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Location of this culture area in present day terms

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Location of this culture area in present day terms

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this culture area in present-day terms

roughly bounded in

province of Quebec in modern-day Canada, through the Ohio River Valley, and down to the North Carolina coast.

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Location of this culture area in present day terms

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Location of this culture area in present day terms

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Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada in the western United States, and the states of Sonora and Chihuahua in northern Mexico

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Location of this culture area in present day terms

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Location of this culture area in present day terms

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this culture area in present-day terms

between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains and from the present-day provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan in Canada through the present-day state of Texas in the United States.

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Location of this culture area in present day terms

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Location of this culture area in present day terms

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this culture area in present-day terms

south from what is now Virginia and Kentucky to the Gulf of Mexico and west from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River

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Location of this culture area in present day terms

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Location of this culture area in present day terms

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Roughly corresponds to the present states of California (U.S.) and northern Baja California (Mex.)

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Location of this culture area in present day terms

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Location of this culture area in present day terms

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the high plateau region between the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Cascade Range and Canadian Coast Ranges on the west

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Location of this culture area in present day terms

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Location of this culture area in present day terms

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this culture area in present-day terms

Alaska and Canada

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Location of this culture area in present day terms

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Location of this culture area in present day terms

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all of the present-day U.S. states of Utah and Nevada as well as substantial portions of Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, and Colorado and smaller portions of Arizona, Montana, and California

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Location of this culture area in present day terms

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Location of this culture area in present day terms

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a narrow belt of North American Pacific coastland and offshore islands from the southern border of Alaska to northwestern California

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Physical features: Consists of the taiga, boreal forest, ecosystem of coniferous forest and large marshes.

Climate: Cold northern winters

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the Cree, Dene, Ojibwe

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animals (moose, caribou, bison, beaver, fish) and wild plant foods (berries, roots, sap)

In the subarctic area, food resources were not always available and not abundant that they always had to be scared of starvation.

Ways of getting the food resources:

They hunt caribous in mountains in early winter

People gathered around lakes and shores to use duck and geese for their winter food sources

also went fishing

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traditional semi subterranean dwelling of subarctic peoples-earth lodges

for survival, people needed to move as the season change.

Despite much movement, shelters were not always portable.

The Deg Xinag - winter in houses dug into the ground

Cree and Ojibwa - cone-shaped winter huts with durable roofs made of sticks, dirt, and snow.

also built shelters made of skins or pine needles, simple makeshift homes, or camped out in the open, facing the fire.

Provided protection from cold weather and surroundings.

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location of this culture area in present day terms

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location of this culture area in present day terms

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this culture area in present-day terms

Alaska, Canada and Greenland

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American subarctic can be separated into two parts

east subarctic- Speakers of Algonquian languages, Innu of northern Quebec, the Cree and etc. (after the beginning of the fur trade, displaced the Cree from what are now west-central Ontario and eastern Manitoba.)

western subarctic - Athabaskan speakers, (land from Canada into Alaska).

they had various weapons, tools, and traps which took a very important role on keeping them alive, and since they move around a lot, they had high development in vehicle, adapted to the weather.

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Physical features: relatively flat surface(ground)

Climate: very cold temperatures for most of the year

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the Inuit, the Yupiit (Yupik), and the Unangan (Aleut)

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many vegetables in the north - large herds of caribou and other animals to the inland North

Coasts - sea mammals and fish

Ways of getting the food resources:

Basically hunting and gathering.

harsh winter but summer sunlight is great for discovering new food resources

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People nearest the Arctic Ocean- relied on temporary house igloo

Caribou hunters of northern Alaska -dome-shaped tents made from a double layer of caribou hides

Kashim- used for public and ceremonial occasions and as a men’s residence. Women had their own homes where they worked and cared for their children.

these type of housing provided cozy space, insulated from the harsh Arctic weather

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carved objects from stone, bone, and walrus ivory, and also carved small animal figures and masks to use in religious ceremonies.

kept warm in clothing made from animal skins and furs-pants, boots, mittens, and a hooded coat called a parka. In very cold weather they wore two of each garment.

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Physical features: temperate forests, meadows, wetlands, waterways, and coastal zones

Climate: temperate with moderate precipitation

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Wampanoag, Oneida, and Huron

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corn (maize), beans, squash, deer, fish, waterbirds, leaves, seeds, tubers, berries, roots, nuts, and maple syrup

Ways of getting the food resources

most of them cultivated, hunted, and gathered foods

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Algonquian and Siouan homes were wickiups or wigwams--> ideal shelter in many different types of climates and even the worst of weather conditions

Iroquoians lived in longhouses--> served as a home for a large extended family

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forested environment of the region

-->most materials produced in the Northeast were made of wood.

labour was divided on the basis of gender and age

Grandparents, great-aunts and great-uncles, and older siblings and cousins --> helped parents care for children from toddlerhood on, teaching them the ways of the group

Women--> grew, gathered, or caught the majority of the food consumed by a group

Men --> held councils, warred, built houses, hunted, fished, and made the implements they needed for these activities.

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Geography (physical features) and climate

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Geography (physical features) and climate

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Physical features: (inland) landscape of rolling hills and major river systems that is predominantly covered with forests of oak and hickory

Climate: warm temperate climate in the north and subtropical conditions in the south

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Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Creek

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Beans and squash were often planted alongside corn

deer, bears, and turkeys

fish

Ways of getting the food resources:

Hunting

Agriculture

fishing in fresh and salt water

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In much of the region- hot houses

South- houses often had raised floors, palmetto-thatched roofs, and open sides.

West - the Caddoans lived in domed grass houses.

Types of housing differed based on tribe, available resources, climate, and cultural preferences

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descent was almost universally matrilineal, or reckoned through the mother

late in a woman’s pregnancy, both she and the father were generally subject to various dietary taboos and restrictions on their activities

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Physical features: grassland, prairie, mountains, hills, and valleys

Climate: continental, with annual temperatures ranging from 0 °F to 110°F

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Arapaho, Assiniboine, and Blackfoot

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corn (maize), beans, squash, and sunflowers

bison, elk, deer

Fish, fowl, and small games

Ways of getting the food resources

women were in charge of agriculture in general

men were responsible for tobacco production and hunting

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teepees and earthlodges

Tepees- portable, were used by nomadic tribes

Earth lodges- better insulation and were used by sedentary tribes living in permanent villages.

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Some recognized descent from both male and female equally or bilaterally. Others recognized descent only from either male or female lineage.

Every group had regulations governing marriage.

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Physical features: rolling hills, rich river valleys and high flat areas called plateaus

Climate: aridity, warm temperatures, and clear skies

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Chiricahua Apache, Jicarilla Apache, Lipan Apache

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corn (maize), beans, and squash

turkeys, and dogs

period of Spanish colonization- horses, burros, and sheep were added to the agricultural repertoire

Ways of getting the food resources

farming and hunting and gathering

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The dwellings of the Pueblo - These homes were made of stone and adobe - several stories and many rooms.

to keep out enemies the ground story did not have doors or windows

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viewed the raising of children as a serious adult responsibility - most felt that each child had to be “made into” a member of the tribe

training in customary gender roles from the beginning of the childhood

girls- food processing and childcare

boys- given chores such as collecting firewood or tending animals.

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Physical features: flat valley, basinsm desert

Climate: low relative humidity and sharp drops in temperature at night

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the Western Shoshone, the Goshute, and the Ute

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jackrabbits, antelope, and waterfowl

gathered pine nuts and berries

food was harvested every summer and fall to carry them through the winters

Where the geography and climate allowed it, some also fished and farmed small plots.

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In summer- simple brush windbreaks.

In winter- built domed wickiups

Tribes that used horses- replaced these shelters with Plains-style tepees

They moved their summer camps frequently so they would not exhaust the plants and animals in any given place -> simple housing

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Believed in religious concepts derived from a mythical cosmogony, beliefs in powerful spirit-beings, and a belief in a dualistic soul.

Groups were generally small, frequently mobile, and had a highly fluid membership --> reflected the rather difficult and arid environment of the cultural area.

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Physical features: rugged topography- marked by mountain ranges and deserts

Climate: lack of rain, gentle climate

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Achomawi, Achumawi, and Pit River tribe

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acorns, mushrooms, seaweed, and flowering plants

Ways of getting the food resources:

Plants were gathered from both the land and the sea.

Acorns were a popular food b/c in the harvest season they were plentiful and could be dried and stored easily for the winter.

+ traditional subsistence in native California centred on hunting, fishing, and collecting wild plant foods.

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The mountain-dwelling Miwok- cone-shaped bark houses

Maidu - created round lodges from earth

Chumash- built circular frames using wooden poles, covering the structures with grass and marsh plants

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Marriages were almost always arranged by the families of the future bride and groom because of their implications for long-term economic and social bonds and obligations.

Oral literature—and especially a variety of elaborate creation tales and epic poems—was the art form for which native Californians were most renowned.

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Physical features: rugged coastline, wide and narrow beaches, deep fjords, mountains, islands, forests, and inland rivers and lakes.

Climate: relatively mild climate

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Gitxsan, Haisla, and Heiltsuk

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Berries, fish, and mammals with some herbs, birds, and shellfish

Ways of getting the food sources:

fishing, berry picking, and hunting

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A plank house

sheltered extended families, in the summer, coastal Indigenous peoples lived in either fixed or portable dwellings.

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In house societies the key social and productive unit was a flexible group of a few dozen to 100 or more people who considered themselves to be related (sometimes only distantly), who were coresident in houses or estates for at least part of the year

slaves had few or no rights of participation in house group decisions. They usually had been captured in childhood and taken or traded so far from their original homes that they had little hope of finding their way back.

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Physical features: rolling hills, high flatlands, gorges, and mountains.

Climate: Temperatures range from −30 °F in winter to 100 °F in summer. Precipitation is generally low and forms a snow cover during the winter, particularly at higher altitudes.

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Shuswap, Lillooet, and Ntlakapamux (Thompson) tribes

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Salmon, trout, eels, suckers, and other fish

Ways of gathering the food resources

As members of hunting and gathering cultures, the peoples of the Plateau relied upon wild foods for subsistence.

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mat-covered houses and pit houses

--> Partially built into the ground, pit houses provided warmth and shelter during the winter season

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in traditional Plateau societies the village formed the key sociopolitical unit, although the political hierarchy used in governing each village varied from tribe to tribe

The life cycle of the individual was marked by fixed ritual acts that opened the gateway to the different social roles he had to enact. These rituals began before birth.

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Subarctic

https://www.britannica.com/topic/American-Subarctic-people

Arctic

https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/American-Arctic-peoples

Northeast

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Northeast-Indian/Subsistence-settlement-patterns-and-housing

Southeast

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/southeast-native-american-groups/

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Southeast-Indian#ref1

Plains

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Plains-Indian/Material-culture-and-trade

Southwest

https://kids.britannica.com/kids/article/Southwest-Indians/

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Southwest-Indian

Great Basins

https://www.nps.gov/grba/learn/historyculture/historic-tribes-of-the-great-basins

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Great-Basin-Indian

https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Great-Basin-Indians/

California

https://www.britannica.com/topic/California-Indian

https://www.loc.gov/collections/california-first-person-narratives/articles-and-essays/early-california-history/first-peoples-of-california/#:~:text=Thus%2C%20the%20early%20population%20of,her%20indigenous%20groups%20to%20travel

https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/native-people-of-california

Northwest coast

https://northwestcoast2015.weebly.com/

https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/plank-house

Plateau

https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Plateau-Indians/

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Plateau-Indian

https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/pit-house