity and Discrimination: John Brown and Slavery, 1859

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John Brown did not claim that his goal was violence but justified it. His ideology was “the ends justify the means”. He plies, saying how he does not deserve punishment for it was to prevent great loss. He also uses religion, God specifically, as his support for acting the way he did as well. Violence onto himself was also an option he would accept.

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States’ Rights and Federal Power: Jefferson Davis and the Southern Secession from the Union - 1860

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States’ Rights and Federal Power: Jefferson Davis and the Southern Secession from the Union - 1860

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From the 3/5th compromise and the fugitive slave clause to the many people standing up against slavery and racism, there was a strong separation between the northern states being against slavery and the southern states being pro-slavery. When anti-slavery president Abraham Lincoln was elected and the north held a population majority, the south gradually seceded and the Civil War began. The South claimed that this debate was over their right as states to nullify laws they did not agree with when in reality the federal government inevitably moving towards making the decision against slavery was entirely constitutional and in hindsight a good decision.

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American Democracy: Abraham Lincoln & the Battle of Gettysburg: 1860s

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American Democracy: Abraham Lincoln & the Battle of Gettysburg: 1860s

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Abe Lincoln was president during the Civil War but he was assasinated. The South seceded from the Union and created the Confederate States of America, leading to the Civil War, started entirely over slavery. The Battle of Gettysburg was the largest battle of the Civil War. In Lincoln’s speech, he says how the US must bypass this disagreement and remain one. He expresses cryptically how he disapproves of slavery and believes “all” in “all men are created equal” should encompass black men too.

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Government, Business and Workers: W.E.B. Dubois and The Reconstruction Era - 1865

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Government, Business and Workers: W.E.B. Dubois and The Reconstruction Era - 1865

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After the Civil War ended, there was the Reconstruction Era which brought with it Jim Crow laws, segregation and more but also the 13th, 14th and 15th amendment. The Freedmen’s Bureau attempted to provide a smoother integration between white and black citizens, both failing and succeeding in a way. The Souls of Black Folk was his book where he discussed the Reconstruction Era. The shortcomings of the Freedmen’s Bureau were not establishing good will between ex-masters and former slaves, superiority complex of the white race, and giving the freedmen their own land. Successes were beginning peasant proprietorship, rights by law, and education for the black population.

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Government, Business and Workers: Andrew Carnegie and the Gilded Age - 1877

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Government, Business and Workers: Andrew Carnegie and the Gilded Age - 1877

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The Gilded Age brought with it a growing divide between high and low economic classes, fossil fuels and machines, and the conversion from rural to urban work. While some were very poor, many were very rich like businessman Andrew Carnegie. He was a philanthropist who believed in social darwinism, in this context, essentially meaning that the rich were superior to the poor simply because of monetary status and that their status was accurately reflective of them. He believed social darwinism was correct because competition and inequality were essential to the progress of the human race. He also believed a graduated tax and redistribution of money would aid in the huge gap between poor and rich, as the poor were inferior and unable to help themselves for that reason.

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Diversity and Discrimination: Horace Gray & Immigrant Rights, 1882

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Diversity and Discrimination: Horace Gray & Immigrant Rights, 1882

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The Chinese Exclusion Act defined how the law could discriminate against immigrants especially the Chinese. The Chinese needed to provide proof from a white man that they resided in the US, otherwise deportation. As a result of not being citizens, the were not granted due process of the law. This was all from the Geary Act and used to maintain control of the US as mass immigration was revered as a type of detrimental invasion.

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Government, Business and Workers: Jacob Riis and the Progressive Era - 1890

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Government, Business and Workers: Jacob Riis and the Progressive Era - 1890

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During the Progressive Era, where the poor attempted to give the government more power in order to fix economic issues and terrible living and working conditions, Jacob Riis photographed New York and flash photographing all the photography in order to show how the government should intervene to stop what was happening in these photos. In these photos, the impoverished people were living where they worked, dirty, visibly malnourished, cramped, in worn clothes, no doubt in polluted air, unsafe and unsanitary. The living conditions were terrible in these photos.

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Diversity and Discrimination: Henry Billings Brown & Segregation in the SCOTUS, 1896

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Diversity and Discrimination: Henry Billings Brown & Segregation in the SCOTUS, 1896

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Henry Billings Brown explained how the 14th amendment supported equality therefore segregation would be constitutional. According to him as well, separation of races doesn’t imply inferiority. The majority wanted segregation to preserve racism in a way and according to SCOTUS it was constitutional because the act of separation itself would not create this racism like it did. Brown believed that if one race were inferior they could not be constitutionally separated.

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Foreign Policy: Mark Twain and the Spanish-American War - 1898

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Foreign Policy: Mark Twain and the Spanish-American War - 1898

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Manifest Destiny continued after the Mexican-American War and railroads and attacking Native Americans were examples of this along with Alaska and Hawaii, which all was supported by the public. After that, the Spanish-American War allowed for the US to claim Guam, Puerto Rico, Cuba partially and the Philippines. Mark Twain disagreed with the way the Americas conquered and subjugated the people of the territories they added to the US as he believed in spreading democracy and American value not overtaking foreign lands forcefully, and implied through his writing, disrespectfully.

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Government, Business and Workers: Upton Sinclair and Pure Food and Drug Act - 1906

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Government, Business and Workers: Upton Sinclair and Pure Food and Drug Act - 1906

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Upton Sinclair was a socialist, muckraking journalist. He wanted to help food workers achieve safer working conditions, fairer wages and overall a better work experience by writing the disturbing details of their work and the bad side of their product. Instead, it led to more regulation on food more than worker’s rights; The FDA was created. The main focus of Sinclair’s book was to expose the gross, deadly, draining parts of the job, but he simultaneously shared how unsanitary, impure, and unappetizing the production of food was. This gave great shock to people that read.

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Government, Businesses and Workers: Henry Ford and the Invention of the Assembly Line - 1913

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Government, Businesses and Workers: Henry Ford and the Invention of the Assembly Line - 1913

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Cars were originally purchased by only the wealthy but Henry Ford was the first to make them available to more people through the invention of the assembly line, which allowed for more cars at a lower price. Ford planned on ending poverty by prioritizing workers wages and working conditions without government intervention because then businesses would be built on a lasting foundation. He favored a limited government and true capitalism over bandaging economic issues.

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Foreign Policy: Woodrow Wilson and WWI; 1917-19

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Foreign Policy: Woodrow Wilson and WWI; 1917-19

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Woodrow Wilson was the president of the US who during the beginning of WW1 made sure the US did not take sides, and made his second term campaign based on the US isolationism. Being uninvolved was for the purpose of preventing the US from dividing based on beliefs about the war and preserving the US’s safety and focus on their own concerns. However, with further pressure from Germany the US had to intervene and anti-German propaganda followed, setting a precedent for demonizing ethnic cultures in future wars.

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Diversity and Discrimination: Elizabeth Candy Stanton and Activism, 1920

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Diversity and Discrimination: Elizabeth Candy Stanton and Activism, 1920

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Stanton had four reasons to why women should be equal to men. As an individual, she deserves rights listed in constitution. Secondly, she deserves rights because she is a citizen. Women are equal to men therefore they deserve rights. Finally, the only thing that separate women from men are motherly duties, abilities and physicality. Men’s rights are not deciphered through comparison to women, so why is vice versa true. Women have a birthright to government.

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Diversity and Discrimination: Hiram Evans and the KKK, 1920s

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Diversity and Discrimination: Hiram Evans and the KKK, 1920s

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Hiram Evans was the leader of the KKK. The KKK believed that foreigners were detrimental to the US and that their idea and policy, because they refuse to assimilate, would conquer WASP, or “real” American. According to Evans, WASP’s were strangers in their own land and were fed alien propaganda. Because of this white supremacy, they would hurt others and work agaisnt anyone who disagreed with this ideology.

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American Democracy: Susan B. Anthony & Speech: 1920s

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American Democracy: Susan B. Anthony & Speech: 1920s

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Susan B. Anthony was a suffragist and activist for women’s rights in the 1920s. She voted illegally, was arrested and then made a speech where she proved how what she did was not a crime. She outlined how women and also black people as well deserve the rights and privileges that white men have. She focuses on voting rights and how a democracy should include all members regardless of sex or race.

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Government, Businesses and Workers: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Great Depression, 1929-1939

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Government, Businesses and Workers: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Great Depression, 1929-1939

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During a time of conservative prominence, in 1929, the Great Depression occurred and the stock market crashed, banks failed, unemployment and poverty rose and the economy was a mess. The New Deal was proposed by the democratic president, Franklin D. Roosevelt in order to create a stronger central government that would step in during this hardship, with many funded safety programs, creating jobs and providing government induced economic relief and lastly reducing the cost of government. Roosevelt supported strong government leadership and more socialist ideologies compared to the previous popular ideologies.

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Foreign Policy: Franklin D. Roosevelt and WW2 - 1941-45

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Foreign Policy: Franklin D. Roosevelt and WW2 - 1941-45

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Franklin D. Roosevelt was the president of the US during WW2. He was elected based of his focus on recovering from the Great Depression by focusing on internal issues. While America was indirectly involved in WW2, they were supporting the Allied Powers behind the scenes. FDR involved America because of the bombing of Pearl Harbor killing almost 3000 people, which gave America a reason to truly get involved. FDR established that the bombing of Pearl Harbor was a premeditated attack that directly threatened America therefore he had no choice but to revolt.

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Foreign Policy: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Creation of the United Nations, 1945

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Foreign Policy: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Creation of the United Nations, 1945

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Eleanor Roosevelt was First Lady when FDR was president and served as the US’ representative from 1947-1953. She mainly focused on humanitarian issues like the aftermath of the Great Depression and Civil Rights. The UN was created in order to prevent war, led by the Allied Powers, but Roosevelt describes it by explaining how it comes from the Human Rights Commission and that fundamental human rights are a huge goal of the UN. She describes the difference between countries like USSR and the US and how the government being controlled by the people does not make it powerless but, more accurately, helps reach the UN’s goals.

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Foreign Policy: Harry S. Truman and the Truman Doctrines, 1947

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Foreign Policy: Harry S. Truman and the Truman Doctrines, 1947

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After the death of FDR, Truman assumed presidency, which he was unprepared for based on his lack of relationship with FDR before his death. The Truman Doctrines made supporting other countries and intervention a part of American foreign policy which was unprecedented. The Truman Doctrines donated military soldiers and money even though there was uncertainty, where typically the US would remain impartial.

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Diversity and Discrimination: Thurgood Marshall and Segregation in Schools, 1954

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Diversity and Discrimination: Thurgood Marshall and Segregation in Schools, 1954

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Thurgood Marshall was the first black Supreme Court justice  and helped overturn the “separate but equal” doctrine. The SCOTUS did this because it was found to violate the 14th amendment, separation fosters inequality and lack of access to the same opportunity in itself, and creates inferiority complexes in African American students. The SCOTUS decided to deny all said in Plessy vs. Ferguson and repeal this law.

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Foreign Policy: Martin Luther King and The War in Vietnam, 1954-1968

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Foreign Policy: Martin Luther King and The War in Vietnam, 1954-1968

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Martin Luther King was an activist for civil rights and the impoverished and was openly against the Vietnam War. The aim of the Vietnam War was to stop the spread of communism in  Asia, and was eventually lost, but was extremely controversial at the time. MLK felt it was his duty as a human to stand up against the war, and explained how money and resources and lives were being stolen from the impoverished and African American communities and used to fight for rights in Vietnam that these communities did not even have in America.

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States’ Rights and Federal Power: Eisenhower and the Little Rock Nine/Segregation - 1957

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States’ Rights and Federal Power: Eisenhower and the Little Rock Nine/Segregation - 1957

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Jim Crow laws built on the racism already present along with the contrasting, Modern Civil Rights movement advancing at the time and eventually in Brown vs. Board of Education, segregation in schools was deemed unconstitutional. Many southern states said that they would not abide by the law of integration in schools, like the senator of Arkansas, Orval Faubus. The Little Rock Nine were the first African American children to attempt to integrate and received a lot of backlash such as the Arkansas government preventing them from entering schools. As a response and attempt to make a statement that laws must be enforced, Eisenhower intervened with soldiers and enforced integration in Arkansas. This was constitutional by the Elastic Clause and again a smart move to better protect every American citizen. However, still the state government believed that because education was technically under the state’s power, the federal government had no right to intervene. Regardless, the elastic clause made it a lawful decision.

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States’ Rights and Federal Power: Orval Faubus and Little Rock Nine/Segregation - 1957

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States’ Rights and Federal Power: Orval Faubus and Little Rock Nine/Segregation - 1957

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This same issue from the last post can be seen from Orval Faubus’ point of view through how he argued that segregation in schools was a state matter because it involved schools. By the tenth amendment, education was under the power of the state government not the federal government. However, in reality the Elastic Clause overrode this.

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American Democracy: John F. Kennedy & Inaugural Address: 1960s

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American Democracy: John F. Kennedy & Inaugural Address: 1960s

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John F. Kennedy was the president during the Cold War, a war between communists and capitalists. Communism promotes the government controlling the people and preventing disparity, while capitalism allows accumulation of wealth and earning what you have instead blind equality like communism. In JFK’s Inaugural Address, he inspires Americans to chose unity and peace at times of war. He also implies that he will take care of economics more efficiently.

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Government, Businesses and Workers: Lyndon B. Johnson and the War on Poverty, 1964

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Government, Businesses and Workers: Lyndon B. Johnson and the War on Poverty, 1964

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After JFK was assassinated, democratic VP Lyndon Johnson became president, continuing progress in civil rights. Poverty after WW2 caused the War on Poverty, which extended the New Deal, furthering government programs for poor people, proving even more options, initially successful but in the long term not so much. Lyndon Johnson believed this poverty was caused by a lack of opportunity and someone’s race which he wanted to help by providing better housing, education, medical care and more relatively without discrimination.

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Diversity and Discrimination: Malcolm X and Violence, 1964

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Diversity and Discrimination: Malcolm X and Violence, 1964

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Malcolm X believed racial equality was being prevented by white oppressors who freely used violence and their power over African Americans. Therefore, he wanted African Americans to do the same; he tried to influence a superiority complex into African Americans and encourage violence against these white oppressors. Many criticized him. He wanted unity within the black community and for them to stay away from “white saviors” and instead look at each other for help.

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Government, Businesses and Workers: Cesar Chavez and the Delano Grape Strike, 1965-1970

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Government, Businesses and Workers: Cesar Chavez and the Delano Grape Strike, 1965-1970

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A Mexican farm worker, Cesar Chavez was an activist for farmer’s labor rights, forming an union called the UFW where he led collective bargaining, boycotting and attempting to bring the government into the issue as well. Eventually there was progress, helping with bad working conditions, sexual assault for female workers, low wages and dangerous pesticides. Creating an union creates confidence, pride, hope and a louder voice to address these issues with.

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Foreign Policy: Henry Kissinger/Nixon and Socialist Salvador Allende, 1973

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Foreign Policy: Henry Kissinger/Nixon and Socialist Salvador Allende, 1973

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Henry Kissinger was the Secretary of State during Nixon’s presidency. Kissinger advised Nixon that because of communism spreading, having Allende in power was somewhat of a time bomb. Allende was elected during the Cold War, and by the domino theory, communism would come to challenge the capitalist US and therefore needed to be addressed. Kissinger says that Allende poses a threat to the US’s position in the hemisphere but because of the threat but no direct attacks, it was a difficult thing to approach. They decided to do a non-overt pressure, cold, correct approach.

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American Democracy: Ronald Reagan & CPAC Speech: 1980s

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American Democracy: Ronald Reagan & CPAC Speech: 1980s

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Ronald Reagan was president from 1981 to 1989 and was a conservative president, meaning he favored things like lowering taxes, reducing regulations on businesses and opposing same sex marriage and abortion. In his speech, he boasted on the US’s behalf about our material assets, achievements through statistics, and our art and culture. He didn’t acknowledge the work that still needed to be done but instead focused on preserving how the US is on top right now.

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Government, Businesses, and Workers: Ronald Reagan and Reaganomics, 1981

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Government, Businesses, and Workers: Ronald Reagan and Reaganomics, 1981

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After experiencing stagflation, and President Reagan introduced Reaganomics, which was the opposite of the New Deal and War on Poverty, supporting more conservative views on economics. Reaganomics supported cutting spending on government programs, lowering taxes on the rich to stimulate economic growth, keeping money in the country, and overall reinstating more of a limited government and more capitalistic views. Overall this was effective and very similar to Donald Trump’s views on the economy.

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States’ Rights and Federal Power: Sandra Day O’Connor and Power over Environmental Harm - 1992

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States’ Rights and Federal Power: Sandra Day O’Connor and Power over Environmental Harm - 1992

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Nuclear power plants were a more environmentally friendly alternative to burning fossil fuels however the waste it created was harmful to human health therefore people were angered when these plants were placed near where they live. Control over where these plants were placed was shifted from state to federal then New York sued saying that where these plants were placed was a state matter by the Constitution. In reality, neither state nor federal government wanted to be responsible for making this hard decision because the plants had to be placed somewhere. The case New York vs. United States was written by Sandra Day O’Connor the first female member of the SCOTUS. In conclusion, neither the federal or state government is designated to protect the individual from environmental harm.

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Foreign Policy: Bill Clinton and Dayton Peace/Genocide in Bosnia, 1995

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Foreign Policy: Bill Clinton and Dayton Peace/Genocide in Bosnia, 1995

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Bill Clinton was the president of the US following failing Reaganomics and the War on Poverty, where economics was a big issue to America. However, a religious civil war broke out in Bosnia-Herzegovina between the Bosnians, Croats and Serbs, which included genocide. NATO, and more specifically the US, got involved, according to Clinton, because they wanted to protect the people of Bosnia, for a global strategic interest, and to lead the world through action in regards to their American values such as democracy and rights in the Constitution.

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Foreign Policy: George W. Bush and the War on Terror, 9-11-2001

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Foreign Policy: George W. Bush and the War on Terror, 9-11-2001

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George W. Bush was the president during the War on Terror, which was a response to 2 war planes crashing into the Twin Towers as a form of terrorism stemming from Osama bin Laden. Bush’s election was extremely controversial, however he overtly attacked terrorism in America and specifically Al Qaida. Bush describes the objectively horrid goal of this terrorism, shows how terrible the area that the terrorists have control over is, and displays how he will put all of the US into stopping terrorism globally and invest everything in his power. Finally he gives Americans an ultimatum, stand by Bush’s plan or stand with the terrorists and be against the US.

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American Democracy: Barack Obama & Speech Following Controversy: 2009-2017

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American Democracy: Barack Obama & Speech Following Controversy: 2009-2017

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Barack Obama was president two terms from 2009 to 2017 and was the first African American president ever. Obama was the opposite of Reagan, he was critical of US greatly and wanted to see change. He wanted equality of opportunity for all races, specifically in education. He believed that the Union needed to be perfected to encompass those other than white people and that the legacy of oppression of black people caused this need.  He did things like Obamacare and was a liberal/democrat.

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Diversity & Discrimination: SCOTUS Decision in Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015

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Diversity & Discrimination: SCOTUS Decision in Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015

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In 1996, DOMA caused marriage to only be between a man and a woman. In 2012, Obama supports gay marriage. In 2013, DOMA deemed as unconstitutional by SCOTUS, state law decides whether to support or not. 2015, Obergefell vs. Hodges decides to legalize same-sex marriage 5-4. 14th amendment protects same-sex marriage according to Anthony Kennedy while others say “marriage” was never explicitly mentioned in that. In 2022, Respect for Marriage Act is passed to lock in the 2015 decision.

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Government, Business, and Workers: Donald Trump and The 2016 Election, 2016

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Government, Business, and Workers: Donald Trump and The 2016 Election, 2016

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Donald Trump believed that lowering taxes, creating new jobs by stopping outsourcing labor to foreign countries, and then saving money by revamping federal regulations would help boost the economy. There was minimal proof to these claims. Donald Trump had strong views that the government should be less involved in the economy. Capitalism is the economic system of the US and has endured many different eras such as Reaganomics and stagflation.

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Foreign Policy: Donald Trump and US Bombs Syria, 2017

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Foreign Policy: Donald Trump and US Bombs Syria, 2017

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Donald Trump was elected president in 2016 and said that his foreign policy would be uninvolved, focusing on the US, however his actions when Syria bombed themselves contradicted this. Trump bombed Syria only where the first bomb originated because of the innocent people the bomb killed, acknowledge the fact that the UN was disobeyed, prevent the spread of chemical weapons and set a boundary in order to end terrorism. The type of bomb and the fact that this was an ongoing issue that could affect the US eventually made Trump stray away from his promised plan and take action.