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I think Jenna is experiencing chronic stress because of the buildup of work and migraines she has during the duration of her internship, which persisted for months.

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I think the surest way of support for someone living with a mood disorder, is by lending a listening ear. Never try to "solve" their problems by throwing solutions or diminishing their feelings as "others have it worst". Let them, at their own time, come to you when they feel comfortable and ready. It is plenty that they know they have friends to lean on in these vulnerable moments.

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I believe the most with the BPS model because it doesn't pin everything on just brain chemistry or just trauma. It looks at biological, psychological, and social factors together like genetics, your thinking patterns, and your environment all playing a role.

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Psychodynamic therapy appeals to me most because it digs into your past to explain why you are the way you are now. Instead of just coping with symptoms, it helps you understand the root cause, like why toxic patterns repeat themselves without you realising. That self-awareness hits different.

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I could confide in trusted closed ones once I feel ready. Having a safe place to fall-back on whenever I feel my stress levels arise, would help regulate my mental well-being.

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In poly, depression and anxiety are the most common. Most students seem drained, skip class, or panic before presentations. Some cycle between hyper-productive and crashing out (maybe bipolar). Adjustment disorder shows up too, with people getting irritable or withdrawn. It has become a noticable trend

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I think stress and anxiety disorders can be caused by more than 1 factor. For students, they can feel overwhelming pressure from Parents' expectations which ties to their perception of themselves and failing to perform well which meant a severe punishment awaits them. Also, the fear of judgement from peers plays a role too. All these factors can bottle up and break them, causing the development of disorders they never had before.

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I am aware of te Bipolar, split personality disorder, OCD, PTSD, Schizophrenia, imposter syndrome?

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Listen without judging, don't try to "fix" them or anything, encourage professional help gently and stay consistently present.

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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, i think it's practical and present-focused which gives people concrete tools to change how they think, not just talk about the past.

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The cognitive model, negative, self-defeating thoughts fuel and sustain depression and challenging them (like in CBT) actually helps, which shows the theory works.

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Persistent low mood or irritability lasting weeks rather than days, withdrawal from friends/activities they used to enjoy, noticeable changes in sleep or appetite and difficulty concentrating or making decisions. For bipolar-type presentations, sudden bursts of unusually high energy or impulsivity followed by crashes.

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i think it can but not always. i think it starts from one factor and is influenced? backed? supported? by other factors. but also i think it's possible that they are only caused by one factor (eg. the example of fearing dogs js bc your parents told you they'll bite you when they were younger, that's only one main factor).

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i think she's experiencing chronic stress because it has been ongoing for 3 months (ie. not short term anymore)

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Chronic stress as it has been constantly been doing on for months

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Anxiety, depression, Bipolar disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, Schizophrenia

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I try to notice early physical signs like poor sleep, tension or getting easily irritated, since those usually show up before I consciously feel "stressed." When I notice them, I try to talk to someone I trust or take a short break instead of pushing through, since bottling it up tends to make things worse over time.

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Yes, I don't think one model fully explains it on its own. For example, someone could have a genetic predisposition (biological model) but only develop an actual disorder if their thinking style tends toward catastrophizing (cognitive model).

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I think Jenna is dealing with chronic stress rather than acute stress. Her situation has been ongoing for 3 months already with 3 more to go and there's no clear end in sight for her. The harsh supervisor, work overload and lack of guidance aren't one-off events, they're a constant pattern. The physical symptoms she's developing (headaches, dread) also suggest her body is responding to prolonged strain rather than a single stressful incident.

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Some I know of are depression, generalized anxiety disorder, OCD, PTSD and bipolar disorder. I've also heard of panic disorder and social anxiety, mostly from friends or media rather than formal study before this module.

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I can lend them a listening ear by giving them space to share their experiences/problem with me. I can also practice empathy and by being patient when conversing with them

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The cognitive-behavioral therapy appeals to me the most as it is an effective therapeutic intervention that helps individuals change negative thought patterns and behaviors, manage stress, anxiety, and mood disorders, and teach practical coping skills, empowering individuals to actively work on solutions.

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I believe in the BPS model the most in terms of explaining the causes. The 3 factors are inter-linked and this model recognises the complex and multifaceted nature, which contributes to a person’s development

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frequent changes in attitude. sudden bursts of anger, tiredness, social isolation

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I can talk to someone I trust like a trusted friend, family, or a counselor. They provide me with a space where I can express my stress and lighten my burden and offer their perspectives

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Yes.that it can be caused by more than 1 factor, for example there are many different ways to understand why people might go through certain mental health disorders, the biological model suggests that genetics and faulty transmitters are the the cause of these disorders, while the psychodynamic models suggest that our repressed urges and conflicts can surface

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chronic stress as the internship has been going on for months and she often experiences headaches and dreads going to work, showing that she believes that the stress is never-ending

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Depression, anxiety, ptsd,ocd

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Psychodynamic Intervention appeals the most to me. I find it really interesting that it allows the person explore his/her innermost feelings without fear of embarrassment or rejection. The person is able to uncover their hidden concerns that they may not be aware of themselves without fear of being judged, and they will be heavily guided by the therapist every step of the way.

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I believe in stress being the cause of mood disorders the most. Stress is something that everyone experiences, but not everyone is able to cope with it well or has a healthy support system. Thus they may end up developing mood disorders from the lack of support and/or social isolation.

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I've observed people feeling tiredness and fatigue, having difficulty concentrating and/or making decisions, experiencing difficulty with simple tasks, and having changes in appetite.

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Be patient with them and understand their mood swings, try to check in with them from time to time.

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Person-Centred Therapy appeals to me the most as I feel it is an empathetic approach to therapy which allows for a bond and trust to be built between the therapist and client . It also allows the client to take charge of their own growth by choosing what to address.

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Be there for them,quietly support them and hear them out.Try to understand too and be in their shoes

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Psychodyamic intervention appeals the most to me.I think it is the most relaxing for the client because usually,the client dislike other interventions due to having to be grouped with others,being motivated to change and so on and so forth.

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I will ask what happened and give feedback if any and give them some times to process their thoughts and calm down. Also, check-ins with them after a couple of day to make sure that they are well.

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Psychodynamic therapy appeals to me because it explores the unconscious roots of emotions and behaviours, often linked to early experiences. I like that it promotes self-awareness and personal growth, helping individuals understand themselves more deeply.

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I believe in stress because sometimes when people experiencing stress they might not be able to handle it nicely and then trigger their mood disorder.

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I noticed the person might lost interest on works and even things that the person like, feel tired, lost control of their feeling’s such as easily being triggered.

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I believe in the sociocultural model the most as I think traumatic or significant events that may depress us further are the starting points or spiralling points for mood disorders, which exacerbate the reasons from the other models.

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I notice some people tend to fluctuate in mood very easily and suddenly, one day very energetic and hyperactive, then a few days later stay withdrawn and quiet, not coming to school.

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I believe in like stress,life events,medical conditions and taking medication.Some people cannot cope with stress or some major changes in their lives,some might not be able to accept their medical conditions.Some people who take medication may have side effects of depression.

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I noticed that the person has insomnia,tend to forget what they were saying,often tired,often have changes in appetite and weight.

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PCT (Person-Centred Therapy)

personally, the PCT strike out to me the most as I feel like it sounds quite difficult to successfully implement on someone with MDD or Bipolar II.

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I believe the most in stress & isolation being a strong cause of mood disorders. Immense stress can cause one to slowly isolate themselves from others, which can also potentially create ANTs in their minds, such as "they're all so good, i'm the only lousy one..". When thoughts like this start taking control over one's mind, MDD (major depressive disorder) may start to develop.

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Try to help a bit indirectly in chores

Leave when they need some time alone or when unable to provide comfort they need and let others talk to them

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Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic theory help because it helps when I get encourage to share what is on my mind knowing I would be supported or point out issues I am unaware of as well as relying on my dreams that appear sometimes as it tells me what I am ignoring in real life and what to do about it.

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IP06

Thinking that other person wont understand or assume worst case scenario make it more likely to stay in learned helplessness

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IP06

Depression, Anxiety, Fatigue, Stress

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IP06

Adequate rest and time table or to do list

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I can check in on them and be with them physically or socially, without pressuring them to say anything but just to make sure they are physically taken care of and for them to know that they are not alone. When they are ready, I can always be a listening ear for them.

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I think psychodynamic intervention or psychoanalysis appeals to me the most as it helps people to be able to face certain emotions and problems without judgment, allowing them to improve and better themselves without having any fear and it lets them improve at their own pace as well. it also helps them better understand and know themselves especially when a lot of their past and feelings were repressed which I feel a lot of people are doing.

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I think the stress and isolation as well as the life events causes make the most sense as it was proven that mental health has become worse after covid where a lot of people were dealing with being alone, retrenchment and job finding, losing lost one's to illness and ive seen these people become depressed first hand

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Tiredness and fatigue, having trouble sleeping or sleeping too much, changes in appetite and severe weight changes, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt

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I can be aware of my body in terms of tense muscles, headaches, fast heart rate, quick breathing. I can be aware of my emotions in terms of feeling overwhelmed, irritable, mood swings. I can be aware of cognitive signs such as difficulty concentrating, brain fog and can be aware of behavioural signs such as social withdrawal or changes to eating and sleeping habits.

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Yes, it can be caused by several factors such as cultural, behavioural, cognitive, biological and psychodynamic factors

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I can be be patient and lend a listening ear, and just be there for them and let them talk about how they feel without judging or rushing to give advice

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psychodynamic therapy and dream interpretation. I find it interesting because it looks at the unconscious mind and how hidden thoughts or past experiences can affect a person’s feelings and behavior. By understanding the symbolic meaning of dreams, a person can uncover repressed conflicts and work through them, which could help improve their mental health. I like that it focuses on understanding the root cause of problems, not just the symptoms.

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Persistent sadness or irritability, loss of interest, changes in sleep or appetite

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I think the life events explanation makes the most sense because significant or traumatic experiences can really affect a persons mood and mental health. Events like losing a loved one can trigger depression or other mood disorders, especially if a person doesn’t have enough support

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I can be aware by paying attention to my body, thoughts and habits. When my body starts to show physical signs like headaches, an upset stomach, I should try to relax and reflect and what is making me stress and how to reduce it

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It can be caused by multiple factors such as biological, psychological and social factors

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Chronic stress as her stress comes from ongoing pressures at work rather than a single event.

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Depression

Anxiety disorders

Bipolar disorders

Dissociative identity disorder

OCD

PTST

Eating disorders

ADHD

schizophrenia

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I can always lend a listening ear to them as they do not want to hear solutions to minimize mood disorders, but rather someone to just listen and understand from their POV.

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I can support someone with a mood disorder by being aware of what symptoms they may have and not be judgemental. I can listen to their frustrations or encourage them to seek out professional help. In general, just be there for them whenever they need it.

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Psychodynamic intervention appeals to me as it can help reveal unconscious emotions and thoughts without having to force it out. It is a more safe environment to speak and thus makes it more likely for there to be less fear and more openness.

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The sociocultural model. It helps give an explanation to the formation of mood disorders without only taking into the account the person themselves. While they can be genetically predisposed to a mood disorder, they may not develop it in a healthy, positive environment and vice versa. Traumatic events an triggers are interconnected and personal to the person themselves, thus without it, we would have a harder time explaining what caused the mood disorder.

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-Drastic mood swings

-Social isolation from friends and family

-Lethargic, low energy

-Loss of interest in hobbies

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Depression, anxiety, PSTD, bipolar

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I would be a listening ear and be patient with them and reassure them that they are not alone and that I would be here to listen. Over time I would encourage them to seek professional help when they are ready to do so

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Cognitive theraphy appeals to me the most because it helps people to think more logically on the negative thinking patterns they have about themselves, by identifying these thoughts, with more rational thoughts, it can lead to improvements in their emotions

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I believe in the explanation of socialcultural model the most as the experiences and social environment that a person goes through would affect their mental well being. Traumatic events such as bullying, could lead to the development of a mood disorder. In the event that an individual were to experience or encounter similar situations in the future, these events can become triggers, leading to anxiety and irrational thoughts such as believing that everyone dislikes them

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Noticing someone feeling depressed or anxious, having trouble sleeping, having no appetite

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I can be aware through realising changes in myself such as feeling overwhelmed, having constant headaches, having trouble sleeping, appetite changes. I would take breaks when I notice these changes to allow myself to relax and reduce the stress from affecting me.

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Behavioral Interventions - Conditioning appeals to me the most.

This therapeutic intervention provides 2 distinct types of therapy that uses different methods to change undesirable behaviors to acceptable or desirable ones.

Not everyone utilizes the same method such as systematic desensitization. This method may be more effective to some individuals, but others may be towards participant modeling. Behavioral Interventions provide a wide range of therapeutic methods, allowing therapists to 'choose' based on the individual.

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The explanation using the Behavioral Model is what I believe the most. Especially among younger generations and in Singapore, the kiasu culture makes everyone compete with each other and overexert themselves as they do not want any errors/negative feedback.

When one negative feedback is given, they may blow it out of proportion and have self-defeating thoughts which ultimately increases the likelihood of developing mood disorders.

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Jenna is facing chronic stress because the duration of her internship is six months, making it long-term. It also seems to be never-ending as her supervisor often reprimands her in front of her co-workers. Lastly, it seems inescapable as she can only afford to have less than 10% absence, so she has to continue with the internship and endure it for another three months.

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Yes. It can be caused by environmental factors, biological factors, social factors and psychological factors.

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Depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, PTSD, schizophrenia.

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Yes! I believe that they can be caused by multiple factors, similar to the biopsychosocial model where multiple factors can result to an outcome or feelings of pain

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I think she is facing chronic stress, she is experiencing a persistent stress due to work in her everyday life that will not go away in the near future. It had lasted for 3 months and will continue for at least another 3 months, hence it is a long-lasting stress aka chronic stress.

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Depression, bipolar disorder

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IP06

Anxiety and stress could be caused by more than one factor like lack of sleep, fear of failing and self isolation instead of talking it out with trusted people. The longer they avoid the cause of stress, the higher the chances it will lead to a form of anxiety.

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IP06

She is facing chronic stress because it is long term like stress of staying in on the job with 3 months left. She dread coming to work and has headaches often when she has to do work on her own like figure it out due to age differences in workplace and negative feeling of being publicly scolded by supervisor in front of people she works daily.

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IPO6

Depression

Anxiety

ADHD

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Take a break and reflect on what I have been going through and what caused me to be stress, come up with solutions to cope with my stress and do something that makes me happier.

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I think that stress and anxiety disorder can be caused by more than 1 factor. It can be caused by lifestyle (lack of sleep), environmental factor (school pressure), psychological factor (low-self esteem), and biological factor (genetics).

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I think Jenna is experiencing chronic stress as she is stress for 3 months and it's still continuing. She is being reprimanded daily, having difficulties to relate with colleagues and have heavy workloads. Additionally, she has been feeling unwell, experiencing headaches often. Which at times, the stress seems never-ending and inescapable to her.

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Anxiety, depression, PTSD, OCD

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Evaluate the causes of my stress and think what is the worst that could happen, as I often find myself catastrophising.

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I think Stress and Anxiety Disorders can be caused more than one factor, such as genetics, for example a parent has had PTSD or other disorders. It can also be affected by environment.

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I think Jenna is experiencing episodic acute stress as she has difficulty managing day-to-day stresses at work such as her portfolios, unable to relate to colleagues and facing her supervisor.

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Depression, anxiety, Cluster-B disorders like bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder.

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Yes, I think stress & anxiety disorders can be caused by more than 1 factor.

For eg, acute stress can be caused by overflowing school work and also friendship issues at the same time.

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I think Jenna's experiencing episodic acute stress. Jenna's experience of having headache, burdened out etc seems more of a short-term type of stress that happens daily. Especially since these feelings of stress is coming from her internship, which is only 3 months to ending.

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Mental health conditions I'm aware of: PTSD, Depression, ADHD

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Jenna is experiencing stress that is turning into anxiety. She feels stressed because of heavy workload, poor treatment from her supervisor, and pressure to complete her internship. Over time, this stress causes her to feel anxious, dread going to work, and have physical symptoms like headaches.

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Some mental health conditions I am aware of are OCD, PTSD, anxiety and panic disorder.

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If I feel dizzy,nausea or cant concentrate at all,I will try to take a break from what I am doing and relax for some time.