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https://www.afghanaid.org.uk/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIh5jPhtKA_wIVS8GWCh2V4w31EAAYASAAEgIJHPD_BwE

https://globalcompactrefugees.org/gcr-action/countries/afghan-refugee-situation

https://www.unrefugees.org/emergencies/afghanistan/

https://reporting.unhcr.org/afghanistansituation

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-58283177

https://civil-protection-humanitarian-
aid.ec.europa.eu/where/europe/turkiye_en

https://www.unhcr.org/countries/republic-tuerkiye
https://euaa.europa.eu/news-events/euaa-reports-situation-afghan-refugees-iran
https://reliefweb.int/report/turkey/initial-assessment-current-situation-afghan-refugees-turkey-international-blue

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After more than 40 years, Afghan refugees continue to make up one of the largest and most protracted displacement situations under UNHCR's mandate. The prolonged nature of the crisis has prompted intensified efforts to support Afghan refugees and the host communities in Iran and Pakistan that have generously accommodated them for over four decades.

Nearly 6 million Afghans have been driven out of their homes and their country by conflict, violence and poverty. It is estimated that 85 percent of Afghan refugees are living in Pakistan and Iran, which continue to host more than 1.4 million and 780,000 registered Afghan refugees respectively.

In 2021, violence in Afghanistan intensified and spread through the country. Conflict forcibly displaced nearly 700,000 Afghans across all provinces. The impact of the conflict on women and girls has been particularly devastating - 80 percent of all forcibly displaced within Afghanistan are women and children.

"Afghanistan's displacement crisis is one of the largest and most protracted in UNHCR's seven-decade history. We're now seeing a third generation of Afghan children born in exile,'' says UN High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grandi.

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Afghanistan Refugees 2021: Facts & Crisis News | USA for UNHCR

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After more than 40 years, Afghan refugees continue to make up one of the largest and most protracted displacement situations under UNHCR's mandate. The prolonged nature of the crisis has prompted intensified efforts to support Afghan refugees and the host communities in Iran and Pakistan that have generously accommodated them for over four decades.

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Khorasan Razavi, Iran (Economic Impacts)

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Khorasan Razavi, Iran (Economic Impacts)

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INCENTIVES:
Afghan refugees made a choice to move to Iran. One of the incentives is that they can can get protected from violence although still face the risk of threat of the Taliban. Additionally,compared with other countries, as Iran and Afghanistan are bordering countries, refugees can easily enter Iran. Refugees want to get enough financial aid and get human rights.

| Cost -

The refugees have only little money, but they need a lot of financial support to buy food, place to live, and transportation. They have to rely on the government's aid.

A lot of time is needed to find a new individual place to settle and find a stable job. Since some refugees plan to move once again, they need time to plan their migration to turkey and it can take a lot of time when decision-making.

Refugees cannot go back to Afghanistan once they fled to another country especially when they are social minority. There are obviously chances for harsh punishment when refugees come back.The middle Country is still close to Afghanistan, so refugees still face a risk for Taliban's violence. -

The Pakistan and Iran government now does not welcome Afghanistan refugees as they already accepted a large portion of them. The refugees have the chance to get rejected from the Iran government so they have to find a new place to settle or must return to Afghanistan. (UNHCR)

Refugees start to miss their home and family by this stage. As they moved to another country, it will still be difficult to adjust and the hardships they encounter can make refugees to miss their country.

| Benefits -

Although the living conditions are harsh refugees are protected from direct violence toward them and war (EUAA). It is found that chances of encountering another violence or harsh discrimination is much lower than in Afghanistan.

The community are not biased just because they are a minority in Afghanistan. Anti-Afghan discrimination would happen less Iran as the society is different from the Taliban forces.

They can adjust to the community relatively easily since the cultural differences are not that same as Iran and Afghanistan are bordering countries. They might have the same religion or even have similar language.

Refugees have another hope to go to a further country where they could start a completely new life. Iran is making refugees to prepare by protecting them for violence and helping the refugees to make their choice.

Financial support from the government can help the refugees to generate more income. (UNHCR)

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| Settlement Activity -

Most of the Afghanistan refugees’ dwell in satellite cities such as Van and Agri in Turkey -
Similarly, metropolitan city called Kayseri are home to a massive Afghan refugee population.
About 10000 Afghan refugees live in Kayseri.
(UNHCR)

- This is a physical settlement activity because the refugees changed the population and the density of the city. Additionally, refugees live in places where there are many populations to assimilate into the culture of Turkey. |

International Blue Crescent is an relief organization the helps the refugees around the world. Recently, the organization supported the Afghanistan refugees dwelling in Turkey and have dealt with problems they face. (IBC)

This is a physical and environmental settlement activity because the organization started to work in Turkey to help the refugees. It also means that a lot of population of refugees dwell in Turkey. The organization have changed the environment where the refugees settle.
| Environmental Impact -

One significant environmental impact in Turkey is the increased use of waste. The massive migration of the Afghanistan refugees might contribute to severe levels of pollution in Turkey. -(Crisis and Environment)

The Afghanistan refugee population affects the natural and built environment in the city of Turkey as the immigrants make their own cultural environment regarding new religion and languages on their jobs or shops. Refugees can sell the products of their culture in Turkey in those shops. Afghanistan refugees are changing a new environment in Turkey by bringing up their culture on Turkey's environement.

| Cultural Impact -

The long distance from Afghanistan to Turkey means a lot of cultural differences are happening to the refugees. Firstly, languages and religion are very different so both of the population need some time to adjust to their individual culture. (Social) -

Refugees  are planning to settle in Turkey forever, so they get sufficient financial support and work hard to gain financial wealth. The Turkey government provide some aid of financial support to protect and create an ideal living environment for the refugees. (European Commission)
(Economical)

As mentioned earlier, many afghanistan refugees are settling around the metropolitan cities in Turkey and actually increasing the population and assimilating their culture in those cities. (Demographic)

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Istanbul, Türkiye (Economic Impacts and Costs, Benefits)

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Istanbul, Türkiye (Economic Impacts and Costs, Benefits)

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| Choice -

Afghanistan refugees decided to migrate once again to Turkey. -

It is estimated that over 320000 Afghanistan refugees’ dwell in Turkey (Human Rights Watch)

Incentive(s):

The turkey government accepts the Afghanistan refugees and gives them financial support. The government make sure to save refugees of being repatriated, or in other words, forced to go back to Afghanistan. No discrimination on women or the social minority happens in Turkey.

Cost :
Danger when migrating to turkey -  Refugees either have to ride a boat while moving or have to cross the borders to go to Turkey. It will take a long time money to cross the borders and fulfill the requirements of the Turkey government. (Caravanistan)

Have to dwell in Turkey forever -   Afghanistan refugees need to permanently settle in Turkey when they move to there to have a stable job and house. Since Turkey is an ideal place for a living, there will be no other movement.  The refugees might miss their family members and Afghanistan a lot more when they was at Iran since there is a long distance.

Time to settle - Afghanistan refugees need a lot of time to settle in Turkey since there will be a lot of cultural and environmental changes from Iran.

A chance of discrimination-  As the afghanistan refugees are moving to a completely different continent they can face discrimination on race (Ahval).

Benefits:
No violence can occur to the refugees from the Taliban as Turkey and Afghanistan is far from way. It is for sure that they are getting protected forever.

Stable mental health as Turkey government protects the refugees and have a stable living with the financial support from the Turkey government.

It is very ideal to start a new life in Turkey for the Afghanistan refugees as they moved to a country that is very different from Iran.

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Afghan refugees struggling to reach Turkey through Iran

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Khorasan Razavi, Iran (Geological Impact)

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Khorasan Razavi, Iran (Geological Impact)

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| Settlement Activity -

Except for provinces Qom, Alborz, Tehran, the Afghan refugees in Iran are distributed into the 15 provinces of Iran. The Iran government is helping the refugees not only to survive but to thrive and financially support Afghan refugees. This is a physical settlement activity as a lot of economic sanctions and help is needed to help the majority of the refugees. Additionally it also describes the cultural settlement activity where the Afghanistan refugees can blend into a lot of regions in Iran. (EUAA)

The refugees can work basically in about 87 job types to prepare for financial comfort until the refugees decide to migrate further to Turkey. This is a cultural settlement activity because the refugees are having a wide range of jobs and assimilating into the culture of Iran lightly. (EUAA)

| Environmental Impact -

The wide range of support by Pakistan and Iran are actually harming the country’s environment as some refugees. It is also found that the afghanistan refugees are responsible for overgrazing and deforestation as the government provides the refugees with sufficient food and resources. (Relief Web)

According to The Guardian, there are Pakistan jails for Afghan refugees who are asylum seekers. There are massive number of prisons in Pakistan, and the environment that once had natural communal places changed to a prison. (Guardian)

| Cultural Impact -

The Afghanistan Refugees are mostly Islam which many citizens in and Iran both believe. The refugees are not culturally oppressed by the Iran government. Even though the religion can be different, the government does not force the refugees to follow the notions. (Historical +Demographic)

The country’s financial support makes Afghanistan refugees to find very stable jobs and thrives them. Refugees can get out of the shelter and even afford a new house and does not have to worry about hunger. This is an example of an economic impact (especially Iran government) that can spend money on refugees (EUAA).  -Demographic

One of the reasons why living conditions are difficult is because the language is not the same. There is obviously time needed to adjust to the society and speak the language of the country. However, neighboring countries speak the same language, so it enables Afghanistan refugees to quickly blend on the community. This is an example of a historical impact that that near countries can still speak the same or similar language even though long time have passed.
-(Social)

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Kabul, Afghanistan (Economic Choices and Incentives)

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Kabul, Afghanistan (Economic Choices and Incentives)

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Choice :

95 % of the Afghanistan refugees migrate to Iran and Pakistan. There are already 2milllion refugees in Iran and Pakistan (UNHCR).

During 1979 to 1992, 20% of the Afghanistan population fled the country to achieve freedom from violence that was happening. (UNHCR)

Incentive(s):

Afghanistan refugees want to escape from violence and persecution from the Taliban. they know that the life in Afghanistan would not be charming when they are a social minority or joining on an opposing cause.

In Afghanistan, all of the citizens have to follow the laws of the Taliban, or else people are prone to severe punishment. The refugees seek for basic human rights and their own privacy (Amnesty).

The Visa is very accessible for the afghanistan refugees when they decides to move to another country. Bordering countries such as Pakistan and Iran only need small amount of requirement to migrate (Financial Tribune).

Costs:

Explicit:  Refugees might have left their assets in Afghanistan. They have not brought all of their money and even left out family members.

It would be difficult to earn jobs to make for a living because of the Afghanistan war and the Taliban's takeover. The jobs that involved the need of women and other social minority could have disappeared.

Refugees are risking their lives when migrating to another country.

Implicit:
Refugees would miss their country and they go to other countries.

Mental health can be affected as living conditions are harsh as most of the refugees can live in refugee camps.

Refugees might have left their family and miss them.

Confusion of identity can occur for children or even adult refugees when they claimed the citizenship of another country.

Benefits:
Explicit:
Hope of earning new job opportunities when they migrate to another country; The refugees might not have a consistent job where they could create consistent income when working in Afghanistan; however, as they migrate to another country they can seek for chances for other jobs and can even generate more financial profits.

Refugees get supported by a lot of organizations like UNHCR when they need financial support. As they can only manage to bring small belongings, those financial help can support the refugees to make new choices.

Earning a new citizenship of a new country means that the refugees are completely liberated from the Afghanistan refugee crisis and can start a new life on a new country.

Implicit:

Refugees might forget the trauma of war and violence that they have went through when they was settling in Afghanistan. They will not have to encounter the terrible experiment again.

Laws and uncorrupted government gives mental safety to the refugees. It can actually boost the refugees' mental health that they are getting protected by the uncorrupted government.

It is very time-efficient to just move on to another country rather than pointlessly stuck at Afghanistan and obey to the policies of the Taliban.

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| Settlement Activity -       As Taliban began to take over the country again in 2021, the original Afghanistan government surrendered to Taliban. The precious weapons that the U.S. military have provided to the government became ultimately giving those to the Taliban. After Taliban had taken over Afghanistan, Taliban forces started to discriminate the social minority and even kill the opposing forces.  This is an obvious physical settlement activity because it  defines the military power of Taliban and the negative effects that they give to afghanistan citizens who are most likely to be the social minority and thus being the refugees (New York Times) . -

When the U.S. military entered Afghanistan (2001~2021), they massively supported the Northern Alliance who were barely grasping for last hope of resistance. The Northern alliance became powerful, and the majority of Taliban evacuated to Pakistan. A new country was created for 20 years until Taliban regained power. In this period, there was not that much Afghanistan refugees who moved to another countries as the social minority could have basic, equal human rights and privacy. However, after the taliban takeover the number of migrants rapidly increased. This is an example of a physical settlement activity where the number of the afghanistan refugees suddenly fluctuated before and after the U.S. military troops were sent to Afghanistan.

| Environmental Impact -

Because of the Afghanistan war, there was lack of irrigation in Afghanistan followed by the destruction of farmland both by the war and frequent floods. Not only those environments were destroyed by the war and natural disasters but also the jobs of people. Ultimately, Afghanistan suffered the lost of approximately 55% of the crops. It is also found that after the taliban take over "Afghanistan lost 1.85 hectares or tree cover and illegal wildlife hunting increased," which can be connected because of the Afghan war and the Taliban takeover. (Statesman)

Most recently, from 2021 when the U.S. army withdrew their forces in Afghanistan, Taliban started a military coup to gain full control of the government and killed the forces that resist Taliban. Estimated casualties of 47000 civilians and 73000 Afghan troops have been killed (United States Institute of Peace) Additionally, the civil war destroyed more than 665 houses of normal citizens. Currently, citizens are facing malnutrition hunger all over country.

Cultural Impact -

The Taliban is culturally from a region called Pashtun, which is an ethnic group that consists of approximately 36 % of the Afghanistan population (Statista). Pashtun is one of the bases that created the Taliban. Pashtun community follows the traditional lifestyle called the Pashtunwali that limits the women’s right severely and discriminates the minority. As the Taliban got control of the country about a year, all women began to wear hijab or chador according to the philosophies of Pashtunwali (Amnesty). -(Political) -

During 1996 to 2001, Taliban fought over Mujahedeen and gradually widened their power of Afghanistan. Two dramatic changes that happened during this period was oppressing women’s human rights and limiting Leisure activities such as sports, TV, music, and games (CFR). - (Social)-

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Chaos In Afghanistan As People Try To Flee The Taliban

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The refugees in Afghanistan are not a minority in the country but are normal citizens who were driven by a war during the armed internal conflict, which is also known as the Afghanistan War, from 2001 to 2021.

The Taliban forces and the allied troops led an attack to the Islamic Afghanistan government. Since then, war crimes and indiscrete massacre of citizens happened. However, the Taliban set social minorities according to their own cultural background that women’s rights should be limited and activities like sports are banned.

ACCORDING TO BBC, ESTIMATED NUMBER OF REFUGEES FROM AFGHANISTAN ARE OVER 2 MILLION EVERY YEAR.