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. . . or the real news?
Take note of the stereotypical comments and images you encounter in the next few days. They're pretty pervasive. But why? Where do they come from? What gives them their power to shape our thoughts and feelings about other people? Melinda Jones (2002) identified four different origins of stereotypes.
The way we think creates stereotypes: Categorizing people into groups
We think in terms of the categories we create from our experiences. Those categories clarify the world for us, but they also over-simplify it. At some point, those natural over-simplifications cross the line into stereotypes. We can't think without using our categories, which makes it difficult to know when our categories hinder, rather than help, our ability to make sense of things.

Simply knowing about social groups can lead us to stereotype their members because we assume there must be something important that led to their common classification in the first place, something that makes them essentially alike. We see close up the individual differences among members of our own social groups, but those in other social groups blur together in the distance into a homogeneous whole, everyone a minor variation on the same basic theme.

Aiden Gregg and his colleagues (2006) created fictional social groups for research participants, a stereotypical set of good guys and bad guys, and then set out to see how they could change people's views of the groups. They tried adding new counter-stereotype information. They told people that over the years the members of the groups changed significantly. They even told one group that they got the names mixed up, and that everything people thought they knew about the groups was completely backward.
The things we hear create stereotypes: What we learn from other people and the broader society
To no avail. The original views of the two groups persisted. As the authors concluded, category-based stereotypes are "like credit card debt and excess calories, they are easier to acquire than they are to cast aside."

We also pick up stereotypes from the world around us. We hear stereotypical talk, or see see stereotypical images. Family, friends, school, work, church, the media, etc.

Of course, we can learn from people whether they say anything or not. Three Italian psychologists(Castelli, Zogmaister, and Tomelleri, 2009) measured White children's attitudes about both White and Black people. (Immigration from Africa to Italy has been a controversial issue in recent years.) Two-thirds of the children said they would prefer a White playmate to a Black playmate, and many of them described White people in more positive terms. The researchers also measured the attitudes of the children's parents. The parents answered straightforward, explicit questions (e.g., "Black immigrants have jobs that Italians should have."). They also took the Implicit Association Test (IAT), a measure of how quickly people associate positive and negative terms with Black and White faces. (The speed of our responses to pairs of words or concepts is a good measure of how strongly the two are connected in our minds.)

The best predictor of those White children's level of explicit prejudice toward Black people? The mother's implicit prejudice as measured by the IAT. The children picked up subtle cues from their mothers, and used them to form their own stereotypes.

Of course, the same kind of stereotype transmission is happens here. If you think that younger generations aren't absorbing racist messages, you haven't been paying attention.
The way we remember creates stereotypes: Illusory correlations
Sometimes the cues aren't so subtle. The next time you hear someone describe anti-Arab sentiments as the result of 9/11, remind yourself of Jack Shaheen's analysis of movie portrayals of Arabs from the early 20th century on: Reel Bad Arabs. In the wake of the 9/11 attacks, we were culturally primed to see all Arabs as basically alike, making it difficult to distinguish between those were really are violent and those who are not.

We are made such that we notice distinctive things-a single O in a field of Xs, a child in a group of adults, or a small number of women in a group comprised largely of men. What happens when two distinctive things occur simultaneously? We pay lots of attention, and we remember them especially well. Their memorability then leads us to over-estimate their frequency, resulting in a stereotyped view.
The inferences we make create stereotypes: Assuming the person equals the role
Here's an example: Most people in this country are white, so people of color (in many contexts, at least) are distinctive. They get noticed. In addition, most people of any color usually do good things, not bad things. Bad behavior gets noticed, too. Put the two distinctive characteristics together, and we pay double attention to people of color doing bad things. The connection gets exaggerated in our minds and we "see" it as more common than it really is. The female manager with a prickly personality. The young Black guy who seems to glare at you in the parking lot. The older White man who is especially clueless about people who are different from him. Two distinctive co-occurrences are highly memorable, and they frame the way we view other people from those social groups, too.

There is a tendency for those of us in Western cultures to over-estimate the extent to which people do what they want to do, and to under-estimate the extent to which people do things that are prescribed by their social roles. Therefore, when we see people in a particular role, we tend to assume that they are well-suited for it (and, by extension, not so well suited for other roles). For example, women are more likely to have responsibilities for rearing children, so on average they spend more time than men nurturing others. Seeing that, we come to believe that women are naturally nurturing, downplaying the extent to which they may simply be carrying out their responsibilities. Reverse the sex roles, and the impressions we have of the sexes change, too (Eagley and Steffen, 1984).
The Bottom Line: Stereotypes are pervasive, and powerful, in part because they seem to develop so naturally. As a result, we rarely believe ourselves to be influenced by them, making us even more susceptible to their effects.
Race, like gender, determines many of the roles people hold in this country. People of color are over-represented in low-skill jobs, and therefore can seem to White people to be somehow destined for them. To the extent, then, that we are more likely to see members of particular groups in some roles, and less likely to see them in other roles, we develop stereotypes as a result.

Stereotypes can shift as roles shift, sometimes in surprising ways. Psychologist and stereotype expert David Schneider (2004) points out that it was taken as a "fact" during his childhood in 1950s Indiana that Black people weren't good athletes, a conclusion drawn from their near-absence on championship basketball teams. In hindsight, of course, it is easy to understand the sociological factors that prevented Black students from playing for the best teams, or kept the best Black teams from playing for championships. At the time, however, it seemed to Schneider and his friends like a logical deduction from their unbiased observations about the world of Hoosier sports. Now people watch NBA games and come away with the equally ludicrous conclusion that all Black people are innately hyper-athletic. What we believe depends, in part, on what we see-but what we see is a function of social roles and arrangements that are created by a complex set of historical, political, and economic factors.

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What are the causes of stereotypes? - Getting Race Right

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Which is worse: The fake news . . . . . . or the real news? Take note of the stereotypical comments and images you encounter in the next few days. They're pretty pervasive. But why? Where do they come from? What gives them their power to shape our thoughts and feelings about other people?

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Women are still not paid the same wages as men for doing the same jobs in the US.

The Equal Pay Act was signed into law in 1963, but the US is still far from giving women equal pay for equal work.

In 2020, women earned 82 cents for every dollar earned by a man, according to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

The gap also varied among different racial and ethnic groups. It took white women an extra 98 days to earn what a man made in a year, while it took Black women 214 days, according to the 2020 data.

According to a study, women who had more sexual partners were stigmatized, but men were rewarded.

A study published in Social Psychology Quarterly in 2009 found that "greater numbers of sexual partners are positively correlated with boys' peer acceptance, but negatively correlated with girls' peer acceptance" among adolescents.

"According to the sexual double standard, boys and men are rewarded and praised for heterosexual sexual contacts, whereas girls and women are derogated and stigmatized for similar behaviors," authors Derek A. Kreager and Jeremy Staff wrote.

It's easy for men to get vasectomies, but women are often denied tubal ligations.

Women who request tubal ligations have been required to write essays defending their desire for the procedure and receive their husbands' permission to undergo sterilization, according to a 2019 Vice News report. Women also reported having difficulty finding a doctor willing to perform tubal ligations at all.

A 2010 study by the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology found that 59% of doctors would discourage a 26-year-old patient from undergoing a tubal ligation if her husband did not want her to have one, and 32% would discourage that patient even if her husband agreed.

Meanwhile, vasectomies are performed without requiring permission from one's partner.

"Even though people believe in their rational mind that women should be allowed to determine their own families, this subconscious, two-parent, two-child family is pervasive," health law attorney Ariel Tazkargy told Vice. "Doctors don't want to permanently alter someone, but they do it all the time for other procedures, so what is it about women and birth?"

Men are disproportionately praised for taking care of their children, whereas women are expected to be caregivers.

A 1998 study in Psychology of Women Quarterly found that fathers reported more praise than mothers for their involvement in parenting, and mothers were more often praised for their ability to successfully combine work and family.

This double standard remains in place today: A woman who takes care of her kids is simply doing what is expected of her, but a man who takes care of his kids is an exceptional, involved father.

In 2018, actress Jenny Mollen addressed this double standard in regard to her husband, Jason Biggs.

"People often ask me if I feel lucky that @biggsjason is such an involved dad and the answer is, no. I expect him to be a good father! That's why I had kids with him," she wrote on Instagram. "Nobody would ever say to a man, 'wow, you are so lucky your wife feeds and bathes your children.' For women, it's expected to love and protect and show up for soccer practice. For men, an hour or two alone with the kids on a weekend somehow warrants a trophy. (Or at least a World's Greatest Dad mug.) This double standard is antiquated and insulting. If your partner isn't hands on, he shouldn't have hands."

Childcare responsibilities still widely fall on women - millions of women left the workforce after childcare centers and schools closed due to the pandemic.

According to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2.5 million women had left the workforce a year into the coronavirus pandemic compared to 1.8 million men. Unemployment rates are also higher among women of color compared to those among white women, according to a 2022 report by the National Women's Law Center.

In 2021, Vice President Kamala Harris called the number of women leaving the workforce a " national emergency."

The massive discrepancy is a testament to the fact that women are still largely responsible for childcare.

"Women tend to be more in the essential workers positions, and those are the ones that often cannot be done from home. They need to go out," said Liz Elting, founder and CEO of the Elizabeth Elting Foundation, in an interview with Business Insider's Yelena Dzhanova. Elting's foundation launched a multi-million dollar fund for pandemic relief.

"Or their positions have been eliminated, in which they're not earning money, which is a problem. If they are able to work from home, they have kids to take care of with quarantining and home-schooling going on, and the work is basically falling on women," Elting said. "So it's a very difficult time for women, whether they do need to go out and risk their lives to take care of their families or if they're at home earning a living and trying to take care of their family."

Any parenting decision a woman makes is subject to "mom shaming."

A 2017 study conducted by the C.S. Mott Children's Hospital National Poll on Children's Health from the University of Michigan surveyed 475 mothers with at least one child under the age of 5 years old and found that six out of 10 moms reported that they had been shamed for their parenting choices. It's even causing some mothers to develop " maternal anxiety," meaning that they constantly question themselves and the decisions they make regarding their kids.

"The blaming of mothers is intimately connected to cultural anxieties around the changing social roles of women," Natalie Boero writes in a chapter of "The Fat Studies Reader" about how mothers are often blamed for the "epidemic of childhood obesity."

Women pay more for the same everyday items because of the "pink tax."

The " pink tax" refers to how products for women, like razors in "feminine" colors, are often pricier than the men's equivalent.

From everyday items like deodorant and clothing to services such as haircuts and dry-cleaning, to mortgages and car insurance, women are paying more than men for necessities.

There's also the "tampon tax" - tax on "non-luxury necessities," such as tampons.

"A tax on periods is wrong," tennis star Serena Williams told The New York Times while working with menstrual product company LOLA in 2019. "Telling half of the population that their needs aren't important is wrong."

Twenty-seven states still tax these essential items. Other states have tried to drop the tax, without success.

Women may be more likely to die of a heart attack if they have a male doctor.

Women who have heart attacks are more likely to die if their emergency room doctor is male, but more likely to live if their doctor is female, according to a 2018 study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Male doctors with more female colleagues also gave more effective treatment to female patients.

The study couldn't determine the reason for this gap, but one key takeaway was that women and men have different heart attack symptoms.

Features Women Feminism

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12 double standards that still exist for women in the US

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Women are still not paid the same wages as men for doing the same jobs in the US. The Equal Pay Act was signed into law in 1963, but the US is still far from giving women equal pay for equal work.

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How much do professional women’s soccer players make?

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Professional women’s soccer players make $40,000 annually, on average.

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How Alice Paul Fought For Women’s Right To Vote | SeeHer Story | PeopleTV

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https://youtu.be/T2537gHckTo