# data[].attributes.body
Pest identification refers to the process of assessing and determining the type of insects that are considered pests and the damage they cause on plants. This process involves conducting a series of procedures to eradicate and or obtain balance with these insects that are damaging the ecosystem. Pest management is crucial for effective control and management as it makes it easy to know how to remove or control the pest damage if you know what type of insect pest it is.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Spodoptera Frugiperda.

2. Radopholus similis

3. Tuta Absoluta.

4. Helicoverpa Amigera.

5. Aphis gossypii.

6. Thrips tabaci.

7. Whiteflies tabaci

8. Planococcus spp.

9. Ceratitis cepitata.

10. Dysdercus spp

# data[].attributes.body
Cabi Digital Library.

The beat sheet(UK Department of Entomology)

Pest world.org (Bug and Insect identification)

Corteva™ FarmFundi from Corteva Agriscience.

Enviro-safe.co.za

w.w.w.researchgate.net.

repository.nwu.ac.za.

invasives.org.za

w.w.w.pestworld.org

Institute of Plant protection

Articles by : Roberto Carlos Loredo Varela

-József Fail

-Sehrish Gulzar

-Waqas Wakil

-David I. Shapiro-Ilan

# data[].attributes.body
Commonly known as the Fall Armyworm. It was first identified/found in South Africa in 2017.

This insect is classified as holometabolous, as it undergoes all developmental stages, namely, eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults.

Crop damage: Larvae feed on leaves and whorls (maize), causing defoliation and severe yield loss. It can attack many hosts, especially maize.

Management strategies: Regular scouting to check and assess the damage. Introduction of natural enemies like parasitoid wasps, which will attack the larvae reducing population without harming beneficial insects.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Damaged caused by Tuta Absoluta on tomato

# data[].attributes.body
Commonly known as the Tomato Leaf Miner. First discovered in Mpumalanga in 2016.

They undergo complete development; eggs- larvae- pupae and adult moths. Their population is dominant in soil or leaf mines.

Crop damage: The tomato leafminer poses a serious threat to crop production by burrowing into the leaves, stems, and unripe fruits of the plant. This internal feeding disrupts normal plant function and leads to tissue death, fruit decay, and often opens the door to opportunistic fungal infections. If not controlled early, it can destroy entire crops.

Management strategies: Effective control of the tomato leafminer relies on a well-rounded approach that combines several strategies. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) plays a central role, using tools like pheromone traps to monitor and disrupt mating, rotating crops to break the pest’s life cycle, and introducing natural predators such as Nesidiocoris tenuis to keep populations in check

# data[].attributes.body
This pest is also referred to as the African Bollworm. It is indigenous to Africa. Major pest of cotton, maize, tomatoes.

Life cycle: Undergoes complete metamorphosis. Consists of 2-5 generation per year. Eggs are laid in flowering parts of the plants.

Crop damage: Larvae feed on reproduction parts of the plants. Causes fruit drop, poor yield and unmarketable produce.

Management strategies: Manual scouting, pheromone traps. Biological control; parasitoids and predators. Chemical control with crop rotation to break the pest cycle.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Toppling of a banana tree by the Radopholus  similis

# data[].attributes.body
This pest is commonly known as the burrowing nematode. It affects various provinces especially bananas and citrus fruits. It is considered a major pest in tropical regions.

It completes its life cycle inside root tissue. Female lay eggs within sexual reproduction, and they hatch and migrate within or between the roots.

Crop damage: They cause toppling or blackhead symptoms in banana plants. This damage to the roots interferes with the absorption of water and nutrients, resulting in poor growth and eventual plant failure.

Management strategies: Managing burrowing nematodes effectively involves a combination of cultural, biological, and ecological strategies. One approach is to plant crop varieties that are naturally resistant to nematode infestation, which helps reduce their impact without relying heavily on chemical treatments. Rotating crops and allowing fields to lie fallow disrupts the nematode life cycle and lowers their population in the soil.

# data[].attributes.body
Commonly referred to as Aphids. It is a long-established pest in South Africa attacking mostly cotton and vegetables.

Life cycle: The life cycle of this pest is marked by its ability to reproduce quickly through parthenogenesis, allowing females to produce offspring without mating. This reproductive strategy enables the population to grow swiftly, resulting in several generations emerging within a single growing season and making infestations difficult to control if not addressed early.

Crop damage: This pest causes significant harm by feeding on the plant’s sap, which disrupts normal physiological processes and results in curled leaves, yellowing, and reduced growth. Beyond physical damage, it also acts as a vector for various plant viruses, further compromising crop health and productivity.

Management strategies: Managing aphid infestations effectively involves combining natural and chemical-free strategies. Encouraging beneficial insects like ladybirds and lacewings helps keep aphid populations in check through predation. Applying neem oil or insecticidal soaps offers a gentle yet effective way to disrupt their feeding and reproduction without harming the environment. Additionally, it's important to avoid excessive nitrogen fertilization, as lush, tender growth tends to attract more aphids and can worsen outbreaks.

# data[].attributes.body
This insect pest is also called or referred to as Thrips. Thrips are common across South Africa vegetables and flower crops.

Life cycle: This pest undergoes a complete metamorphosis, progressing through four distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Thanks to its rapid development, it can produce several generations within a single growing season, making it a persistent threat to crops throughout the year.

Crop damage: This pest inflicts damage by extracting sap from plant tissues, which disrupts normal growth and weakens the plant. In addition to physical harm, it serves as a carrier for destructive viruses such as Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. The feeding activity also leads to visible symptoms like silvering and blemishes on leaves and fruit, reducing both the health and market value of the crop.

Management strategies: Managing thrips effectively involves a combination of monitoring, biological control, and careful chemical use. Sticky traps and reflective mulches are useful for detecting and deterring infestations early, reducing the pest’s ability to settle on plants. Introducing natural enemies like predatory mites helps suppress thrips populations without harming beneficial organisms. To avoid resistance buildup, it's essential to rotate insecticides and avoid repeated use of the same active ingredients.

# data[].attributes.body
Can also be referred to as Whiteflies. It is a major pest in warm regions.

Life cycle: This pest follows a complete developmental cycle that begins with eggs and progresses through nymph and pupal stages before reaching adulthood. Its ability to reproduce rapidly allows for frequent and overlapping generations, making it a persistent challenge throughout the growing season.

Crop damage: This pest causes harm by extracting sap from plant tissues, which weakens the plant and disrupts its growth. As it feeds, it excretes a sugary substance called honeydew that encourages the growth of sooty mold, further reducing photosynthesis and crop quality. Additionally, it serves as a vector for various plant viruses, compounding the damage and posing a serious threat to overall plant health.

Management strategies: Managing whitefly infestations effectively involves a combination of monitoring, biological control, and gentle chemical treatments. Yellow sticky traps are useful for early detection and population reduction by attracting and capturing adult flies. Introducing natural enemies like Encarsia formosa, a parasitic wasp, helps suppress whitefly numbers biologically. Additionally, applying insecticidal oils and soaps can disrupt feeding and reproduction without harming beneficial organisms or the environment.

# data[].attributes.body
Red cotton stainer is common in cotton-growing regions.

Life cycle: This pest undergoes a simple metamorphosis, progressing from egg to nymph and then to adult. Both nymphs and adults are active feeders, targeting cotton bolls and causing direct damage to the developing fibers. Their feeding weakens the plant and reduces yield quality, making them a serious concern for cotton production.

Crop damage: This pest damages cotton by excreting waste that stains the lint, leaving visible blemishes that are difficult to remove. These stains not only diminish the aesthetic appeal of the fiber but also lower its overall quality, resulting in reduced market value and economic losses for producers.

Management strategies: Effective management of this pest involves integrating cultural, chemical, and biological strategies. Removing alternate host plants from nearby areas helps disrupt the pest’s life cycle and reduces breeding grounds. Applying insecticides during peak infestation periods can suppress populations quickly, but should be done judiciously to minimize resistance and environmental impact. Encouraging natural predators such as birds and spiders adds a sustainable layer of control, helping to keep pest numbers in check over the long term.

# data[].attributes.body
Fruit flies are native to Africa and are major pests in citrus and stone gruits.

Life cycle: This pest follows a complete life cycle that begins when eggs are deposited inside fruit. The emerging larvae feed internally before dropping to the soil to pupate. Once development is complete, adults emerge and repeat the cycle. Thanks to their rapid reproduction, several generations can occur within a single growing season, making timely management essential to prevent widespread infestation.

Crop damage: Fruit fly larvae cause internal damage by burrowing into fruit and feeding on the flesh, which leads to decay and spoilage. This not only reduces market quality but also triggers strict quarantine measures to prevent the pest’s spread, posing serious economic risks for growers and exporters.

Management strategies: Managing fruit fly populations effectively involves a combination of monitoring, biological control, and cultural practices. Bait stations and pheromone traps are essential tools for detecting and reducing adult populations by attracting and capturing them. The sterile insect technique, which involves releasing sterilized males into the environment, helps suppress reproduction and gradually lowers infestation levels. Additionally, timely harvesting and maintaining clean fields by removing infested or fallen fruit are crucial steps to prevent the pest from completing its life cycle and spreading further.

# data[].attributes.body
Mealybugs are mostly found in vineyards, citrus and ornamentals.

Life cycle: This pest develops through three main stages: egg, nymph, and adult. Throughout its life cycle, it remains relatively slow-moving and is protected by a waxy outer layer, which makes it more difficult to control using conventional methods. This coating also helps it resist environmental stress and some chemical treatments, contributing to its persistence on host plants.

Crop damage: This pest causes damage primarily by feeding on plant sap, which weakens the plant and results in stunted growth. As it feeds, it excretes honeydew—a sticky substance that promotes the development of sooty mold, further impairing photosynthesis and plant vigor. Additionally, it acts as a carrier for grapevine leafroll virus, compounding the threat to crop health and yield.

Management strategies: Managing mealybug infestations involves a mix of biological and cultural practices. Introducing natural predators like Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, commonly known as the mealybug destroyer, helps reduce populations effectively without chemical intervention. Regular pruning of infested plant parts prevents the spread and keeps the infestation localized. Additionally, applying horticultural oils can suffocate the pests and disrupt their development, offering a gentle yet effective treatment that preserves beneficial insects and overall plant health.