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The lexical variation or known as lexical variants defined as the variations that are made to a language depending on the different region. Lexical variations also can be used to refer to an object using different types of words.

Lexical relate and focus more on the words or vocabulary and also the spelling of a language.

According to Nordquist (2019), the term linguistic variation refers to regional, social, or contextual differences in the ways that a particular language is used.

TYPES OF VARIATION

[R]egional variation is just one of the possible potential sorts of variances between speakers of the same language.

Example:

Occupational dialects:  (the word bugs means something quite different to a computer programmer and an exterminator), sexual dialects (women are far more likely than men to call a new house adorable), and educational dialects (the more education people have, the less likely they are to use double negatives).

Teenagers have their own slang and dialects, and the phonology for older speakers differs from young speakers in the same geographical region.

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Prosodic features are features that emerge when we combined sounds together in connected speech. Since effective communication depends as much on intonation, stress, and rhythm as it does on the correct pronunciation of sound, it is important to teach students about prosodic features.

Example: Intonation, stress and rhythm are the prosodic features.

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About authors

Native speakers for Australian English and Canadian English

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2. BACKGROUND HISTORY OF TWO NATIVE ENGLISHES 

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2. BACKGROUND HISTORY OF TWO NATIVE ENGLISHES 

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1. Australian English

2. Canadian English

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Phonemic variation of:

Australian English

Canadian English

Prosodic Variation of:

Australian English

Canadian English

Lexical variation of:

Australian English

Canadian English

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Two separate reflection and conclusions from two members.

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List of references from the information's gathered.

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NAME: NUR QISTINA BINTI AZLAN
AGE: 22 YEARS OLD
D.O.B: 21st of SEPTEMBER 2001

NAME: NUR HIDAYAH BINTI MOHD KHIDZIR
AGE: 22 YEARS OLD
D.O.B: 28th of MARCH 2001

Both Authors hope people can enjoy our portfolio when we gathered information about Australian English and Canadian English. Thank you so much.
Much love <3

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In this Padlet, the authors will be explaining about the difference between Australian English and Canadian English. Learning the difference of one language between regions is eye-opening as it taught us that one root can grow into different roots and routes. One may be surprised with the difference of one language in different regions.

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SOUNDING LIKE THE NATIVE AUSTRALIANS AYE MATE?

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SOUNDING LIKE THE NATIVE AUSTRALIANS AYE MATE?

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SPEAKER 1
Biodata of the native speaker:

Born :
Roseanne Park (Rose)
11 February 1997 (age 26)

Auckland, New Zealand

Move to Melbourne Australia at the age of six and grew up there before move to Korea at the age of 17.

Recently: A member of Korean Girl Group Blackpink.

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rosé saying NAUR in her australian accent

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Rose speaking english using an Australian Accent in all of her interview

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@_lisamxnobann4
Naur!!!#rosieposie #pasta #rosé #blackpink #blink #mostaustralianthingaboutrose #naur #hellour #australianaccent #fyp #_lisamxnoban4 #lalisamanoban #rynfernandz #elifernandz #chaelisa #foryoupage
♬ original sound - Lisa - Lili🐣

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rosé accent is so addicting so i made another one for fun.#rosé #blackpink #kpop #shorts #viral #jennie #jisoo #lisa #funny #jenniekim #lalisa #solo #tiktok…

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Biodata about the native speaker

Stage name: Danielle
Birth name: Danielle June Marsh / Mo Jihye (모지혜)
Birthday: April 11, 2005
Nationality: Korean-Australian

Recently: A member of Korean GirlGroup NewJeans

Danielle was born in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.

Her father is Australian and her mother is Korean.

The video above shows the compilation of Danielle speaking Australian accent with her members and also in the interviews or when she was doing live with the fans. Analysis of Danielle has been done under the section on phonemic variations.

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Mark Lee speaking English in Canadian accent by @tiger_bubu on TikTok

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TALK THE TALK : SOUNDING LIKE THE NATIVE CANADIANS

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TALK THE TALK : SOUNDING LIKE THE NATIVE CANADIANS

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Mark Lee is a member of a K-Pop group, Neo Culture Technology, known worldwide as NCT.

Name: Mark Lee
Korean Name: Lee Min Hyung
Day of Birth: August 2, 1999
Born in: Toronto, Canada (moved to Vancouver, Canada when he was still young)

TRANSCRIPTION (ROMANIZED & IPA)

Scene 1

Mark: /dɛɪm 'klæsəz ˈnev.ɚ endz joʊ/
(Damn, classes never ends yo!)

Scene 2

Mark: /ʌɪm ɪn ˈkaʊn.səlz ʌɪ ɡɑːt klʌbz ˈʌn.dɚ maj neɪm ən ˈev.ri.θɪn mæn/
(I'm in councils, I got clubs under my name and everythin' man!)

Scene 3

Mark: /ɑːr jə ɡaɪz ɡeddɪŋ ˈred.i fɚ ðɪs fɚ ðə test ðoʊ/
(Are you guys getting ready for this- for the test though?)

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Canada is the second largest country in the world after Russia, located in North America.

Canada's capital is located in Ottawa.

Based on Worldometer, elaborated by the latest United Nations (UN) data, as 2023 approached, it is estimated that there are over 38 million people populated in Canada.

Reflecting the country's history where it was contested by the two great powers of Europe, Canada is bilingual in English and French (Morton et al., 1963, as cited in Britannica 2023).

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national flag consisting of a dark blue field (background) with the Union Jack in the canton and six white stars. Its width-to-length ratio is 1 to 2.

Thought was given to an all-Australian flag long before confederation was achieved on January 1, 1901. For example, in 1823 a National Colonial Flag displayed four white eight-pointed stars on a red cross on a white field with the Union Jack. From 1831 until as late as the 1920s there was a somewhat similar design known as the Australian Federation Flag, with a blue cross and five white stars. In later years the Eureka Stockade Flag (a white cross with white eight-pointed stars against a blue field) gained popularity after its first hoisting in 1854 during a labour dispute.

After the Commonwealth of Australia was formed, thousands of proposals were submitted by the general public in flag design competitions. The winning design, announced on September 3, 1901, is basically still in use today. It has the Union Jack in the canton of a blue field displaying five white multipointed stars in the form of the Southern Cross constellation plus a seven-pointed "Commonwealth Star" (representing the six Australian states and the Northern Territory). Minor modifications were made on February 20, 1903, and the flag became official for use on government vessels on May 22, 1909. The same six-star design, with red substituting for the blue background, was established in 1903; although sometimes used on land, this Australian Red Ensign is generally restricted to privately owned vessels.

Australian involvement in World War II led to increasing pressure for the selection of the Australian Blue Ensign over the Union Jack as a national flag. The new flag was recognized by law on February 14, 1954, when it was approved by the British sovereign. By the 1980s, however, serious questions were being raised in public, particularly by those who favoured replacement of the monarchy with a republic, about the suitability of this flag for an independent Australia. Veterans, older people, and those of British descent generally favoured retention of the Australian Blue Ensign, but such sentimental and historical ties meant less to younger people and to immigrants from other parts of Europe or from Asia. Many disliked the similarity of the flag to those used by British colonies. Those favouring a new flag could not throw their support behind a single new design, however, because they were split on issues such as the expression of loyalty to the British monarchy and the possible inclusion in a new flag of Aboriginal symbols; therefore, the old flag was retained despite substantial support for a change.

Whitney Smith

Learn More in these related Britannica articles:

flag of the United Kingdom

red, white, and blue flag in which are combined the Crosses of St. George (England), St. Andrew (Scotland), and St. Patrick (Ireland). Initially the Union Flag was called a jack only when it was flown at the bowsprit of British naval vessels, but it was commonly called the Union...

Eureka Stockade, rebellion (December 3, 1854) in which gold prospectors in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia-who sought various reforms, notably the abolition of mining licenses-clashed with government forces. It was named for the rebels' hastily constructed fortification in the Eureka goldfield. The Eureka Stockade was the most-celebrated rebellion in Australian history....

Australia, the smallest continent and one of the largest countries on Earth, lying between the Pacific and Indian oceans in the Southern Hemisphere. Australia's capital is Canberra, located in the southeast between the larger and more important economic and cultural centres of Sydney and Melbourne....

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national flag consisting of a dark blue field (background) with the Union Jack in the canton and six white stars. Its width-to-length ratio is 1 to 2.Thought was given to an all-Australian flag long before confederation was achieved on January 1, 1901. For example, in 1823 a National Colonial Flag

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THE HISTORY & ORIGINS OF CANADIAN ENGLISH

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THE HISTORY & ORIGINS OF CANADIAN ENGLISH

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Boberg (2019) stated that majority of Canadian province and territory used English as their communicating language except for Quebec and Nunavut where the majority of their citizens are French-speakers and Inuktitut-speakers/Inuinnaqtun-speakers (Inuit language) accordingly.

ORIGINS OF CANADIAN ENGLISH

First spoken in 17th century (Atlantic coast: Newfoundland, in seasonal fishing communities, and Hudson Bay, during the fur trade).

Permanent English-speaking settlements such as Halifax (1749) were established after Nova Scotia transferred to Britain under the Treaty of Utrecht (1713).

Nova Scotia’s English population was expanded with pioneers from New England after the expulsion of the French-speaking Acadian population in the 1750s.

British's victory in the Seven Years’ War made the Extensive English-speaking settlement of the rest of eastern Canada possible.

During the Treaty of Paris 1763, France ceded its remaining Canadian territory to Britain.

EVENTS THAT INFLUENCED CANADIAN ENGLISH

The Treaty of Paris of 1763 that ended Seven Years' War (Most of eastern Canada were opened for English-speaking settlement)

The American Revolution of 1775-83 (The first large group of English-speakers were spurred to move to Canada)

The Industrial Revolution in Britain (Larger group of English-speakers were encouraged to join the first group in 19th century)

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Based on recent data obtained, the population of Australia as on September 2022 is 26, 124,814.

The quarterly growth was 128, 670 people which increased by 0.5%.

Australia is the largest nation on earth and the world's small continent lying in the Southern Hemisphere between the Pacific and Indian oceans. Canberra, the capital of Australia, is located between the larger and more significant economic and cultural hubs of Sydney and Melbourne in the southeast.

Based on Worldometer, the data collected that currently, 85.7 % of the population of Australia is urban (21,607,414 people in 2019)

The history of the Australian region begins when indigenous Australians lived in the nation for at least 50,000 years. They consequently possess the world's oldest living cultural history. As many as 250 different languages were spoken across the country when the British came in 1788. This map, which illustrates the languages spoken in Australia, was created by the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. The project Barani describes the Aboriginal history of the Sydney region. Barani is an Aboriginal word from the Sydney language that means "yesterday."

There were between 300,000 and one million First Nation people living in Australia, prior to the colonization by the British.

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Although English is not Australia's official language, it is effectively the de facto national language and is equally universally used in Australia. Nevertheless, there are hundreds of Aboroginal languages, though many have become extinct since 1950, and about 50,000 Aboroginal people may still speak Mabuaig, a language spoken in the western Torres Strait Islands, and the Western Desert; these languages have about 8,000 and 4,000 speakers, respectively.

Languages in Australia English is the national language of Australia but Australians speak around 300 different languages. According to the 2016 census, 72%of residents only use English at home. Other than English, the most frequently used home languages were Mandarin, Arabic, Cantonese, Vietnamese, and Italian.

History and Accent changes in Australian English. Australian English is a relatively new dialect of English and is already over 200 years old. Australian English can be characterized as a new dialect that emerged from interactions between speakers of different, mutually intelligible varieties of English.

The very early form of Australian English would have been first spoken by the children of the colonist born into the early era colony in Sydney. The very first peer group would have used comparable speech patterns to communicate with one another in order to help bind the peer group and express their membership. The first generation of kids developed a new dialect that would eventually become the language of the nation.

The youngsters in the new colony would have been exposed to an extensive range of dialects from every part of England but mainly from the southeast, especially from London. In an attempt to express their need for peer solidarity, they would have created a new dialect from elements present in the speech they heard around them.

This unique dialect of the children would have been powerful enough to block the influence of fresh youngsters even when new settlers emerged.

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Despite involving larger groups of people than earlier periods, recent immigration to Canada from all over the world has had comparably little impact on the evolution of Canadian English, which reached anything resembling its current form by the time of Canada's Confederation in 1867.

Like dialects from all languages, Canadian English continues to evolve even with the smallest changes that can be seen in each generation of speakers.

New words and phrases that develop over the time have faded the older expressions though the main future of Canadian English are relatively stable.

Changes in Canadian English evolution can be measured by comparing data on today's speech from collected recent studies.

LIST OF STUDIES THAT CAN BE REFERRED TO:

Surveys of Canadian English carried out in the 1950s (by H.B. Allen, W.S. Avis and R.J. Gregg)

The Survey of Canadian English: A Report, by M.H. Scargill and H.J. Warkentyne (1972)

Dialect Topography survey of J.K. Chambers (from the mid-1990s)

North American Regional Vocabulary Survey and Phonetics of Canadian English projects of C. Boberg (from the late 1990s and early 2000s)

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The majority of Aboriginal children speak Australian Aboriginal English as their first and frequently only language, and many people who identify as Aboriginal do so.

Aboriginal English is a contact variant that includes local dialects spoken across Australia. It resembles the shape of a continuum, starting with a variety that is similar to Standard Australian English (known as the acrolectal variety) and ending with a creole-like form (known as the basilectal variety).

The vocabulary of Australian English has been contributed by Aboriginal people as well as the name of location and also place.

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WHAT IS TONE IN SPEECH?
Tone in speech is a variation in the pitch of the voice while speaking.

AUSTRALIAN TONE IN SPEECH
According to Fletcher (2003), rising intonation is often used at the end of the sentence which are not questions by the Australian English speakers.

CANADIAN TONE IN SPEECH
Based on studies conducted by Gold and McAlpine (2010), the North Americans used long and continuous rise pitch when asking questions that demand a yes or no answer. However, in another recent studies showed that teenagers in Toronto used mixed intonations when communicating.

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AUSTRALIAN VS CANADIAN LEXICAL: SPELLING

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AUSTRALIAN VS CANADIAN LEXICAL: SPELLING

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WHAT IS SPELLING?
Spelling is a process to form words with the correct letters in the correct order.

AUSTRALIAN WORD SPELLING
Australian English word spelling are more similar to British English rather than with Standard American English (SAE) (ABC Education, 2019).

These are the example of Australian English word spelling:

Analyse

Australian English used yse while SAE used yze (Analyze)

Aluminium

Australian English used nium while SAE used num (Aluminum)

Colour

Australian English used our while SAE used or (Color)

Centre

Australian English used re while SAE used er (Center)

CANADIAN WORD SPELLING
Canadian English word spelling are a mixture of both British English and Standard American English (SAE) (Proofed, 2023).

These are the example of Canadian English word spelling:

Defence

Canadian English used ce while SAE used se (Defense)

Traveller

Canadian English used double l while SAE used singular l (traveler)

Catalogue

Canadian English added ue at the end of the spelling while SAE don't (Catalog)

Aluminum

Both Canadian English and SAE shared the same spelling for Aluminum, unlike in British English it was spelt as Aluminium.

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Phonemic variation or known as phonological variation defined as the variation on how that particular language is being pronounced.  Based on Samantha (2022), stated that phonemic variation occurred due to a number of factors, including the geographical location of the speaker, their social status, age or ethnicity.

The study of phonological variation is a crucial component of sociolinguistics, as it can provide insight on how various linguistic communities used and comprehend the language.

The concept of free variation or phonemic variation defined as the avoidance or any fixed rule about incorrect pronunciation of a word in phonetics and phonology.

Having a different pronunciation of the term is not inherently harmful, same goes to having a different meaning or expression is not inherently wrong either. Subtle and significant speech differences can affect meaning and perception.

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EIC453_INNER CIRCLE AUSTRALIAN VS CANADIAN ENG_REFERENCE_ASSIGNMENT 1

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WHAT IS STRESS IN SPEECH?
Stress is the relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word, or to certain words in a phrase or sentence.

AUSTRALIAN WORD STRESS
In Standard American English (SAE), they typically put the stress on the final syllable whereas in the Australian English, the stress are often put on the earlier syllables.

These are the examples of Australian word stress VS SAE:

Cliché

Australian: CLIché (/’kli: . ʃeɪ/)
SAE: cliCHÉ (/kli: ‘ʃeɪ/)

Vaccine

Australian: VACcine (/’væk si:n/)
SAE: vacCINE (/væk ‘si:n/)

Brochure

Australian: BROchure (/’brəʊ. ʃər/)
SAE: broCHURE (/broʊ ‘ʃʊr/)

Salon

Australian: SALon (/’sæl. ɒn/)
SAE: salON (/sə’lɒn/)

CANADIAN WORD STRESS
Canadian English is much more similar to Standard American English (SAE) compared with Australian English. Therefore, the stressed syllables are the same as the SAE. However, some pronunciation of Canadian English might differs from SAE.

These are the examples of Canadian English VS SAE:

Tuesday

Canadian: TUESday (/ˈtʃuːz.deɪ/)
SAE: TUESday (/ˈtuːz.deɪ/)

Foyer

Canadian: FOYer (/ˈfɔɪ.eɪ/)
SAE: FOYer (/ˈfɔɪ.ɚ/)

Versatile

Canadian:  VERsatile (/ˈvɜː.sə.taɪl/)
SAE:  VERsatile (/ˈvɝː.sə.t̬əl/)

Asthma

Canadian: ASTHma (/ˈæz.mə/)
CAE: ASTHma (/ˈæz.mə/)

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AUSTRALIAN VS CANADIAN LEXICAL: VOCABULARY

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AUSTRALIAN VS CANADIAN LEXICAL: VOCABULARY

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WHAT IS VOCABULARY?
Vocabulary is all the words that exist in a particular language or subject. It can also mean all the words known and used by a particular person.

AUSTRALIAN VOCABULARY
Australia is a commonwealth country from the Pacific. Other than having a different accent, they have different slangs to go on with their daily conversation. It is also known as Aussie slang.

These are the examples of Aussie slang:

Chuck a U-ie

Chuck a U-ie is used for navigation when one is driving. It means to make a U-turn.

Put a Sock in it

Put a Sock in it means shut up in Aussie slang. It is used when one is demanding someone to stop talking.

Dog's Breakfast

Dog's Breakfast does not describe any kind of food. It means messy life where one's life is chaotic. Dog's Breakfast is often used by parents when they are about to describe their children's life.

CANADIAN VOCABULARY
Just like Australia, Canada is a commonwealth country but they are from the Caribbean and Americas side. They have their own slangs to describe their daily activity even for the simplest task. According to Ford (2021), speech differences can be noticed between the cities, provinces, and territories.

These are the examples of Canadian slangs:

Hang a Roger & Hang a Larry

Hang a Roger and Hang a Larry are both used for navigation when one is driving. Hang a Roger means to turn right while Hang a Larry means to turn left.

Nize it

Nize it means shut up in Canadian slang, in Toronto area. One can use the phrase to tell someone to be quiet. (Pronunciation: naɪz ɪt | nice but with the z instead of c)

Bucks

Bucks means dollars. Instead of saying "I'm 3 dollars short," Canadians would say "I'm 3 bucks short."

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Australian Modern English:

Considered Australian English is the official language of Australia. It originally diverged from British English in the 18th century following the establishment of the Colony of New South Wales. Australian English is regarded as one of the major varieties of the English language. Despite the different phases of era and generation. The language might be possibly changed from time to time.

Australian slang in modern days:

The extremely unique speaking styles of Australians will undoubtedly be one of the first things you notice about them. Australians tend to speak quickly, "chew" words, and skip letter pronunciations. Add in their love of slang and acronyms, we will get a language that is quite challenging to grasp.

Most new generations, mostly teenagers love to use slang and abbreviation in order for them to save time while texting their friends or even family. There is much list of modern slang that we can learn in order to sound like an Australian native speaker. There is a guide to help people understand some of the most used slang words and abbreviations in Australia. Next time someone invites you to a Barbie or tells you they’re going to chuck a sickie, you’ll know exactly what they mean!

Aggro: short for aggressive. Someone might get aggro if you take the last biscuit on the table.

Ambo: Abbreviation for an ambulance. It can refer to the ambulance driver or the service itself.

Arvo: Shorten for the Afternoon.

Barbie: this is short for barbecue. Barbie can be used in different contexts – it can mean the barbecue as an object, or you could be invited to someone’s house for a barbie (a meal consisting of barbecued food).

Brekky: Aussie call breakfast as brekky.

Cuppa: Cup of Tea

G'day: slang for greeting the good day, which means Hello.

Mozzie: Mosquito

Sanga: Short for a sandwich

Thongs: this is what Australians call their flip flops

Ta: Australians will often say ‘ta’ in place of thank you.

Australian English is very unpredictable. The practice of referring to flip-flops as 'thongs' has baffled many English visitors. Australian English is frequently very informal, however, this is not always the circumstance.

It is definitely accurate to argue that Australia is becoming more independent of Britain and always accepts new influences, especially those from Asian countries. The nation is still debating whether to remain as a monarchy or change to a republic after only losing the last remnants of British legislative authority in 1986.

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Advance Australia Fair (Lyrics Video) | Australian National Anthem | One And Free - 2021 Lyrics

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The key features of the Australian accent
- The Mainstream Australian Accent is a distinct accent produced by native English speakers in Australia. it is also a tough accent to replicate, even for actors in Hollywood. Speakers of Australian English share the same consonants as speakers of General American and British English.

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AUSTRALIAN VS CANADIAN PHONEMIC: DIPHTHONGS

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AUSTRALIAN VS CANADIAN PHONEMIC: DIPHTHONGS

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WHAT IS A DIPHTHONG?
Diphthong is a vowel sound in which the tongue changes position to produce the sound of two vowels. There are eight diphthongs — aɪ, eɪ, əʊ, aʊ, eə, ɪə, and ɔɪ.

AUSTRALIAN DIPHTHONGS

Diphthongs are present in many languages and are created when two vowels occur side by side. We mostly will hear the differences when it comes to Australian diphthongs.

Broad Australian

Broad Australian English is the accent that is most familiar to people outside of Australia. Longer diphthongs, a more nasal tone, and slower speech are characteristics of the strong Australian accent. However, Broad Australian English is not the most common accent in Australia.

The vowels expand as the Australian accent broadens. In fact, Broad Australian has the longest vowels of any English dialect. The combination of two vowel sounds known as a diphthong is the place where it is most noticeable. The initial sound in Australian English is typically significantly longer than the second.

Example of Australian Diphthongs.

In some speakers of Australian English, the vowel in the word "year" would be pronounced with a diphthong.

Australian accent is similar to Cockney in some aspects. It has wide diphthongs.

TRANSCRIPT 1
We have done for the day
/wi hæv dʌn fər ðə dæɪ/

Analysis: In Received Pronunciation (RP), "day" is pronounced as
/deɪ/ however in Blackpink Rose in the video used the Australian accent and it is pronounced as /dæɪ/ which is becoming a different diphthong from the basic RP English.

TRANSCRIPT 2
I have no idea what that is
/ai hæv naʊr aɪˈdɪə wɑːt ðæt ɪz/

Analysis: Based on the video provided, Rose from Blackpink pronounced the word "no" /nəʊ/ as "naur" /naʊr/ in an Australian Accent.
This event happened because of the difference between the use of diphthongs in Australian English and others region of English.

TRANSCRIPT 3
We can never go there
/wi kən nev.ər gaʊr ðer/

Analysis: Based on the video, it is shown that Rose pronounced the word go differently from others because of her Australian accent. The word go become longer than the basic pronunciation when she added /r/ behind the word and change the pronunciation /ə/ to /a/ in the word "go".

TRANSCRIPT 4
Hello everyone, Rose here
/heˈləʊr ev.ri.wʌn rəʊz hɪər/

Analysis: In this situation, Rose speak and pronounce "hello" in a different way when she added /r/ at the end of the word and pronounce it longer than the usual "hello". The longer diphthongs style and nasal voice justify Rose's pronunciation using an Australian accent.

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Video above is the information from Bron and she is a Speech Pathologist that provides online and in-person accent reduction assessment, training, courses, worksheets and online lessons. In the video, Bron explained on how diphthongs work when it involved Australian accent.

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Aussie accent lesson - Diphthong Vowel sounds with Australian Pronunciation

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Comparison between Standard American English and Canadian English diphthongs 

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In Canadian English, the most distinctive traits that can be noticed is their different way of pronouncing the diphthongs [aj] and [aw].

Typically, when pronouncing [aj] and [aw] diphthongs, the tongue body will be in a very low position and central (just like the position when pronouncing the symbol [a]), varied to the dialects accordingly. Then, the tongue body will move forward and upward for [aj] whereas it moves backward and upward for [aw].

As for Canadians, their tongue body starts at mid and central as in the position when pronouncing the symbol [ʌ]. Then, just like the Standard American English (SAE), the tongue body will move forward and upward for [aj] whereas it moves backward and upward for [aw].

Usually, Canadian English speakers use the [aj] and [aw] diphthongs when the consonants that follow the regular diphthongs are voiced. Meanwhile for [ʌj] and [ʌw], the consonants that follow the diphthongs are voiceless.

The are the examples of Canadian English diphthongs:

LOUD vs LOUT

[lawd] | [lʌwt]

EYES vs ICE

[ajz] |  | [ʌjs]

TRIBE vs TRIPE

[tɹajb] | [tɹʌjp]

RIDE vs WRITE

[ɹajd] | [ɹʌjt]

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WHAT IS VOWEL?
Vowels are the letters that represent speech sounds where air leaves the mouth without any blockage by the tongue, lips, or throat. There are five letters of vowels — a, e, i, o, and u.

AUSTRALIAN VOWELS

The evolving story of how Australian English has been transcribed

Mitchell (1946) and Mitchell & Delbridge (1965) popularised a set of symbols for the phonemic transcriptions of Australian English vowels, which have been used by Australian phoneticians for the past 50 years. The Mitchell/Dellbridge method was based, mostly on the 44 phonemes of British. "Received pronunciation," which was a plausible choice for a phonemic system (as opposed to a phonetic one) given that Australian English and RP shared the same set of phonemes.

The phonemic transcription of Australian English has, however, undergone modification as a result of more recent studies by Clarke (1988), Bernard and Mannel (1986), and Harrington, Cox, and Evans (1977). Although a phonemic transcription system is not required to utilize symbols that accurately represent vowels, obviously it makes good sense to do so. Understanding that the Mitchell/Delbridge (henceforth MD) symbols first used in the 1940s had come to demonstrate a relatively poor association with cardinal IPA vowels as how Australian English was being spoken by 2000.

Pronunciation in Australia (vowels)

When it comes to the pronunciation of words, Australian English vs American English genuinely takes on a life of its own, which is why most Australian accents are so recognizable. The distinct "i" sound in words like 'night' and 'like' is one of the most obvious characteristics. it sounds more like a softened 'oi' instead.

Example 1:

Night    Become  "Noight"
/naɪt/                      /nɔɪt/

Example 2:

Like       Becoming   "Loike"
/laɪk/                          /lɔɪk/

The soft "a," which appears in words like "hat" and "cat," is typically pronounced similarly to the sound of "eh." As a result, the words "cat" and "hat" have different pronunciations: cat sounds like "ceht" and hat sounds like "heht."

The hard 'a' sound, which appears in words like 'day', 'way', or 'mate', exhibits a similar behavior. In this context, the 'a' is pronounced in a manner comparable to how a British English person may pronounce the word 'aye'. As a result, "mate" becomes "m-aye-te."

Example:

TRANSCRIPT 1
Hope you have a lovely day
/həʊp ju: hæv eɪ lʌv.li dæɪ/

TRANSCRIPT 2
A very tropical day
/eɪ ver.i trɒp.ɪ.kəl dæɪ/

Analysis: The transcript above is based on the video from Danielle, a member of the NewJeans Korean girl group. In the video, Danielle pronounced the word "day" as in "D-aye-." This is a similar behavior to how the British pronounce the word 'aye'. We can justify that Danielle is using an Australian accent throughout the video with the way she pronounced "day" in a slightly different way as mentioned above when the "a" word is pronounced in a manner comparable to how a British English person pronounces it.

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Song - Canadian national anthem "O Canada"—All four verses!

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Australian English is said to be a non-rhotic

Non-rhotic (not comparable) Of an accent, most often one of English: not pronouncing the written letter “r” unless it is followed by a vowel. In a non-rhotic accent, the word ‘sort’ is pronounced like the word ‘sought’.

Most of the time, the Australian accent is non-rhotic. As a result, words will never terminate with the pronunciation of the /r/ sound. When connecting two words closely, native speakers will occasionally pronounce the /r/ sound at the end of the word, but only if the next word begins with a vowel sound.

In English spoken in the United Kingdom, the /r/ sound is not heard if it comes after a vowel and is not followed by another vowel immediately. This is known as a non-rhotic form of the language. For instance, the /r/ sound is deleted while pronouncing the word "card," which is pronounced "cad." Words like "better" and "wetter" have had their endings reduced so that they sound like the letter "ah." This implies that you would pronounce "bett-ah," "wett-ah," "riv-ah," and so on.

Example:

TRANSCRIPT 1:

I know, it is probably my sister (sist-ah)
/aɪ nəʊ,ɪt ɪz prɒb.ə.bli maɪ sɪs.tɑː/

TRANSCRIPT 2:
I want definitely some water (wot-ah)
/aɪ wɒnt def.ɪ.nət.li səm wɔː.tɑː/

ANALYSIS: Based on the transcript, we can describe that Blackpink Rose used an Australian accent when she strongly did not pronounce all of the /r/ sound in words that end with "r". For example, the word "sister" become "sis-tah" and the word "water" becomes "wot-ah". This can justify that Australian pronunciation is mostly categorized as a non-rhotic accent when they omitted the sound of /r/ at the end of the word and change it with the pronunciation "ah".

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In 1995, the linguists discover that the pronunciation in Canadian English vowels have changed as they are rapidly spreading from Victoria to St. John's.

Paul De Decker, a sociolinguist from Memorial University of Newfoundland claimed that Canadian's vowels are getting higher and backer in the mouth, getting more widespread and diverse.

These are the examples of old VS new Canadian English vowels:

Sorry

Old: Sore-y (/ˈsɒr.i/)
New: Sah-ry (/ˈsɔːr.i/)

God

Old: God (/ɡɒd/)
New: Gawd (/ɡɑːd/)

Bagel

Old: Bagel (/ˈbeɪ.ɡəl/)
New: Bahgel (/bæ.ɡəl/)

Shoes

Old: Shoose (/ʃuːs/)
New: Shahs (/ʃɝːs/)

Canada

Old: Canada (/ˈkæn.ə.də/)
New: Cahnadah (/ˈkæn.ə.də/)

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English differences Among 4 countries! (American,British,Aussie,Canadian) by World Friends on YouTube

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MORE ON AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH VS CANADIAN ENGLISH VOCABULARY

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MORE ON AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH VS CANADIAN ENGLISH VOCABULARY

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Somi Jeon and Wendy from Red Velvet speaking English in Canadian accent by Runs Velvet on YouTube

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On the right side, Somi Jeon, a K-Pop soloist. She is from mixed race family (Canadian/Dutch/Korean).

Name: Somi Jeon
Birth Name: Ennik Somi Douma
Day of Birth: March 9, 2001
Born in: Ontario, Canada

On the left side, Wendy Shon, a member of a K-Pop group, Red Velvet. She used to further her studies in Canada.

Name: Wendy
Korean Name: Shon Seung Wan
Day of Birth: February 21, 1994
Born in: Seongbuk-dong, Seoul, South Korea

TRANSCRIPTION (ROMANIZED & IPA)

Wendy: /ˈriː.ə.li/
(Really?!)

Somi: /jɛ́ jɛ́ jɛ́/
(Yeah, yeah, yeah.)

Wendy: /wɑːz ðæt jɚ ˈfɝːst ˈskedʒ.uːl təˈdeɪ/
(Was that your first schedule today?)

Somi: /jes/
(Yes.)

Wendy: /ən ðɪs ɪs jɚ ˈsek.ən/
(And this is your second?)

Somi: /əhəm/
(Ehem!)

Wendy: /ən ðɪs bɪ jɚ læst/
(And this will be your last?)

Somi: /jes/
(Yes!)

Wendy: /əʊ ðæts gʊd/
(Oh, that's good!)

Somi: /əhəm ən jə/
(Ehem. And you?)

Wendy: /jes wel aɪ ˈæk.tʃu.ə.li həv ə ɑm ə ˈpræk.tɪs ˈæf.tɚ ðɪs/
(Yes! Well, I actually have a- umm.. a practice after this.)

Somi: /əʊ ɪkˈsaɪ.t̬ɪŋ/
(Ouuu, exciting!)

Wendy: /jɛ́ ɪkˈsaɪ.t̬ɪŋ fɚ ðə njuː sɑːŋ/
(Yeah, exciting for the new song.)

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Somi and Wendy speaking English | Canadian babies

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MORE ON HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH 

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MORE ON HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH 

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Video above explained the origin of Australian English.