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The rumors about the mysterious Boo Radley are going wild in the town for a long time. Boo never step out of the house, and rumors say that he lives in the darkness and has cats and squirrels for food. For Jem and Scout, who live as the neighbor of the Radleys and want to discover the truth of the rumors, peeking and making adventures near the Radley house is absolutely a good choice. The children spend days and nights playing and having adventures about the Radley house. They carry out acts, try to call Boo out and managed to peek inside the loosen shutters.

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In the first seven chapters, acting as the entry point, Scout, Jem, and Dill hold their obsession toward the mysterious and recluse stranger who lives in Radley's house. Plus, the rumors around them trigger their incentive to pay attention to every single move of the Radley's house, which exemplify their naive and imaginative outlook. This innocence is a foundational aspect of their early childhood, showing their limited understanding of the adult world.

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After Scout has a difficult first day at school, Atticus teaches her an important lesson about empathy. He tells her, “You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view... until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.” By this, Atticus is explaining that Scout should try to see the world from other people's perspectives, especially Miss Caroline, her teacher, who might be new to Maycomb and unaware of local customs. This helps Scout begin to understand that people may act in ways she doesn't initially understand, and it encourages her to be more tolerant and patient.

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Atticus defends Calpurnia after Aunt Alexandra suggests that they no longer need her. In Chapter 14, Aunt Alexandra argues that Calpurnia's services are no longer necessary since she is worried about her influence on the children. However, Atticus firmly disagrees, explaining how important Calpurnia is to their family. He acknowledges her role in raising Jem and Scout, emphasizing that she has been a positive and loving presence in their lives. Atticus' defense of Calpurnia highlights his ability to see things from her perspective and appreciate her contributions, despite the racial and social prejudices of the time. This moment shows Atticus’ deep sense of empathy, extending it even to those who others might dismiss or devalue.

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On the witness stand, Tom explains that he felt sorry for Mayella Ewell, a white woman from a poor and abusive household, which is a significant moment. Despite the racial divide and the danger of expressing sympathy for a white woman as a Black man in that era, Tom helps Mayella out of kindness, recognizing her loneliness and difficult situation. His empathy for Mayella shows his humanity, but it is tragically misunderstood by the jury and townspeople due to the entrenched racism in society.

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At the end of To Kill a Mockingbird, as Scout stands on the Radley porch in Chapter 31, she reflects on how much Boo Radley has silently observed and cared for her and Jem throughout the years. In this moment, Scout embodies the lesson of empathy that her father, Atticus, has taught her. She realizes that from Boo's perspective, the children were like his own entertainment and connection to the outside world, and he had been watching over them with a quiet, protective presence. Standing on his porch, Scout literally sees things from Boo's point of view, understanding how much he has done for them without expecting anything in return. This realization encapsulates the empathy theme in the novel, as Scout recognizes the importance of seeing the world through another's eyes, fully appreciating Boo’s kindness and humanity despite the fear and mystery that once surrounded him.

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Audrey

Courage in the face of adversity is displayed in chapters one to ten through three main incidents.

Firstly, in chapters two and three, Scout begins formal schooling with Miss Caroline, who forbids her from continuing to learn how to read or write from Atticus and Calpurnia. On page twenty-three, Miss Caroline scolds Scout with the dialogue '"now you tell your father not to teach you any more. It's best to begin reading with a fresh mind. You tell him I'll take over from here and try to undo the damage...... your father does not know how to teach."' As a result, Scout evidently perceives the situation as unfair, since she later the 'day's misfortunes' to Atticus on page thirty-nine, revealing how she feels she is facing adversity. However, with the help of Atticus, she courageously deals with the situation at the end of chapter three when they come to a compromise. Atticus proposes, "'if you'll (Scout) concede the necessity of going to school, we'll go on reading every night just as we always have"', to which Scout enthusiastically replies with '"yes sir!"'. They bravely formed the agreement despite the possibility of Ms. Caroline and the authorities of education reacting negatively, as implied by Atticus in the quote '"but I have a feeling that if you tell Miss Caroline we read every night she'll get after me, and I wouldn't want her after me."'

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In chapter 8-14, Jem and Scout had experienced a few of turning points in life ,which enhance their cognition to the real world and further contribute to the main theme of the novel.

There is a significant mind-changing process of Jem and Scout during these 7 chapters. From the fire of Maudie's house (which they're still interested in looking for Boo Radley), to the discrimination of people to their father, just as Atticus told them, they started to recognize more impactful and disgusting things happening in this world.

The novel is suffused with discrimination, which reflects the most obvious in race. Started from chapter 9, there are more and more words from school accusing Atticus being a nigger-lover. Though it must be super angry, Atticus taught Scout to handle it calmly and don't let them hurt herself. Sometimes, things are unfair. This is when Scout realize this principle again, followed by the time when uncle Jack prevent Scout from fighting with Francis.

Ms. Dubose, though noisy and kind of unreasonable, taught the last lesson she can give to Jem and Scout. There is only a short time left in her life, one of the wishes she looking forward to achieve is the reading from children. I think it's also the reason why Atticus demand them go their and read - there is nothing more important than the wishes of a dying person. After this experience, I believe Jem and Scout are more familiar with the sentence "to stand in ones shoe", and the words "kindness" and "empathy". Therefore, I think it's another scene that demonstrates their growth.

In chapter 12-13, Cal brought Scout to a black community and they met Tom's wife Helen - She's unemployed due to the accusing of Tom. This makes Scout to reason spontaneously: Why would everyone believe the Ewell's words? This quote reminds the book theme once again - the world is full of discrimination and unfairness. Believing that, after seeing bunch of inequal treatments, Scout is more likely to understand what Atticus told her - the disgusting things in the world. Simultaneously, she finished another step for maturity.

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Between these chapters, Scout shows a sense of youth and innocence by Lee’s representation of the difficulty she endures when trying to understand certain principles the society tosses at her. These difficulties she faces later contributes to the building of the character’s overall growth and maturing in the remaining chapters. While, contrastingly, Jem starts to mature into the adult world and understand many problems that Scout finds frustrating.

One of the difficulty Scout finds is the awareness of potential danger, instead of always being curious. In Chapter 15, when the children discovered that a group of men gathered in the Finch’s front yard to confront Atticus about the Sanrum bunch, Scout says “In Maycomb, grown men stood outside in the front yard for only two reasons; death and politics. I wondered who had died.” As the children listened against the window, “Atticus said something inaudible. I turned to Jem, who waved me to silence.” Scout reveals her audience-like reaction to the gathering. Her inability to sense danger and express concern for Atticus is largely juxtaposed under the presence of Jem. When Atticus returned from the yard, Jem immediately shows concern claiming, “They were after you, weren’t they?” Even after Atticus’s explanation, Jem continues to care for Atticus, which reveals his subconscious alertness and concern for Atticus when in an unsettling and potentially dangerous situation.

The difference in up-front awareness of the potential harm between the children is displayed here, when Scout responds to Jem being scared for Atticus by saying, “Scared’a what?” Jem realises Scout’s innocence and inability to understand the situation, so he chooses to stay silent and keep his thoughts to himself, or in Scout’s words, “maintain mysterious.”

Similarly, when the children decided to follow Atticus to the Maycomb jail, Scout also did not seem to comprehend the danger they were in. She thought “This was the second time I heard Atticus ask that question in two days, and it meant somebody’s man would get jumped. This was too good to miss.” So, exhilaratingly, she“broke away from Jem” and ran into the crowd. This shows that Scout has a very direct reaction to Atticus’s behaviours that she can completely disregard the possible environment she and everyone else is under. Despite Scout being precocious, she is still a bright and upbeat girl after all. It is difficult for her to be observant yet control her emotions in a situation when Atticus, a courageous and dedicated presence whom she trusts, is present.

Scout’s inability to understand social and sexual codes that exist in Maycomb county is another difficulty she faces. Listening to the remarks made by the Idler’s club, Scout doesn’t understand why Atticus shouldn’t be doing his job to the best of his ability, since this is what’s proper and right. Additionally, it is still unclear if Scout even knows what sex is or that it can be used to abusively exert power over a person, nevertheless, the accusation of Tom Robinson. These principles that Scout had never been aware of, are so powerful that they run the society.

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When Atticus goes to the Maycomb Jail to protect Tom Robinson from Lynch mobs, Jem, Dill, and Scout go out to the Maycomb County Jail for Atticus’s safety. Scout stops the lynch mob by talking politely with Mr. Walter Cunningham. Her innocent conversation reminds Mr. Cunningham that he is a father, letting him think like an individual instead of a lynch mob group. Her friendliness destroyed the thought of the lynch mobs. After that, everyone became uncomfortable and cleared out. By this, Scout shows her courage by talking in front of the whole group of lynch mobs, demonstrating her ability to keep trying to do something even when things may not go her way when she has a big chance of getting in danger or the lynch mobs may continue to harm Tom Robinson.

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Atticus demonstrates courage since he chooses to defend a Black man. In Chapter 15, Atticus positions himself outside the jailhouse to protect Tom from a lynch mob. This act puts him as unfavorable in front of the entire county, because most people are racist. His life is also on the line when facing th lynch mob due the the inhospitable nature of their existence. But he is aware of the consequences of his actions and remains unfazed. His courage is evident when he faces the mob anyways.

Tom Robinson's testimony in Chapter 19 also demonstrates courage, the man risks his safety by telling the truth about his interactions with Mayella Ewell. Acknowledging that he felt sorry for a white woman, is a dangerous claim that challenges social norms. Out of pure speculation, this statement might have been the main cause of him losing the trial, but to keep his promise of telling the truth in front of the court, he persists to tell that he felt sorry. Who, unlike Mayella Ewell does in fact have the courage to stand their ground.

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On Scout's first day of school, the new teacher Caroline unconsciously demonstrated the theme of social classes and inequality. New to town, she was unaware of the local social circumstances and failed to recognize the disparity in social status and wealth. This is best illustrated by her inability to understand Walter Cunningham. When Walter refused the lunch money offered as charity by Caroline and tried to explain that his family didn't have anything of equivalent value to repay her, Caroline didn't comprehend. Despite facing economic hardships, Walter had the self-esteem to reject charity, yet Caroline didn't consider his circumstances or try to understand his perspective. As seen in the text, Cunningham's poverty led to his unmannered and less educated behavior. Caroline's reaction clearly shows that she didn't understand the social inequality gap between herself and Walter. This highlights the economic divide between different families in the community, where some struggle to make ends meet while others are relatively financially stable.

Canna

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After Scout, Jem and Dill going to Radley's house for adventure, Mr. Nathan Radley shot at someone but didn't hit. He said, if anybody saw a white nigger around, that's the one. By this, it indicates that Mr. Radley is a racist, since he called someone who came to his house at night as a "nigger". It can be very annoying to recognize someone who is trying to get in one's house with out permission, but for Mr. Radley, as he called"nigger", he is not only a strange neighbor to Finch's, but also a person with racism prejudice. To some extent, if we connect this behavior with his awful attitude to his son Boo, we can find that he has bad characteristics.

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The author expresses the theme of “coming of age” brilliantly through young characters such as Jem. He was once a hot-headed boy just like his sister Scout, but after going through a series of unfortunate events he dramatically changed upon his way of thinking and how he views the world, being considered as the most dynamic character in the story.

One of the major event that contributed to his change in these chapters was the announcement of the verdict. Which put the trail to a tragic end. In chapter 22 Jem was crying as he finally understood how this county actually runs, and witnessed firsthand the power of prejudice and racism, noticing how it can guide to such immoral decisions. For which eliminates he’s last sense of immaturity, and helped in guiding his actions onward as the plot further develops.

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In chapter 9,what Friancis said reflected the racial injustice.In chapter 9,After a big Christmas meal,Scout and Friancis talking about some daily lives,but Friancis suddenly shouted and described Atticus that is a nigger lover :If Uncle Atticus lets you run around with stray dogs, that’s his own business, like Grandma says, so it ain’t your fault. I guess it ain’t your fault if Uncle Atticus is a nigger-lover besides, but I’m here to tell you it certainly does mortify the rest of the family—”And then he shouted that Atticus is a “nigger lover constantly.Because she can’t bear such injustice words,she slappded him and was stopped by her uncle.From Friancis’ words and his behaviors,we can see that at that time, racism was deeply ingrained in the hearts of children, reflecting the prevalence of this It is the tragedy of that era, and at the same time it is written that Scout’s actions are contrasted and reflect the justice of her behavior.

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In chapter 15, a mob gathers to lynch Tom Robinson at the jail, reflecting the community's racial hatred towards African Americans, but Scout notice Mr.Cunningham, and asked him to say “hey” to his son, which eases the atmosphere and showcase her innocence. From the next chapters, the trail begins and Atticus defends for Tom Robinson. The impolite behaviors of Bob Ewell and Mayella Ewell reflects great malice of the white community to the blacks. Although Atticus lose the case, but he succeeded in uncovering the racial injustice and the harsh situation of the blacks in Maycomb, which is exemplified by the setting of “colored balcony”.

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In chapter 21-26, the verdict of Tom Robinson indicates the racial injustice in the community. According to the book, even there's enough reason to show Tom Robinson was innocent, all the people in the town still think he was the guilty person. Meanwhile, those chapters also reveal the growth of Jem and Scout after seeing the judgement meeting, leading them to see the community clearly. The community was covered with deep-root racial injustice.

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In Chapter 28, When Scout screwed up her part of the show, Jem comforted Scout and said that she performed very well, but just came on stage a little late. Jem was described that he was “becoming almost as good as Atticus at making you feel right when things went wrong”. Compared to their previous conflicting personalities and the kind of relationship where they would confront each other over everything, Jem fully demonstrates the maturity that growth has brought him.

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At the start of Chapter 27 of To Kill a Mockingbird, what the Ewells had done to Helen reflects racial injustice. After Tom Robinson's death, both Bob Ewell and him seemed to be forgotten, and his widow, Helen, had a very difficult time seeking for chances to make a living. Mr Link Deas, who used to be Tom's employer, offered her a job. By the first time Helen tried to use the public road to go to work, the Ewells chunked at her and drove her away, and every time she had to walk a mile out of her way to avoid the Ewells. This reflects racial injustice that has existed among adults in Maycomb county. Connected to the previous scenes of Tom Robinson, people treated black folks so differently that they harm their family and provide a lot of inconvenience in their daily life.

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In Chapter 9, Scout got herself into a fight with Cecil Jacobs as he made fun of Atticus for defending a Negro, especially using the word "Nigger". This scene conveys the idea that social hierarchy was looked heavily upon by people in that patriarchal society, with the white community being the top class and the black community at the bottom. Atticus, a white man defending Tom Robinson in court is deemed a tier lower than other whites who believe in this social class system, thus mocked and humiliated by the white community. What shocked me in this scene is that even toddlers, kids who barely got the concept of how society functions join in and mock Scout as her dad defends a Black man. This reveals how deeply rooted racism and prejudice are in the society depicted in this book. Children like Cecil Jacobs have already internalized these social divisions, repeating the racist views of their families and the community without fully understanding them. The fact that Scout feels compelled to fight in defense of her father shows how personal the issue has become for her, even though she is still learning about the complexities of morality, justice, and fairness.

This scene also highlights the pressure on individuals like Atticus who challenge societal norms. By defending Tom Robinson, Atticus is technically against the well-developed racial prejudice system of society back in the day, which sets both him and his family apart from the rest of the community. Scout's struggle to make sense of this — particularly why her father is criticized for doing something right — underscores her journey toward understanding the moral contradictions of her world. - Harry

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From chapter 27 to chapter 31, it shows social class and inequality when we compare Bob Ewell and Atticus. Bob Ewell was not educated at all, he took revenge in a savage way like sneaking spitting on Atticus’s face and wanting to harm the children. Compared with Atticus, he seems violent when dealing with problems. On the other hand, Atticus follows the rule of the law when he thought that Jem was the one who had killed Bob Ewell and is being polite to Bob even when he spit on his face. So from these occasions we can see social class and equality based on their level of education and the manners they were taught. - Lisa

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Serena

In To Kill A Mockingbird, Atticus corrects Jem's idea about courage by stating that real courage is "when you know you're licked before you begin, but you begin anyway and see it through no matter what".

In chapter 27, Boo Radley portrays this theme in Ewell's attack. Boo Radley is special in Maycomb town. He hasn't walked out his house or talked to anybody else for dozens of years compared to what other citizens behaved. After Scout and Jem being attacked by Bob Ewell, Boo Radley leaves his house for the first time in 25 years. To save the children, Boo leaves his homfort zone into a strange and unfamiliar environment, fights with Mr. Ewell and maybe accidentally kill him. Even Boo knows that his attempt to save children brings him distress and fearness, he still makes it, trying his best to save lives, regardless the possibility of fail and the weapon in Ewell's hand. His action fits Atticus's definition of real courage and reveals Boo's view about what is right to do.

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In chapter 17, the Bob Ewell's family was portrayed as the bottom of the societal hierarchy, living "behind the town garbage dump" in an unhygienic condition with many children, facing both environmental and financial difficulties. However, Bob Ewell was still consider "better than his nearest neighbors", the black people, due to his race, white, which set him in a higher class than the black.

Additionally, Bob Ewell was apparently abusive as Atticus explained during the Tom Robinson trial. However, his race immediately offers him a privilege to let the biased and prejudiced jury to be injustice and declare the innocent Tom guilty since he's black, reflecting the unequal treatment to the black and white.