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1. a movement for the re-establishment and (now) the development and protection of a Jewish nation in what is now Israel. It was established as a political organization in 1897 under Theodor Herzl, and was later led by Chaim Weizmann.

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an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jewish people in Russia or eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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1. the theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform.

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the right to vote in political elections.

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the advocacy of women's rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes.

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workers or working-class people, regarded collectively.

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the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.

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the production of large quantities of a standardized article by an automated mechanical process.

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a series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical items is progressively assembled.

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a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

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saw the rapid development of the factory system of production, characterized by those complex and intricate divisions of labor, both within and between production processes

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a business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person's home.

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a person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.

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the most important city or town of a country or region, usually its seat of government and administrative center.