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By opposing established power structures, elevating underrepresented voices, and fighting for social fairness, social movements have been crucial in fostering social change throughout history. These movements have developed over time in response to shifting social, economic, and political settings, adopting new methods, strategies, and objectives to address new social challenges.

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1. Goodwin, J., Jasper, J. M. (2014) The social movements reader: cases and concepts. 3rd edition. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Available: https://librarysearch.stir.ac.uk/permalink/44UST_INST/1t33jmq/alma991003378919706861 [Accessed: 29 April 2023]

2. Housego, M., Storey, N. R. (2012) The Women’s Suffrage Movement. Bloomsbury Publishing. Available: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fwrDCwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA1&ots=aYLizTohIy&dq=The%20Women's%20Suffrage%20Movement&lr&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q=The%20Women's%20Suffrage%20Movement&f=false [Accessed: 29 April 2023]

3. Tripathi, A., Tripathi, A (2014) Indian National Congress and the struggle for freedom : 1885-1947. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Available: https://librarysearch.stir.ac.uk/permalink/44UST_INST/1t33jmq/alma991003511319706861 [Accessed: 29 April 2023]

4. Hall, J. D. ( 2005) The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past. Journal of American History, 91 (4), pp. 1233–1263. Available: https://doi.org/10.2307/3660172 [Accessed: 29 April 2023]

5. Staggenborg, S. (2016) Social Movements. Oxford University Press. Available: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AqdBCgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&ots=ZeGa5z8Qg5&dq=What%20role%20have%20social%20movements%20played%20in%20promoting%20social%20change%20throughout%20history&lr&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=What%20role%20have%20social%20movements%20played%20in%20promoting%20social%20change%20throughout%20history&f=false [Accessed: 29 April 2023]

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Key point 1: Throughout history, social movements have played an essential role in driving social change ( Staggenborg, 2016).

Key point 2: Social movements have adapted to changing circumstances and adopted new approaches to address emerging social issues ( Goodwin and Jasper, 2014).

Key point 3: Examples of some of the most renowned and effective social movements in history include the Indian Independence Movement, the US Civil Rights Movement, and the Women's Suffrage Movement ( Staggenborg, 2016).

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1. The Women's Suffrage Movement campaigned for women's voting rights ( Housego and Storey, 2012).

2. The Indian Independence Movement that campaigned for India's liberation from British colonial control and resulted in the foundation of the independent Republic of India ( Tripathi and Tripathi, 2014).

3. The US Civil Rights Movement that began in the 1950s with the aim of ending racial discrimination and segregation against African Americans ( Hall, 2005)

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1. According to Staggenborg (2016), Social movements are crucial as they challenge power structures, promote marginalised voices, and advocate for justice.

Social movements that oppose the existing quo and fight for the rights of marginalised groups can be a powerful force for bringing about social change.

2. Social movements evolve to address emerging social issues, implementing new strategies, approaches, and goals in response to changing social, economic, and political circumstances ( Goodwin and Jasper, 2014)

Social movements are not fixed and can adjust to changing contexts. As social issues and challenges transform, social movements also transform. This adaptability is what enables social movements to be effective in driving social change throughout history.

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- Social movements
- Social change
- Labor movements
- Anti-war movement
- Environmental movements
- Digital activism

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1. Examine the historical context and contributions of social movements to social change.
2. Analyse how social movements have evolved over time and what their goals are.
3. Evaluate the effectiveness of social movements to promote social change.

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Essay question: What role have social movements played in promoting social change throughout history, and how have they evolved over time?

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Social Movements in Comparative Perspective | Political Science | MIT OpenCourseWare