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food processing spectrum is  raw agricultural products convert to consumable products using different technics and methods. There are four groups include in the food processing spectrum.
1. Unprocessed food (Group1) is fresh or raw foods which are processed by removing unwanted parts. not add substances to original food. example fresh, dry or frozen vegetables, meat, fish, eggs etc.
2. Processed Culinary foods (Group2) is apply simple processes include pressing, grinding, milling and drying  to natural or derived from group 1 foods. examples, coconut oil, olive oil, cream, butter, sugar, honey and salts.
3. Processed food is which foods from group 1 or 2 with add some additives (salt, sugar, oil) and apply processing methods (Packing, caning, smocking, fermenting, etc.) for preservative the food products.
4. Ultra Processed foods is formulations make by using different processing techniques (extraction, chemical and mechanical modification) for group 1 foods. examples sugar sweetness beverages, ice-cream, snacks, etc.
According to above classification, Muesli is included in to Processed food group 3

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Steps of Muesli Processing
1. cleaning the raw oats
2. pass the raw oats through the extruder (make flat shape)
3. drying oats (oven and dryer)
4. mixing with other additives (fruits, sugars, nuts, seeds, etc)
5.combine the oats with other additives
6. packaging

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How muesli is fit in our health diet ?
muesli is the cereal breakfast contains oats, nuts (sunflower, pumpkin), wheat, dried fruits. they provide essential nutrients (vitamins, carbohydrate, protein, healthy fat and minerals) for health diet of human.  therefore muesli is healthier option for breakfast. muesli is good source of fiber because muesli typically made from oats. oats contain  full of dietary fiber like beta- glucans which is  helps to improve digestion, control low level of cholesterol and reduce risk of heart vascular dieses. muesli contain lot of nuts, they rich in unsaturated fatty acid, it aid to minimize the risk of diseases. muesli is good energy source due to contain carbohydrate protein and fat. (Anderson JW, Baird P, Davis RH Jr. 2009)

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Essential Macro Nutrients
1 . Protein 5.3 g
2 . Fat 5.7 g (saturated fat 1.1 g)
3 . Carbohydrate 31.8 g, (sugars9.6 g)
4. Dietary Fiber 4.1g
Essential Micro Nutrients
1. Sodium (Na) 11 mg

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                                    Structure of Beta- Glucan 

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Beta- Glucan is main dietary fiber include in the oats. dietary fiber is a type of carbohydrate. It couldn't break down to monosaccharide by digestive. there are two types of fiber included in the oat. soluble fiber and insoluble fiber. beta-glucan is a soluble fiber included in the oats.  chemical formula of beta-glucan is C₁₈H₃₂O16. fiber add bulking effect in to muesli. when you eat muesli, gives feel like fullness.

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Protein
Protein approximately 10% include in the muesli. Avenalin or Avenin is significant plant based protein  in the muesli. Avenin is included in oats. avenin is a type of prolamin protein. it is specially found in the cereals. generally protein is made from amino acid linked together by polypeptide bonds. protein has a different structure such as primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. The primary structure of protein is linear order arrangement of amino acids in the protein chain. The secondary structure looks like  folding patterns, such as alpha-helices and beta-sheets, that form due to hydrogen bonding between close to amino acids. The tertiary structure is characterize the overall 3D arrangement of the protein. Avenin chemical structure is similar to gluten chemical structure. Avenin chemical formula is C₂₉H₄₅N₅O8. (Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., & Gatto, G. J. 2002)

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Fat
Muesli is plant based product. therefore more percentage of unsaturated fats include in the muesli. oleic acid average (34.8–38.5%) included in the oats. oleic acid is one of the major mono-unsaturated fatty acids included in the muesli. unsaturated fatty acids have double bond  between the carbon molecules. chemical formula of oleic is C₁₈H₃₄O2 and melting point of oats approximately 14 ⁰C. Fats normally gives  the palatability to foods and provide a sense of satiety, helping individuals feel full and satisfied after meals.

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1. What is the nutritional difference between muesli and regular corn cereal?
Answer: As an example, we selected Kellogg's cornflakes brand. According to the above table, Pams muesli has a high amount of protein, fat, sugar, saturated fat, total fat, and dietary fiber compared to Kellogg's cornflakes. but Kellogg's has a higher amount of carbohydrate and sodium than Pams. In addition to that, some vitamins such as B1, B2, B3, B9, vitamin C, and some minerals like iron and zinc have been included in the Kellogg's, except Pams. (www.countdown.co.nz)

2. Is muesli safe for diabetics?
Answer : Yes, muesli has a high fiber and nutrient concentration, so the fiber in the muesli reduces the absorption of sugar in the bloodstream and improves insulin sensitivity. As a result, it is able to prevent blood sugar spikes after meals. Therefore, muesli helps people with type 1 diabetes manage the sugar level in their blood. In addition to that, research found that three servings of whole grains, such as muesli, consumed daily are associated with a 20% lower chance of developing type 2 diabetes.  ( 9th Edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas, The International Diabetes Federation (IDF)

3.What is the biggest benefit you would recommend us to consume muesli?
Answer
Muesli fulfills the daily dietary fiber requirement of people. Averagely, men should need to consume 30-38 g and women 21–25 g per day. Pams muesli has supplied 4.1 g per serving, 50 g of muesli. High-dietary fiber-containing foods are helpful for people's digestive track's function. It also aids in reducing the risk of diabetes and heart disease in people. (https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/high-fiber-foods/art-20050948#:~:text=Women%20should%20try%20to%20eat,Facts%20label%20for%20fiber%20content.)

4. Which supplemented nutrients should a child intake if they have consumed muesli regularly as breakfast?
Answer: The nutrient table of Pams muesli doesn't show any essential vitamins or minerals. But children should need to intake the required vitamins and minerals per day. Therefore, they have to get vitamins such as A,B, C, D, and E and minerals such as Ca, Mg, Zn, and iron as a supplement under physician advice. (https://www.nutrition.org.uk/life-stages/children)

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5. how does Muesli improve our health?
Answer
Muesli is an all-rounder. It includes protein, fat, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and dietary fiber. Protein, fat, and carbohydrates act as good energy sources for humans. Vitamins and minerals are fully filled with the micronutrient requirements of the body. Muesli is rich in dietary fiber (beta-glucan), which helps to keep a healthy heart, control sugar levels in the blood, and reduce cholesterol levels in the body. Muesli has a variety of dried fruits and nuts that supply antioxidants to the diet. An antioxidant protects human cells from damage.(Anderson et al., 2009)

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