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Periodontal Disease are usually mixed, but the main bacterias that causes this type of infections are:

Porphyromonas gingivalis

Treponema denticola

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Nearly 50 percent of all adults in the United States suffer from the gum disease, periodontitis. Of these 17 percent suffer from a more severe form of periodontitis that increases their risk of developing heart disease, diabetes, arthritis and complicating pregnancy.

In a new report published in the Journal of Immunology, University of Pennsylvania researchers report on a promising new target for periodontitis: a subset of the immune system called complement. Animal tests with a compound that inhibits this component of the immune response have been shown to successfully prevent the inflammation and bone loss associated with periodontitis, raising the prospect of developing a new therapy for treating humans with the disease.

Earlier work by the researchers revealed that the periodontal bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis hampers the ability of immune cells to clear infection, allowing P. gingivalis and other bacteria to flourish and inflame the gum tissue.

" P. gingivalis has many mechanisms to escape killing by the immune system, but getting rid of inflammation altogether is not good for them because they 'feed' off of it," says George Hajishengallis, a professor in the School of Dental Medicine's Department of Microbiology and lead author on the paper. "So P. gingivalis helps suppress the immune system in a way that creates a hospitable environment for the other bacteria."

The researchers wanted to find out which component of the complement system might be involved in contributing to and maintaining inflammation in the disease. Their experiments focused on the third component of complement, C3, which occupies a central position in signaling cascades that trigger inflammation and activation of the innate immune system.

The team found that mice bred to lack C3 had much less bone loss and inflammation in their gums several weeks after being infected with P. gingivalis compared to normal mice. C3-deficient mice were also protected from periodontitis in two additional models of disease: one in which a silk thread is tied around a tooth, promoting the build-up of microbes, and one in which the disease occurs naturally in aging mice, mimicking how the disease crops up in aging humans.

"Without the involvement of a different complement component, the C5a receptor, P. gingivalis can't colonize the gums," Hajishengallis said. "But without C3, the disease can't be sustained over the long term."

Building on this finding, the researchers tested a human drug that blocks C3 to see if they could reduce the signs of periodontal disease in monkeys, which, unlike mice, are responsive to the human drug. They found that the C3 inhibitor, a drug called Cp40 that was development for the treatment of the rare blood disease PNH and ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation, reduced inflammation and significantly protected the monkeys from bone loss.

"We think this drug offers a promising possibility for treating adults with periodontitis," Lambris said. "Blocking C3 locally in the mouth helps shift the balance of bacteria, producing an overall beneficial effect."

According to the researchers, this study represents the first time, to their knowledge, that anyone has demonstrated the involvement of complement in inflammatory bone loss in non-human primates, setting the stage for translation to human treatments.

The results, Hajishengallis said, "provide proof-of-concept that complement-targeted therapies can interfere with disease-promoting mechanisms."

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Promising New Approach for Gum Disease Treatment Identified - Nutrition Review

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Nearly 50 percent of all adults in the United States suffer from the gum disease, periodontitis. Of these 17 percent suffer from a more severe form of periodontitis that increases their risk of developing heart disease, diabetes, arthritis and complicating pregnancy.

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1.1 Other factors that can contribute to periodontal disease include:

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1.1 Other factors that can contribute to periodontal disease include:

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Genetics

Poor oral hygiene

A diet low in nutrients

Smoking or using smokeless tobacco

Drinking too much alcohol

Hormonal changes in the body

Autoimmune or systemic disease

Diabetes

Even certain medicines

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The pathogens of Periodontal Disease are anaerobic bacteria that colonize the periodontium and cause inflation.

Porphyromonas gingivalis:

Is a Gram-negative anaerobe bacteria.

Ferments amino acids for energy, which allows it to survive in periodontal pockets where sugar are scarce.

It can invade periodontal tissues and evade the host’s immune response.

Treponema denticola:

Is a Gram-negative.

Motile.

Flexible spirochete bacteria.

Grows best at temperature of 30-42°C and a pH of 6.5-8.0.

Can be reliably cultured and produces enzymes and end products that can cause an inflammatory response.

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The disease itself its not contagious. However, the bacteria that causes Periodontal disease can spread from person to person through saliva for example by:

Kissing

Sharing utensils

Drinking out of the same cup

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Cresce risco de câncer de boca associado ao vírus HPV em São Paulo, aponta estudo - THMais - Você por dentro de tudo

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Pesquisa recomenda monitoramento do impacto do câncer em homens e mulheres jovens, devido à tendência de aumento do número de novos casos

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Gums: May be red, swollen, tender, or bleed easily. They may also appear puffy, dark red, or dark purple.

Teeth: May be loose, sensitive, or painful when chewing. They may also shift position or wobble.

Breath: You may experience persistent bad breath.

Pus: You may experience pus between your teeth and gums, or a change in how your teeth fit together when you bite.

Toothbrush: Your toothbrush may look pink after brushing.

Spit: You may spit out blood when brushing or flossing.

Spaces: You may notice new spaces between your teeth that look like black triangles

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Periodontal Disease: Causes, Treatment, & Prevention

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Learn about the causes, prevention, and treatment of periodontal disease. Know the signs to watch for and the importance of early intervention.

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Gingipains: These proteases (enzymes that break down protein) directly degrade host tissue components like collagen, allowing the bacteria to invade deeper into the periodontal tissues and contribute significantly to tissue destruction.

Lipopolysaccharide: As a component of the bacterial cell wall, LPS triggers a strong inflammatory response in the host immune system, leading to tissue damage and bone loss when produced by periodontal pathogens like Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Fimbriae/Pili: These hair-like structures on the bacterial surface facilitate adhesion to host cells, enabling the bacteria to colonize the periodontal tissues more effectively.

Hemagglutinin: This bacterium produces hemagglutinins, which are adhesion molecules that help it attach to host cells.

Capsules: Porphyromonas gingivalis can produce a polysaccharide capsule, which prevent neutrophils and macrophages from phagocytosing them.

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs): Nanosized particles that come from the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria like Porphyromonas gingivalis, which cause bacteria to aggregate, and lead to the onset and progression of periodontitis.

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6. How is Periodontal Disease diagnosed:

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6. How is Periodontal Disease diagnosed:

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A dentist can diagnose periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, by:

Examining your gums: Looking for signs of inflammation, such as swelling, redness, or bleeding.

Measuring pockets: Using a dental probe to measure the depth of the pockets around your teeth. In a healthy mouth, pockets are usually 1–3 millimeters deep, while deeper pockets may indicate periodontal disease.

Taking X-rays: To check for bone loss in areas with deeper pockets. X-rays can also show how bone has changed over time.

Asking about your health history: To identify risk factors, such as smoking or diabetes

Checking for plaque and tartar buildup: Plaque buildup on the teeth can be a sign of periodontal disease.

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Evaluation of Folic Acid-Containing Mouthrinse and Chlorhexidine Mouthrinse as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing in Patients With Periodontal Disease

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Background: Periodontal disease is a host-mediated inflammation caused due to microbial challenge. Hence, mechanisms involving the control of host-associated mediators can be a potential target. The conventional nonsurgical periodontal treatment modality includes scaling and root planing (SRP), which is often combined with adjunctive chemical plaque control agents for effective disease control.

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The most effective treatment for periodontal disease is typically considered to be scaling and root planing, also known as a deep cleaning.

How does it work?

Removing plaque and tartar from below the gum line and smoothing the tooth roots to prevent further bacteria buildup; this is often used in combination with topical or oral antibiotics depending on the severity of the infection.

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7.1 Chemotherapeutic drug used in scaling and root planing (SRP)

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7.1 Chemotherapeutic drug used in scaling and root planing (SRP)

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In SRP they used ARESTIN

What it is: ARESTIN is an antibiotic that comes in powder form and is placed directly into infected gum pockets after SRP.

How it works: ARESTIN is a slow-release antibiotic that continues to fight bacteria for several weeks.

How it’s used: A dental professional applies ARESTIN during or after the SRP procedure. It doesn't require needles or anesthesia.

Effectiveness: Studies show that ARESTIN in combination with SRP is more effective than SRP alone at reducing pocket depth and improving the long- term prognosis of teeth.

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7.2 The treatment pharmacology for Periodontal Disease:

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7.2 The treatment pharmacology for Periodontal Disease:

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Includes a variety of medications and therapies, such as:

Antibiotics: These can be administered systemically or applied topically. Common antibiotics used to treat periodontal disease include amoxicillin, metronidazole, and extended-release doxycycline.

Antiseptics: These can be used as a treatment option if non-surgical therapy is unsuccessful.

Antiviral drugs: Antiviral drugs like valacyclovir can help reduce viral load and relieve pain and discomfort.

Anti-plaque agents: These are often delivered as mouthwashes

Local drug delivery: This can reduce the risk of adverse reactions and drug interactions

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Tooth loss

Gum abscesses

Receding gums

Bad breath

Painful chewing

Difficulty speaking

Systematic diseases, including:

Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease, Pregnancy complications, Respiratory disease, Stroke, Cancer

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Practice good oral hygiene

Visit the dentist regularly

Use mouthwash

Quit smoking

Get a Periodontal evaluation

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Prevalence: Periodontal disease is the most common oral disease, affecting up to 90% of the global population. In the United States, up to 80% of people have experienced periodontal disease in their life

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554590/#:~:text=The%20main%20bacteria%20found%20in,Treponema%20denticola%2C%20and%20Tannerella%20forsythia.

https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/gum-disease#:~:text=Periodontal%20(gum)%20disease%20is%20an,or%20need%20to%20be%20removed.

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-50123-5