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Resources are natural materials that humans can use. There are two types of resources

Renewable resources: Resources that are replenished fast after exploitation meaning that it is reusable and doesn’t run out quick like air, water, solar panels etc

Non renewable resources: Resources like energy, metallic and non-metallic. These resources take long to develop and can only be found in certain areas so it’s harder to have access to.

Energy resources: Energy we need to meet our demands. All energy comes from the Sun. Without the Sun, organisms wouldn’t exist.

The energy that animals and plants need to live are stord in dead plants and animals. They are covered by layers of sediments like clay. When the mud builts up and increases temperature slowly, the dead animals and plants get pushed down and the mud turns into rocks and metamorphoses  into oil, coal or natural gas.

Metallic resources: Metallic minerals like gold, copper, iron etc…

These are made with a few steps. First, Intrusion: The magma flows through faults to the Earth’s crust. Then the magma cools down and gets solidified. Then it gets crystallized and minerals like gold, platina, silver etc get formed. Metallic resources are harder to have access to because it only gets made in certain areas and there’s a limited amount so therefore it’s more expensive

Non-metallic resources: Resources like sand, gravel, clay etc…
These are cheaper than metallic resources because it doesn’t go through a complicated process to make and there is a lot of it.

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Many resources such as oil, gold and diamonds can be found in Africa. There are three cratons in Africa.

West African Craton : Scientist think that the volcanoes in the West African Craton disturbed the ice age with the carbon dioxide that spat out of the volcanoes defrosting the earth. During pangea, the craton was connected to south America. A piece of the craton can be found there too.

Central African Craton : The central African craton was also connected to South America. The basin of the Congo River can be found there. So the craton is Also called the Congo Basin

South African Craton: The South African craton is known for its kimberlite pipes which contain diamonds. Cratons float on the upper mantle of the Earth because it’s made out of old yet light rocks. Billions of years ago, magma went through the craton to the surface if the Earth. The magma was originally 150 km deep. This created kimberlite magmas. The diamonds get made in the magmas and crater pipes. These get crystallized by the pressure of carbon. The diamonds are stored in rocks and get to the Earths surface by erosion and weathering.

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China having relations with African and South American countries for resources 

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Angola's debts to China, a record of over $40 billion

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The UK's international institute Chatham House revealed that Angola is the African country that has borrowed the most from China in the last 20 years, to the tune of over $40 billion.

Experts in Luanda differ on the relevance or threats of these loans.

While some consider that this practice is bad for the country and others say not so much, there are those who claim that the news about debts to China only reveal jealousy of the West towards the Asian giant.

Financial Management university professor Eduardo Nkosi says it is normal for a country to incur debts, which is not a crime, but he warns that the problem lies in what is done with this money.

"The debts that Angola contracted with China were used for disposable infrastructures, such as the 11 de Novembro stadium and others that today are as they are, the Angolan roads practically no longer exist, a good part of this debt ended up in the private accounts of Angolan leaders who took it to enrich foreign economies and impoverished the Angolan economy," points out Nkosi, for whom one cannot blame the Chinese for the debt, because "it is the Angolan governing system, with the MPLA at its base, that should be held responsible.

The president of the Angolan Industrial Association (AIA), José Severino has a different opinion. For him "the big problem is that this debt is not being reduced. We continue to make projects with China, we need not continue to keep this debt at such a high level and it is not good for the country, it is not good for our economy and it is not good for the national business community."

The business leader calls for diversification of funding sources.

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Angola's debts to China, a record of over $40 billion

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The UK's international institute Chatham House revealed that Angola is the African country that has borrowed the most from China in the last 20 years, to the tune of over $40 billion. Experts in Luanda differ on the relevance or threats of these loans.

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Chinese-built Angolan city feels like a ghost town

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Chinese-built Angolan city feels like a ghost town

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This drawing i made explains horsts and grabens.
Angola used to be colonized by Portugal in the 17th century. Portugal took resources from angola and gave weapons and technology in return. Angola became dependent in 1975. But after that many civil wars broke out between the UNITA (supported by the US) and MPLA (supported by the Soviets). The main cause was unfair money distribution and self-enrichment by the elites. This slowed down the economic development of Angola. The MPLA had better weapons and owned oil fields. The UNITA owned diamonds and gold. They sold these diamonds to the West. These diamonds are called blood diamonds.
The Angola Model: A deal where China gets resources from Angola and in return China loans them money and constructs infrastructure. It’s actually an unfair deal because China gets more out of it than Angola.

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Geopolitical debate: Countries depending on other countries for Energy resources.

Climate change debate: Countries having to cause less Co2 to stop climate change

Sustainability debate: Having to be careful with using non-renewable resources because they might run out in the future like fossil fuels.

Demographic growth: The world becoming more overpopulated over the years. This means that there’s going to be more demand for resources like food, energy, water etc…

Economic Growth: Poor countries growing economically and people are starting to get richer and having more luxury demands that are not sustainable

Electrification: Transitioning from oil based to electricity based because it’s more sustainable.

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Congo, suffering poverty on resource-rich land

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Congo, suffering poverty on resource-rich land

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The copperbelt: A copper-rich area in the DRC and North Zambia. It has copper because of the South African Craton and Central African Craton colliding and deforming the sediments in between the two cratons. This created Copper, Cobalt and Uranium

The Congo Basin: One of the biggest rainforest in the world that is very valuable. It is also called the lung of the Earth because of its huge biodiversity. But the rainforest is being threatened because many resources can be found there so the rainforest is being destroyed for these resources.

The DRC is an unstable state with many ethnic conflicts fuelled by the revenues of resources. There are clashes with government-supported militias and militias supported by warlords. Because of this Congo is very undeveloped. China takes advantage of this and build roads in Congo and in return they get lots of land in Congo. This is called land grabbing.

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Nigeria used to be colonized by the British in the 19th and 20th century. They were more interested in the South spreading Christianity there so they were richer than the North where people were poor and Islamic traditions were still practice. In 1930 The Olibri oil field was discovered by British-Dutch company Shell in the Niger Delta. Later they started discovering more oil fields and also oil in continental shelfs: A continental plate covered by water. Today, about 20% of Nigeria lives in the Niger delta. It’s mostly inhabited by farmers and fishermen and population is quite young. But Nigerians usually don’t benefit from the resources in their country because the corrupt government sells them to other countries and keeps the momey for the rich elites of Nigeria. This is called the resource curse. Nigeria’s income depends on oil and there’s a high demand for that by other countries. This is called a mono-economy. Many LEDCS suffer from the core-periphery model, also nigeria. That means unequal relationships with LEDCS and MEDC’S.