# data[].attributes.body
Dicrimination happen when a person abuse of another person on different forms like mentaly, physical, and online there are many types of discrimination and also it can only start if there are two peolpe that dont take care

# data[].attributes.body
Although laws protect stigmatized groups from overt forms of discrimination, there are no laws to protect against more subtle forms of bias—from the ways customers may negatively perceive companies that publicly advocate for Black Lives Matter to the rudeness an LGBTQ+ customer might experience in a store.

https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/10/exploring-discrimination

# data[].attributes.body
Discrimination – including harassment and victimisation – can happen in any area of work.

It can result from decisions made at work or from how people behave towards each other.

Discrimination might not always be obvious or noticed by others.

https://www.acas.org.uk/discrimination-and-the-law/how-and-when-discrimination-can-happen

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Discrimination - including harassment and victimisation - can happen in any area of work.

It can result from decisions made at work or from how people behave towards each other.

Discrimination might not always be obvious or noticed by others.

Decisions made at work

Discrimination can happen when employers and managers make decisions around things such as:

accessibility of the workplace and systems people need to use

dress codes

performance management

recruitment and promotion

redundancy and dismissals

sickness and absence

terms and conditions of employment - for example pay and benefits

training

ways of working - for example flexible working or hybrid working

working hours or rest breaks

workplace facilities - for example toilets, rest areas and canteens

work-related events - for example team-building days, conferences and work social events

How people behave at work

The way people behave at work can discriminate in different ways.

For example, discrimination might:

be a regular pattern of behaviour or a one-off incident

happen in the workplace, at work social events or when people are working remotely

happen face to face, on social media, in emails or phone calls

be spoken or written words, imagery, graffiti, gestures, jokes, pranks or unwanted physical behaviour

It might not always be someone's intention to discriminate or cause offence.

Who someone can experience discrimination from

Someone could experience discrimination from anyone they come into contact with because of their job. This includes:

someone they work with

a manager, supervisor or someone else in a position of authority

someone who's less senior, for example a manager being harassed by their workers

Someone could also experience discrimination from a third party, for example a customer, client or member of the public. An employer will not normally be liable for this under discrimination law. But they still have a duty of care to their workers and should take steps to protect them from discrimination. In sexual harassment law, employers must take steps to protect workers from third party harassment.

Discrimination is often directed at one person. But that's not always the case. Sometimes there can be a workplace culture that's not specifically aimed at one person. For example, making offensive comments about disabled people.

Discrimination from someone with the same protected characteristic

Discrimination can come from someone who shares the same protected characteristic.

For example, a Muslim business owner decides not to recruit a Muslim receptionist, even though they're the best qualified candidate. The business owner thinks recruiting someone else will create a better impression for non-Muslim clients. This is discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief, even though the business owner shares the same religion.

When discrimination might not be obvious

Sometimes discrimination is very obvious. For example:

making openly racist comments towards someone

telling someone they will not get a promotion because they're disabled

making fun of someone because they're gay

Other things are not always obvious and might not be noticed by other people. This can include:

unconscious bias - when someone's thoughts or decisions are influenced by beliefs or assumptions that they might not be aware of

stereotyping people - having a fixed view of what someone's like or what they can do based on a protected characteristic

microaggressions - small comments, questions or behaviours that are inappropriate or can cause offence, sometimes without the person who's doing it realising

This type of language or behaviour might not always be intended. But it can lead to someone feeling offended, unsafe or feeling like they do not belong. It can be very distressing.

Examples of stereotyping and microaggressions

Examples could include:

being surprised when a disabled person talks about their partner, children or hobbies - this suggests thinking someone who's disabled is somehow not able to live a 'normal' life

asking "where are you really from?" when someone says they're British - this suggests thinking they're not really British and do not belong here

What to do if you think discrimination is happening

Find out more about the different types of discrimination and what to do if you think they're happening at work:

direct discrimination - less favourable treatment directly because of a protected characteristic

indirect discrimination - when everyone's treated the same but people with a protected characteristic are put at a disadvantage

harassment - unwanted or offensive behaviour related to a protected characteristic

victimisation - negative treatment because someone makes or supports a discrimination claim

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How and when discrimination can happen - Discrimination at work

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Common situations when discrimination, harassment and victimisation can happen at work, including examples of when it might not be obvious.

# data[].attributes.body
Racial prejudices are caused by a negative attitude toward a social group or a person perceived to be a member of that group. Following Aguirre and Turner “prejudice is as the attitudinal and especially the affective biases that exist about members of groups other than those to which one belongs” (Aguirre and Turner 43).

https://ivypanda.com/essays/causes-of-discrimination-in-society/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Discrimination - including harassment and victimisation - can happen in any area of work.

It can result from decisions made at work or from how people behave towards each other.

Discrimination might not always be obvious or noticed by others.

Decisions made at work

Discrimination can happen when employers and managers make decisions around things such as:

accessibility of the workplace and systems people need to use

dress codes

performance management

recruitment and promotion

redundancy and dismissals

sickness and absence

terms and conditions of employment - for example pay and benefits

training

ways of working - for example flexible working or hybrid working

working hours or rest breaks

workplace facilities - for example toilets, rest areas and canteens

work-related events - for example team-building days, conferences and work social events

How people behave at work

The way people behave at work can discriminate in different ways.

For example, discrimination might:

be a regular pattern of behaviour or a one-off incident

happen in the workplace, at work social events or when people are working remotely

happen face to face, on social media, in emails or phone calls

be spoken or written words, imagery, graffiti, gestures, jokes, pranks or unwanted physical behaviour

It might not always be someone's intention to discriminate or cause offence.

Who someone can experience discrimination from

Someone could experience discrimination from anyone they come into contact with because of their job. This includes:

someone they work with

a manager, supervisor or someone else in a position of authority

someone who's less senior, for example a manager being harassed by their workers

Someone could also experience discrimination from a third party, for example a customer, client or member of the public. An employer will not normally be liable for this under discrimination law. But they still have a duty of care to their workers and should take steps to protect them from discrimination. In sexual harassment law, employers must take steps to protect workers from third party harassment.

Discrimination is often directed at one person. But that's not always the case. Sometimes there can be a workplace culture that's not specifically aimed at one person. For example, making offensive comments about disabled people.

Discrimination from someone with the same protected characteristic

Discrimination can come from someone who shares the same protected characteristic.

For example, a Muslim business owner decides not to recruit a Muslim receptionist, even though they're the best qualified candidate. The business owner thinks recruiting someone else will create a better impression for non-Muslim clients. This is discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief, even though the business owner shares the same religion.

When discrimination might not be obvious

Sometimes discrimination is very obvious. For example:

making openly racist comments towards someone

telling someone they will not get a promotion because they're disabled

making fun of someone because they're gay

Other things are not always obvious and might not be noticed by other people. This can include:

unconscious bias - when someone's thoughts or decisions are influenced by beliefs or assumptions that they might not be aware of

stereotyping people - having a fixed view of what someone's like or what they can do based on a protected characteristic

microaggressions - small comments, questions or behaviours that are inappropriate or can cause offence, sometimes without the person who's doing it realising

This type of language or behaviour might not always be intended. But it can lead to someone feeling offended, unsafe or feeling like they do not belong. It can be very distressing.

Examples of stereotyping and microaggressions

Examples could include:

being surprised when a disabled person talks about their partner, children or hobbies - this suggests thinking someone who's disabled is somehow not able to live a 'normal' life

asking "where are you really from?" when someone says they're British - this suggests thinking they're not really British and do not belong here

What to do if you think discrimination is happening

Find out more about the different types of discrimination and what to do if you think they're happening at work:

direct discrimination - less favourable treatment directly because of a protected characteristic

indirect discrimination - when everyone's treated the same but people with a protected characteristic are put at a disadvantage

harassment - unwanted or offensive behaviour related to a protected characteristic

victimisation - negative treatment because someone makes or supports a discrimination claim

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How and when discrimination can happen - Discrimination at work

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Common situations when discrimination, harassment and victimisation can happen at work, including examples of when it might not be obvious.

# data[].attributes.headline
(CAUSATION) (Joaquín) : Why discrimination happened?

# data[].attributes.subject
(CAUSATION) (Joaquín) : Why discrimination happened?

# data[].attributes.body
The impact of discrimination People's life is that it can affect people's mental Health and emotional health too. Some examples of consequences are : Depresion, low - self esteem, and Anxiety.

# data[].attributes.body
Human Rights are created to protect people from discrimination such us Religion, gender, beliefs, etc.

# data[].attributes.body
Discrimination strikes at the very heart of being human. It is harming someone’s rights simply because of who they are or what they believe. Discrimination is harmful and perpetuates inequality. We all have the right to be treated equally, regardless of our race, ethnicity, nationality, class, caste, religion, belief, gender, language, health or other status. Yet all too often we hear heartbreaking stories of people who suffer cruelty simply for belonging to a “different” group from those in positions of privilege or power. Discrimination occurs when a person is unable to enjoy his or her human rights or other legal rights on an equal basis with others because of an unjustified distinction made in policy, law or treatment.

https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/discrimination/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Overview

Discrimination strikes at the very heart of being human. It is harming someone's rights simply because of who they are or what they believe. Discrimination is harmful and perpetuates inequality.

We all have the right to be treated equally, regardless of our race, ethnicity, nationality, class, caste, religion, belief, sex, gender, language, sexual orientation, gender identity, sex characteristics, age, health or other status. Yet all too often we hear heartbreaking stories of people who suffer cruelty simply for belonging to a "different" group from those in positions of privilege or power.

Discrimination occurs when a person is unable to enjoy his or her human rights or other legal rights on an equal basis with others because of an unjustified distinction made in policy, law or treatment. Amnesty International's work is rooted in the principle of non-discrimination. Working with communities across the world, we challenge discriminatory laws and practices to ensure all people can enjoy their rights on an equal basis.

Previous Next

WHAT DRIVES DISCRIMINATION?

At the heart of all forms of discrimination is prejudice based on concepts of identity, and the need to identify with a certain group. This can lead to division, hatred and even the dehumanization of other people because they have a different identity.

In many parts of the world, the politics of blame and fear is on the rise. Intolerance, hatred and discrimination is causing an ever-widening rift in societies. The politics of fear is driving people apart as leaders peddle toxic rhetoric, blaming certain groups of people for social or economic problems.

Some governments try to reinforce their power and the status quo by openly justifying discrimination in the name of morality, religion or ideology. Discrimination can be cemented in national law, even when it breaks international law - for example, the criminalization of abortion which denies women, girls and pregnant people the health services only they need. Certain groups can even be viewed by the authorities as more likely to be criminal simply for who they are, such as being poor, indigenous or black.

SOME KEY FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION

Racial and ethnic discrimination

Racism affects virtually every country in the world. It systematically denies people their full human rights just because of their colour, race, ethnicity, descent (including caste) or national origin. Racism unchecked can fuel large-scale atrocities such as the 1994 genocide in Rwanda and more recently, apartheid and ethnic cleansing of the Rohingya people in Myanmar.

In India, members of the Dalit community are targeted, by members of dominant castes, for a range of human rights abuses. These crimes, which include gang rapes, killings and the destruction of their homes, often go uninvestigated by the police because of discriminatory attitudes which do not take crimes against Dalits seriously.

Amnesty International has also documented widespread discrimination faced by millions of Roma in Europe, including the threat of forced evictions, police harassment and the segregation of Roma children in school.

Discrimination against non-nationals, sometimes known as xenophobia

but discrimination against non-nationals is frequently based on racism or notions of superiority, and is often fuelled by politicians looking for scapegoats for social or economic problems in a country.

Since 2008, South Africa has experienced several outbreaks of violence against refugees, asylum seekers and migrants from other African countries, including killings, and looting or burning of shops and businesses. In some instances, the violence has been inflamed by the hate-filled rhetoric of politicians who have wrongly labelled foreign nationals "criminals" and accused them of burdening the health system.

Discrimination has also been a feature of the response of authorities to refugees and asylum seekers in other parts of the world. Many people in countries receiving refugees and asylum seekers view the situation as a crisis with leaders and politicians exploiting these fears by promising, and in some cases enacting, abusive and unlawful policies.

For example, Hungary passed a package of punitive laws in 2018, which target groups that the government has identified as supporting refugees and migrants. The authorities have also subjected refugees and asylum seekers to violent push-backs and ill-treatment and imposed arbitrary detention on those attempting to enter Hungarian territory.

We at Amnesty International disagree that it is a crisis of numbers. This is a crisis of solidarity. The causes that drive families and individuals to cross borders, and the short-sighted and unrealistic ways that politicians respond to them, are the problem.

Discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) people

Everywhere in the world, people face discrimination because of who they love, who they are attracted to and who they are. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) people risk being unfairly treated in all areas of their lives, whether it's in education, employment, housing or access to health care, and they may face harassment and violence.

Some countries punish people for their sexual orientation or their gender identity with jail or even death. For example, in October 2019, Uganda's Ethics and Integrity Minister announced that the government was planning to introduce the death penalty for consensual same-sex sexual acts.

In 2019, Amnesty International documented how gay and trans soldiers in South Korea face violence, harassment and pervasive discrimination due to the criminalization of consensual sex between men in the military; and examined the barriers to accessing gender-affirming treatments for transgender individuals in China. We also campaigned to allow Pride events to take place in countries such as Turkey, Lebanon and Ukraine.

It is extremely difficult, and in most cases, impossible for LGBTI people to live their lives freely and seek justice for abuses when the laws are not on their side. Even when they are, there is strong stigma and stereotyping of LGBTI identities that prevents them from living their lives as equal members of society or accessing rights and freedoms that are available to others. That's why LGBTI activists campaign relentlessly for their rights: whether it's to be free from discrimination to love who they want, have their gender legally recognized or to just be protected from the risk of assault and harassment.

See here for more information about Amnesty International's work on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex rights.

Learn more about what Amnesty is doing to defend LGBTI rights

Gender discrimination

In many countries, in all regions of the world, laws, policies, customs and beliefs exist that deny women and girls their rights.

By law, women cannot dress as they like (Saudi Arabia, Iran) or work at night (Madagascar) or take out a loan without their husband's signature (Equatorial Guinea). In many countries, discriminatory laws place limits on a woman's right to divorce, own property, exercise control over her own body and enjoy protection from harassment.

In the ongoing battle for justice, hundreds of thousands of women and girls take to the streets to claim their human rights and demand gender equality. In the USA, Europe and Japan, women protested against misogyny and abuse as part of the #MeToo marches. In Argentina, Ireland and Poland, women demonstrated to demand a stop to oppressive abortion laws. In Saudi Arabia, they called for an end to the driving ban, and in Iran, they demanded an end to forced hijab (veiling).

All over the world, women and girls have been at the forefront of demands for change.

Yet despite the stratospheric rise of women's activism, the stark reality remains that many governments around the world openly support policies, laws and customs that subjugate and suppress women.

Globally, 40% of women of childbearing age live in countries where abortion remains highly restricted or inaccessible in practice even when allowed by law, and some 225 million do not have access to modern contraception.

Research by Amnesty International confirmed that while social media platforms allow people to express themselves by debating, networking and sharing , companies and governments have failed to protect users from online abuse, prompting many women in particular to self-censor or leave platforms altogether.

However, social media has given more prominence in some parts of the world to women's calls for equality in the workplace, an issue highlighted in the calls to narrow the gender pay gap, currently standing at 23% globally. Women worldwide are not only paid less, on average, than men, but are more likely to do unpaid work and to work in informal, insecure and unskilled jobs. Much of this is due to social norms that consider women and their work to be of lower status.

Gender-based violence disproportionately affects women, yet it remains a human rights crisis that politicians continue to ignore.

Learn more about what Amnesty is doing to protect women's rights

Discrimination based on caste

Discrimination based on work and descent (also referred as caste discrimination) is widespread across Asia and Africa, affecting over 260 million people, including those in the diaspora. Owing to their birth identity, people from these communities are socially excluded, economically deprived and subjected to physical and psychological abuse. Discrimination based on work and descent is deeply rooted in society, it manifests itself in everyday lives, in individual perceptions to culture and customs, in social and economic structures, in education and employment, and in access to services, opportunities, resources and the market. Discrimination is perpetuated from generation to generation, and is in some cases deeply internalized, despite the existence in some countries of laws and affirmative action to tackle it. Amnesty International is committed to work in tandem with partners in advocating for the rights of communities affected on the basis of work and descent.

Discrimination based on disability

As many as 1 in 10 people around the world lives with a disability. Yet in many societies, people with disabilities must grapple with stigma, being ostracized and treated as objects of pity or fear.

Developing countries are home to about 80% of people with disabilities. The overwhelming majority of people with disabilities - 82%- live below the poverty line. Women with disabilities are two to three times more likely to encounter physical and sexual abuse than women without disabilities.

In Kazakhstan, current laws mean that thousands of people with psychosocial and intellectual disabilities have been declared "incapable" by law and put in the care of a guardian. Under this system they cannot exercise their rights and are not able to challenge the decision in court.

Amnesty International has also documented serious human rights abuses suffered by people with disabilities in Somalia, where they are at risk of forced marriage, rape and forced evictions.

We are told that we are not allowed to talk- but we still do. I still talk Gulzar Duishenova

THE SOLUTION: WHAT IS AMNESTY CALLING FOR?
Governments to:

Get rid of discriminatory laws and release anyone who is in prison because of them.

Protect everyone - whoever they are - from discrimination and violence.

Introduce laws and policies that promote inclusion and diversity in all aspects of society.

Take action to tackle the root causes of discrimination, including by challenging stereotypes and attitudes that underpin discrimination.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
What is discrimination? It strikes at the very heart of what it means to be human.

# data[].attributes.body
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.

https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
ERROR: The request could not be satisfied

# data[].attributes.body
Along with depression and anxiety, discrimination creates chronic stress, leading to increased risk for hypertension, heart disease, impaired brain functioning, accelerated aging and premature death. For some, everyday discrimination may emerge at different times in life. This can happen to people as they get older or when they become ill.

APA: Wang, M. (2025, March 28). The Conversation. ‘Everyday discrimination’ linked to increased anxiety and depression across all groups of Americans. APA:Wang, M. (2025, March 28). The Conversation. ‘Everyday discrimination’ linked to increased anxiety and depression across all groups of Americans.

APA:

# data[].attributes.body
Discrimination impacts health by inducing negative emotions and lowering self-control, which increases participation in unhealthy behaviors such as smoking,alcohol and substance use, reduced physical activity, and overeating. source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_impact_of_discrimination_on_health

# data[].attributes.body
According to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, to combat racism and discrimination, we must be proactively anti-racist.

This is a responsibility we all share. It is a problem that all of society must address. Combating discrimination requires daily action at all levels.

It is especially important to recognize that historical injustices have contributed to poverty, underdevelopment, marginalization, social exclusion, and instability, both for individuals and for countries.

Source:

https://press.un.org/en/2021/sgsm20637.doc.htm

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
When the public stands in solidarity with immigrants and marginalized groups, bullies lose their power. If you see someone being harassed or physically attacked, it is important to help if you can do so safely. Make your presence as a witness known. Make eye contact with the person being attacked and ask if they want support.

# data[].attributes.body
Source:

https://www.apa.org/topics/racism-bias-discrimination/types-stress

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
For many people, discrimination is an everyday reality. Discrimination is the unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, or sexual orientation.

Cite this

American Psychological Association. (2022, October 31). Discrimination: What it is and how to cope. https://www.apa.org/topics/racism-bias-discrimination/types-stress

What is discrimination?

Discrimination is the unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, or sexual orientation. That's the simple answer. But explaining why it happens is more complicated.

The human brain naturally puts things in categories to make sense of the world. Very young children quickly learn the difference between boys and girls, for instance. But the values we place on different categories are learned-from our parents, our peers, and the observations we make about how the world works. Often, discrimination stems from fear and misunderstanding.

Stress and health

Discrimination is a public health issue. Research has found that the experience of discrimination-when perceived as such-can lead to a cascade of stress-related emotional, physical, and behavioral changes. Stress evokes negative emotional responses, such as distress, sadness, and anger, and can often lead to an increase in behaviors that harm health, such as alcohol, tobacco, and other substance use, and a decrease in healthy activities, such as sleep and physical activity.

Discrimination can be damaging even if you haven't been the target of overt acts of bias. Regardless of your personal experiences, it can be stressful just being a member of a group that is often discriminated against, such as racial minorities or individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender.

The anticipation of discrimination creates its own chronic stress. People might even avoid situations where they expect they could be treated poorly, possibly missing out on educational and job opportunities.

Discrimination, big and small

Laws are in place to protect people from discrimination in housing and employment.

The Fair Housing Act prohibits discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of dwellings on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, familial status, and disability.

The Civil Rights Act, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, and the Americans with Disabilities Act prohibit discrimination in employment on the basis of race, color, sex, ethnic origin, age, and disabilities.

Unfortunately, discrimination still occurs.

Yet experts say that smaller, less obvious examples of day-to-day discrimination-receiving poorer service at stores or restaurants, being treated with less courtesy and respect, or being treated as less intelligent or less trustworthy-may be more common than major discrimination. Such day-to-day discrimination frequently comes in the form of "microaggressions" such as snubs, slights, and misguided comments that suggest a person doesn't belong or invalidates his or her experiences.

Though microaggressions are often subtle, they can be just as harmful to health and well-being as more overt episodes of major bias. People on the receiving end of day-to-day discrimination often feel they're in a state of constant vigilance, on the lookout for being a target of discrimination. That heightened watchfulness is a recipe for chronic stress.

Dealing with discrimination

Finding healthy ways to deal with discrimination is important, for your physical health and your mental well-being.

Focus on your strengths. Focusing on your core values, beliefs, and perceived strengths can motivate people to succeed, and may even buffer the negative effects of bias. Overcoming hardship can also make people more resilient and better able to face future challenges.

Seek support systems. One problem with discrimination is that people can internalize others' negative beliefs, even when they're false. You may start to believe you're not good enough. But family and friends can remind you of your worth and help you reframe those faulty beliefs.

Family and friends can also help counteract the toll that microaggressions and other examples of daily discrimination can take. In a world that regularly invalidates your experiences and feelings, members of your support network can reassure you that you're not imagining those experiences of discrimination. Still, it's sometimes painful to talk about discrimination. It can be helpful to ask friends and family how they handle such events.

Your family and friends can also be helpful if you feel you've been the victim of discrimination in areas such as housing, employment, or education. Often, people don't report such experiences to agencies or supervisors. One reason for that lack of reporting is that people often doubt themselves: Was I actually discriminated against, or am I being oversensitive? Will I be judged negatively if I push the issue? Your support network can provide a reality check and a sounding board to help you decide if your claims are valid and worth pursuing.

Get involved. Support doesn't have to come from people in your family or circle of friends. You can get involved with like-minded groups and organizations, whether locally or online. It can help to know there are other people who have had similar experiences to yours. And connecting with those people might help you figure out how to address situations and respond to experiences of discrimination in ways you haven't thought of.

Help yourself think clearly. Being the target of discrimination can stir up a lot of strong emotions including anger, sadness, and embarrassment. Such experiences often trigger a physiological response, too; they can increase your blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature.

Try to check in with your body before reacting. Slow your breathing or use other relaxation exercises to calm your body's stress response. Then you'll be able to think more clearly about how you want to respond.

Don't dwell. When you've experienced discrimination, it can be really hard to just shake it off. People often get stuck on episodes of discrimination, in part because they're not sure how to handle those experiences. You might want to speak out or complain, but you're not sure how to go about it, or are afraid of the backlash. So instead, you end up ruminating, or thinking over and over about what you should have done.

In a calmer moment, it might be helpful to talk over the ways you can cope with similar experiences in the future. Try to come up with a plan for how you might respond or what you could do differently next time. Once you've determined how to respond, try to leave the incident behind you as you go on with your day.

Seek professional help. Discrimination is difficult to deal with, and is often associated with symptoms of depression. Psychologists are experts in helping people manage symptoms of stress and depression, and can help you find healthy ways to cope. You can find a psychologist in your area by using APA's Psychologist Locator Service.

Discrimination resources

If you have questions about policies or concerns about discrimination in your workplace, the human resource department is often a good place to start. To learn more about discrimination in housing and employment, or to file a complaint, visit:

Recommended Reading

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Discrimination: What it is and how to cope

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
For many people, discrimination is an everyday reality. Discrimination is the unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age, or sexual orientation.

# data[].attributes.body
Some people want to stop discrimination. Also, there are actions that are helping people to stop discrimination, racism, sexual orientation and religion are types of discrimination. So, there are some solutions to stop this issue on the world, for example: for racism, we would do like a club or videos about to stop discrimination (or a digital or physical way to stop discrimination), so, that's a example of a solution that we can think about stop discrimination (or a option). We should resolve discrimination becasue it causes chaos in the world, it would cause a impact on the world.

source: https://www.unicefusa.org/stories/5-ways-fight-hate-and-discrimination

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Pulitzer Prize-winning restaurant critic Jonathan Gold, best known for extolling the virtues of nomadic taco trucks and under-the-radar noodle shops in his native Los Angeles, once said that he wrote "to try to get people less afraid of their neighbors."

As horrifying scenes of the Oct. 7 attack on Israel and the relentless bombing of the Gaza Strip that followed continue to dominate the news, incidents of antisemitism, Islamophobia and anti-Arab racism have surged in the U.S., leaving parents across the country struggling to calm their children's fears and answer their questions - and to remind them that every person, everywhere, has the right to feel safe and respected.

Hate crimes start with hate speech, which often thrives in times of crisis. In the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, Jonathan Mok, a college student from Singapore, reported being punched and kicked on the street in London. His attackers, he told the BBC, shouted, "We don't want your coronavirus in our country." Mok posted photos of his injured face on social media, writing, "Racism is not stupidity - racism is hate. Racists constantly find excuses to expound their hatred."

Racism is not stupidity - racism is hate. Racists constantly find excuses to expound their hatred.

A special report published in 2022 by the U.S. Department of Justice noted that in 2020, the first year of the pandemic, hate crimes rose to their highest level in 12 years, with a spike in crimes and incidents against Asian American, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (AAPI) communities. In 2021, Black Lives Matter, the global racial justice movement, was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize for its struggle against racism and racially motivated violence. "BLM's call for systemic change has spread around the world, forcing other countries to grapple with racism within their own societies," Norwegian MP Petter Eide wrote in his nominating statement. Meanwhile, migrants and refugees - some literally running for their lives - continue to be met with suspicion and hostility.

Gold saw food as one way to bridge the divide between people from different ethnic backgrounds. Learning about other cultures emphasizes the fact that we are all people and sends the message that racism and xenophobia will not be tolerated in a civil society. It is our job, as people, as parents, as citizens of the world, to combat hate and discrimination wherever we can. Here are five ways:

1. Celebrate other cultures

Show your support for diverse ethnic groups in your community by attending, promoting or helping fund events run by local organizations and houses of worship that bring people together: festivals, film series, guest lectures, language classes and celebrations. Bring your children.

Recognize cultural diversity and inclusion by supporting local businesses run by immigrants. Try foods and recipes from a range of culinary traditions. Watch films from other countries with your kids and read them stories that celebrate diversity.

2. Call out bigotry and hate speech

Stigmatization is cruel and unproductive. There has been a disturbing increase in hate speech among Americans and Europeans in recent years, often blaming immigrant and minority groups for the difficulties of their own countries. If you overhear someone tell a racist joke, speak up and let them know stereotyping isn't harmless. Let your children know they should feel free do the same. There's nothing funny about using "humor" to normalize dangerous ideas and perpetuate ugly stereotypes.

If you see something in news reports or on social media that reflects prejudice, write a letter to the editor or leave a comment to let others know that intolerant remarks are unkind and uncalled for.

3. Teach children kindness and how to talk about differences

Prejudice and hate are not innate. They are learned behaviors - and they can be unlearned. Children absorb biases from the adults around them, and from the media, books and their peers. So set a good example. The process of countering negatives with positives begins at an early age. Talking about differences does not increase prejudice in children.

4. Act in solidarity - and intervene if it's safe to do so

When the public stands in solidarity with immigrants and marginalized groups, bullies lose their power. If you see someone being harassed or physically attacked, it is important to help if you can do so safely. Make your presence as a witness known. Make eye contact with the person being attacked and ask if they want support. Don't escalate the situation. Verbal and physical abuse is wrong and should not be tolerated.

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services also has resources and guidance on how to safely take action.

5. Support human rights organizations like UNICEF

UNICEF has highlighted and advocated tirelessly for children's rights around the globe for more than 75 years and knows that children need to be seen as children, first and foremost. It's more important than ever that we all remain in solidarity with one another. Human rights are a collective promise made by all countries of the world, including those in distress. Children from all ethnic backgrounds - especially children who have been uprooted by violence, war and poverty - need our support, wherever they are. Every child deserves to be treated with humanity, and to grow up in a safe and healthy environment.
Please support UNICEF's work to save and protect children around the world. Please Donate

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Intolerance and hate crimes are on the rise in the U.S. and beyond. Now is the time to take action.

# data[].attributes.body
Each type of discrimination have it's own consequence, for example: the discrimination of religion can cause a war (or political problem). Also, each type discrimination have it's cause, one example about a cause of type of discrimination are: unequality, that causes gender discrimination and racism (that is a type of discrimination). Basically, each reason that causes discrimination is something that happens everyday, with friends, groups, clubs and more. Discrimination usually are in everywere, also in discussions or some moments when we discriminate accidentally other people. Also, it happens in every situation that includes fights, discussions, debates and more situations.

Source: https://aithor.com/essay-examples/discrimination-causes-effects-and-types-essay

# data[].attributes.body
The factors that take us to conflicts are mainly the ambition to obtain resources in a bad way, the disrespect to different cultural, religion and political beliefs, and the power that takes us to corruption

# data[].attributes.body
It is our job, as citizens of the world, to combat hate and discrimination wherever we can. Here are five ways:

1. Celebrate other cultures.

2. Call out bigotry and hate speech

3. Teach children kindness and how to talk about differences

4. Act in solidarity.

5. Support human rights organizations

Source: https://www.unicefusa.org/stories/5-ways-fight-hate-and-discriminationc

# data[].attributes.body
Discrimination can have serious negative effects on someone’s mental health and wellbeing. It has been linked with trauma, depression, anxiety and low self-esteem, and significantly impacts overall quality of life. Research has found that experiencing discrimination can lead to social isolation, financial hardship, loss of confidence, and even suicidal thoughts.  Source: https://www.stophateuk.org/2023/08/30/the-impact-of-hate-crime-and-discrimination-on-mental-health/#:~:text=It%20has%20been%20linked%20with,confidence%2C%20and%20even%20suicidal%20thoughts.

# data[].attributes.body
Discrimination, in all its forms and expressions, is one of the most common forms of human rights violations and abuses. It affects millions of people daily and is one of the most difficult to recognize. Discrimination and intolerance are closely related concepts. Intolerance is the lack of respect for practices or beliefs different from one's own. It also involves the rejection of people we perceive as different, for example, members of a social or ethnic group different from our own, or people with a political orientation. Intolerance can manifest itself in a wide range of actions, from evasion, through hate speech, to physical harm or even murder.

https://www.coe.int/en/web/compass/discrimination-and-intolerance

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Discrimination and intolerance

What are discrimination and intolerance?

Discrimination - in all its possible forms and expressions - is one of the most common forms of human rights violations and abuse. It affects millions of people everyday and it is one of the most difficult to recognise. Discrimination and intolerance are closely related concepts. Intolerance is a lack of respect for practices or beliefs other than one's own. It also involves the rejection of people whom we perceive as different, for example members of a social or ethnic group other than ours, or people who are different in political or sexual orientation. Intolerance can manifest itself in a wide range of actions from avoidance through hate speech to physical injury or even murder.

Discrimination occurs when people are treated less favourably than other people are in a comparable situation only because they belong, or are perceived to belong to a certain group or category of people. People may be discriminated against because of their age, disability, ethnicity, origin, political belief, race, religion, sex or gender, sexual orientation, language, culture and on many other grounds. Discrimination, which is often the result of prejudices people hold, makes people powerless, impedes them from becoming active citizens, restricts them from developing their skills and, in many situations, from accessing work, health services, education or accommodation.

Discrimination has direct consequences on those people and groups being discriminated against, but it has also indirect and deep consequences on society as a whole. A society where discrimination is allowed or tolerated is a society where people are deprived from freely exercising their full potential for themselves and for society.

This section describes different faces of discrimination, the way it affects human rights, as well as the measures and initiatives that are underway or should be introduced to counter intolerance and discrimination and to contribute to a culture of peace and human rights. Some of the most pervasive forms of discrimination, such as discrimination based on disability, gender or religion, are also presented in more detail in other sections of this chapter.

The principles of equality and non-discrimination are laid down in the UDHR: "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights" (Article 1). This concept of equality in dignity and rights is embedded in contemporary democracy, so states are obliged to protect various minorities and vulnerable groups from unequal treatment. Article 2 enshrines freedom from discrimination: "Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind".

The Council of Europe member states are also committed to non-discrimination in Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights. This article only gives protection from discrimination in relation to the enjoyment of the other rights set forth in the convention. Protocol 12 to the ECHR was drawn up to provide a stronger, free-standing right to equality and a general prohibition of discrimination: "The enjoyment of any right set forth by law shall be secured without discrimination on any ground..." Thus, this protocol broadens the scope of the ECHR as it covers discrimination in any legal right, even when that right is not specifically covered by the convention.

Question: Has your country ratified Protocol 12 to the ECHR?

Direct and indirect discrimination

Discrimination may be practised in a direct or indirect way. Direct discrimination is characterised by the intent to discriminate against a person or a group, for example when an employment office rejects Roma job applicants or a housing company does not lend flats to immigrants. Indirect discrimination occurs when an apparently neutral provision, criterion or practice de facto puts representatives of a particular group at a disadvantage compared with others. Examples may range from a minimum height criterion for fire-fighters (which may exclude many more female than male applicants) to the department store which does not hire people who cover their heads. These rules, apparently neutral in their language, may in fact disproportionately disadvantage members of certain social groups. Both direct and indirect discrimination are forbidden under the human rights instruments; Indirect discrimination is often more pervasive and difficult to prove than direct discrimination.

Question: Have you ever felt discriminated against?

Structural discrimination

Structural discrimination is based on the very way in which our society is organised. The system itself disadvantages certain groups of people. Structural discrimination works through norms, routines, patterns of attitudes and behaviour that create obstacles in achieving real equality or equal opportunities. Structural discrimination often manifests itself as institutional bias, mechanisms that consistently err in favour of one group and discriminate against another or others. These are cases when the resulting discrimination is clearly not rooted in an individual's conviction regarding a person or a group of people, but in institutional structures, be they legal, organisational, and so on. The challenge of structural discrimination is to make it visible, as we often grow up with it being self-evident and unquestioned.

The existence of structural discrimination leaves states with the challenge of adopting policies that look not only at the legal framework but at other incentives as well, taking into account patterns of behaviour and how different institutions operate. Human rights education may be one of the responses to this problem.

Affirmative action

In some cases a preferential or positive treatment of people belonging to certain groups may be applied as an attempt to alleviate or redress the harms caused by structural discriminations. Affirmative action, sometimes called "positive discrimination", may not only be allowed but even welcomed in order to counter inequality. For example, economic differences between rural and urban areas may lead to a different level of access to services. This may result in inequality unless special efforts are taken to counterbalance the effects of the original economic imbalance. In such cases the preferential treatment is necessary to secure effective equality rather than causing inequality.

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination stipulates that affirmative action programmes may be required of countries that have ratified the convention, in order to rectify systematic discrimination. Such measures, however, "shall in no case entail as a consequence the maintenance of unequal or separate rights for different racial groups after the objectives for which they were taken have been achieved".

Multiple discrimination

Each one of us belongs to or identifies with several social groups. When dealing with any particular disadvantaged social group, it is important to be aware of the internal heterogeneity of the group and the potential for multiple grounds of discrimination. These multiple identifications not only mean more possibilities of discrimination, but can also come from several directions: for example, a lesbian Roma woman might be subject to multiple discrimination by heterosexual non-Roma; at the same time she can be subject to homophobia within the Roma community and subject to racism within the LGBT community. In most cases multiple discrimination occurs to so-called visible minorities, women and people with disabilities.

Majorities and minorities

Discrimination is usually exerted by majorities upon minorities, even though discrimination from minorities also exists. Being in the majority is a static or a dynamic situation, depending on many factors. When we are on the winning side in a democratic election, we are in the majority as a result of our convictions, a decision, or, for example, the outcome of a vote. If our convictions change, or the party we support loses the next election, our majority status is no longer valid. There are more static positions of majority and minority, when one or several aspects of our identity (nationality, religion, sexual orientation, gender, lifestyle, disability) are representative of a group that constitutes less (usually much less) than 50% of the whole of the population of a given geographical unit.

Democracies are vulnerable to the "tyranny of majority": a situation in which the majority rule is so oppressive that it completely disregards the needs and wants of members of minorities. The human rights framework not only protects citizens from the oppression of an individual or a small group of individuals, but is also a means of protection for minorities against the majority.

Question: Can you think of someone who may never experience discrimination?

The role of stereotypes and prejudices

A stereotype is a generalised belief or opinion about a particular group of people, for example, that entrepreneurs are ambitious, public servants are humourless, or that women have long hair and wear skirts. The main function of stereotypes is to simplify reality. Stereotypes are usually based either on some kind of personal experience or on impressions that we have acquired during early childhood socialisation from adults surrounding us at home, in school or through mass media, which then become generalised to take in all the people who could possibly be linked.

A prejudice is a judgment, usually negative, we make about another person or other people without really knowing them. Just like stereotypes, prejudices are learned as part of our socialisation process. One difference between a stereotype and a prejudice is that when enough information is available about an individual or a particular situation, we do away with our stereotypes. Prejudice rather works like a screen through which we perceive any given piece of reality: thus, information alone usually is not enough to get rid of a prejudice, as prejudices alter our perceptions of reality; we will process information that confirms our prejudice and fail to notice or "forget" anything that is in opposition. Prejudices are, therefore, very difficult to overcome; if contradicted by facts, we'd rather deny the facts than question the prejudice ("but he's not a real Christian"; "she is an exception").

Discrimination and intolerance are often based on or justified by prejudice and stereotyping of people and social groups, consciously or unconsciously; they are an expression of prejudice in practice. Structural discrimination is the result of perpetuated forms of prejudice.

Forms of intolerance and discrimination

Xenophobia

The Oxford English Dictionary defines xenophobia as "a morbid fear of foreigners or foreign countries". In other words, it means an irrational aversion to strangers or foreigners; it is irrational because it is not necessarily based on any direct concrete experiences of threat posed by foreigners. Xenophobia is a prejudice related to the false notion that people from other countries, groups, cultures, or speaking other languages are a threat.
Xenophobia is closely related to racism: the more "different" the other is perceived, the stronger the fears and negative feelings tend to be. Xenophobia is one of the most common forms of and grounds for discrimination and it is for this that it is a challenge to human rights.

Question: Who are the targets of xenophobia in your society?

Racism

Some prejudices may transform into ideologies and feed hatred. One such ideology is racism. Racism involves discriminatory or abusive behaviour towards people because of their imagined "inferiority". There has been wide-spread belief that there are human races within the human species, distinguishable on the basis of physical differences. Scientific research shows, however, that "human populations are not unambiguous, clearly demarcated, biologically distinct groups", and that race is an imagined entity or social construct. All humans belong to the same species and, therefore, it makes no sense to talk of "races".

The impact of racist ideologies has been devastating to humanity; it has justified slavery, colonialism, apartheid, forced sterilisations and annihilations of peoples. It has been the basis of the Nazi ideologies and of the programmes to exterminate Jews and other "inferior peoples".

Unfortunately, racism continues to be present in contemporary European societies and politics. Although race is no longer accepted as a biological category and only few people believe now in "superior races" with an inherent right to exercise power over those considered "inferior", the impact of racism lingers on and takes on different forms, such as cultural racism or ethnocentrism, the belief that some cultures, usually their own, are superior or that other cultures, traditions, customs and histories are incompatible with theirs.

International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

21 March commemorates the Sharpeville massacre in 1960, when the police opened fire and killed 69 people at a peaceful demonstration against the apartheid laws in Sharpeville, South Africa.
UNITED for Intercultural Action, a European network against nationalism, racism, fascism and in support of migrants and refugees, co-ordinates a European-wide action week around this date to promote tolerance and equal rights, and to celebrate diversity in Europe.

The widespread practices of deportation and unequal treatment of migrants, as well as the structural discrimination against certain ethnic minorities such as Roma by many governments, nourishes xenophobia and latent racist feelings. Hate-motivated crimes that are supported by racist ideology are regularly in the news in many of the Council of Europe member states.

Question: Can you point out any recent cases of racist violence in your country?

Antisemitism

Antisemitism can be defined as "hostility towards Jews as a religious or minority group often accompanied by social, economic, and political discrimination". Antisemitism has been widespread in European history up to the present. By the end of the 19th century, Jewish communities in Russia had regularly became victims of pogroms, which were organised systematic discriminatory acts of violence against Jewish communities by the local population, often with the passive consent or active participation of law enforcement, encouraged by the antisemitic policies of governments. Attacks on Jewish communities were also common in other European countries, including among others France and Austria.

The rise of Fascism in the first part of the 20th century brought further hardship for many Jews in Europe, as antisemitism became part of the racist ideologies in power. This is true for Fascist regimes and parties that collaborated directly or indirectly with the German Nazi regime during the Holocaust, but it had also an influence in other societies and systems that were influenced by racist ideologies.
During the Holocaust, perpetrated by Nazi Germany and its allies in the Second World War, known also as the Shoah (a Hebrew word meaning desolation), an estimated 6 million Jews were systematically exterminated for no other reason than that they were Jews.

With the success of the Bolshevik Revolution, pogroms ceased in the Soviet Union but antisemitism continued in different forms, including forced displacements, confiscation of property and show trials. Under communist regimes, antisemitism was often also disguised under official "anti-Zionist" policies.

Today, antisemitism remains widespread in Europe, even if in some cases it is harder for the public to identify or to admit. In recent years, Jewish cemeteries have been desecrated, Jews are regular targets of hate speech and they are sometimes physically attacked. Research regularly indicates ongoing high levels of antisemitism among mainstream European societies, accompanied by sporadic rises.
As the European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) pointed out, it is an alarming trend in Europe, that despite all efforts antisemitism "continues to be promoted, openly or in a coded manner, by certain political parties and leaders, including not only extremist parties, but also certain mainstream parties", and in many cases there is tolerance or even acceptance of these agendas by certain segments of the population.

Question: What happened to Jewish people in your country during the Second World War?

Young people working against antisemitism

Movement against Intolerance (Spain)
High School students repainted parts of Picasso's "Guernica" and reassembled them on a big wall in a public action to show that the fatal realities of the past are present here and now. During this process the symbols used in the painting and its relation to the Holocaust and the "Kristallnacht Pogrom" were explained to the audience.

Holocaust Centre and Foundation (Russia): International contests "Holocaust lessons - a way to Tolerance"
Since 2002 this centre has run memorial programmes and international educational activities about tolerance and the Holocaust, including an annual contest for students and teachers from Russia, other European and CIS countries, Israel and the USA.

The Resolution 1563 (2007) of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe urges the member states to criminalise and/or implement such legislation which condemns antisemitism, including, but not limited to Holocaust denial, whether it is committed by individuals, groups or even political parties.

The Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) of the European Union publishes overviews of the situation of antisemitism in its member states. In their 2010 update on antisemitism in the EU, the Agency noted that "most Member States do not have official or even unofficial data and statistics on antisemitic incidents". The Agency has recognised the importance of Holocaust education as a means of addressing antisemitism, and over the years has initiated and participated in several joint projects in this area.

Discrimination against Roma people:
Romaphobia and Antigypsyism

The name Roma or Romani is a collective title for a very diverse ethnic group of people who self-identify as members of various sub-groups based for example on current or past geographical location, dialect, and occupation. There are approximately 10 million Roma in Europe. A few groups live as travellers with no permanent home, but the majority is now living under sedentary conditions: there are urbanised Roma groups as well as many living in more or less segregated neighbourhoods or sections of smaller towns or villages. Roma are present in virtually all European countries.

Discrimination against Roma is deep rooted and a common reality all over Europe. As the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights pointed out, there are alarming trends throughout Europe, strongly resembling Nazi ideology and reasoning in relation to Roma, such as fears for safety and public health. Rhetoric criminalising the whole Roma population is also very common throughout the member states.
As Roma are more likely to be discriminated against, the Roma population is disproportionately vulnerable to armed conflicts, natural catastrophes or economic crises. In many countries, Roma have been victims of violent racist groups (in Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Romania, and so on), resulting in murders. Roma were caught in the crossfire of the armed conflicts in former Yugoslavia; Roma neighbourhoods and villages are often segregated and isolated. Many young Roma grow up in hostile social environments where the only support and recognition they have is in their own community or family. They are denied many basic rights such as education or health, or have limited access to them.

Question: What is the estimated proportion of Roma in the population of your country?

Deportations of Romanian and Bulgarian Roma in 2010

In 2010, the French government announced a crackdown on illegal camps of Roma who had recently migrated to France, and sent several thousand of their inhabitants back to Romania and Bulgaria, claiming that Roma settlements are major sources of crime and a public nuisance.
The UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination sharply criticised France's crackdown and said that racism and xenophobia were undergoing a "significant resurgence". At the same time, opinion polls suggested that as many as 65% of French people backed the government's tough line. The European Committee of Social Rights concluded unanimously that the forced evictions of Roma constituted a violation of rights provided for in the revised European Social Charter, including the freedom from discrimination and the right to housing.

Porrajmos refers to the genocide of European Roma perpetrated by the Nazis and their allies between 1933 and 1945. The estimated number of victims varies, according to different sources, from between half a million to 2 million, leading to the loss of up to 70% of the pre-war Roma population.

Question: What are the typical ways of presenting Roma in the news in your country?

A greater awareness and concern about the Roma is slowly emerging. The Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005-2015 stands as an unprecedented political commitment by European governments to improve the socio-economic status and social inclusion of Roma. Actions and programmes by young people have also contributed to counteracting intolerance and prejudices towards Roma by deconstructing the stereotypes many of us have grown up with. The international campaign Typical Roma?, for instance, addressed stigmatisation and stereotypes as root causes of the social exclusion of Roma.

The Council of Europe began working against the discrimination of Roma in 1969 by adopting the first official text on the "situation of Gypsies and other Travellers in Europe". In 2006, the Council of Europe launched the Roma campaign Dosta!, an awareness-raising effort that aims at bringing non-Roma closer to Roma people.
In 2010 the Strasbourg Declaration on Roma was adopted at a High Level Meeting; in the declaration the member states agreed on prioritising action for non-discrimination and social inclusion of Roma, including the active participation of Roma.

In 2012 the youth sector of the Council of Europe, together with European Roma networks and organisations, initiated a Roma Youth Action Plan in order to improve the participation of Roma youth in European policies on Roma and youth, and to counter effects of discrimination on young Roma.

ECRI also pays attention to the situation of Roma in Europe; its General Recommendation 13 (2011) on Combating Antigypsyism and Discrimination against Roma stresses that antigypsyism is an "especially persistent, violent, recurrent and commonplace form of racism" and urges governments to combat antigypsyism in the fields of education, employment, housing and health and combat racist violence and crimes against Roma.

The European Union is also increasingly acknowledging the need to counteract the effects of discrimination against Roma in its member states. In April 2011, the European Commission issued "An EU Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies up to 2020", which stated that "In spite of some progress achieved both in the Member States and at EU level over the past years, little has changed in the day-to-day situation of most of the Roma".

Intolerance based on religion

Freedom of religion and religious tolerance are basic values present in every European country, yet acts of discrimination based on religion have not yet disappeared. Religious intolerance is often linked with racism and xenophobia - particularly with Antisemitism and Islamophobia. Whereas in the past Europe was characterised by conflicts between, and discrimination of Protestant or Catholic Christians, Roman and Eastern Orthodox or "official" churches and dissenting groups, today the political differences among Christian denominations have become far less important. At the same time many religious communities in minority positions continue to thrive across Europe, including Baha'is, Buddhists, Christians, Hindus, Jews, Muslims and Rastafarians. This growing religious diversity is often ignored, as well as those millions of Europeans who are not religious.

Religious intolerance and discrimination are often linked with racism and xenophobia and, therefore, tend to involve multiple discrimination.

Question: What minority religions exist in your country?

Discrimination based on gender identity, gender or sexual orientation

Gender-related discrimination includes the discrimination of women as opposed to men (this form is also called sexism or sex discrimination) and that of transgender or transsexual people, whose gender identity is inconsistent or not culturally associated with their assigned sex. Discrimination based on sexual orientation affects homosexual and bisexual people. As equality between women and men is discussed in detail in the section on Gender, here we only address the other forms of gender- or sex-related discrimination.

Homophobia is often defined as "an irrational fear of and aversion to homosexuality and of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people, based on prejudice, similar to racism, xenophobia, antisemitism and sexism", as well as people who are perceived as being LGBT. If directed against transgender people, it is called "transphobia". Various totalitarian regimes of the 20th century made homophobia a part of their political ideology, such as Nazism in Germany, Stalinism in the Soviet Union or Fascism in Spain. Democratic regimes in Europe have, nonetheless, justified homophobic legislation, including pathologisation and criminalisation of homosexuality, and, with it, structural discrimination of LGBT people for a long time. Today, discrimination against LGBT people still occurs in all societies in Europe in spite of the fact that many states have adopted anti-discrimination legislation. Many LGBT people cannot fully enjoy their universal human rights, run the risk of becoming victims of hate crime and may not receive protection when attacked in the street by fellow citizens.

In many parts of the world, LGBT people are subjected to different forms of violence that range from verbal attacks to being murdered. In many countries in the world, the practice of homosexuality is still a crime and in some of them it is punishable by a prison sentence or the death penalty.

LGBT people are often denied their human rights, for example the right to work, as they get fired or are discriminated against by employers because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. The right to safety and security of a person is another which is very often violated when (young) people are bullied at school or harassed in the work place. Lesbian and gay couples in many countries of Europe feel discriminated in such areas as the right to marry, to constitute a family or to adopt children.

Question: In what areas of life are LGBT persons discriminated against in your country?

Council of Europe's work

The European Court of Human Rights has often had a pioneering role in sanctioning homophobia. In a series of cases the court found that discrimination in the criminal law regarding consenting relations between adults in private was contrary to the right to respect for private life in Article 8 of the ECHR (Dudgeon v. UK, 1981, Norris v. Ireland, 1988, Modinos v. Cyprus, 1993). The Court was in fact the first international body to find that sexual orientation criminal laws violate human rights and has had the longest and largest jurisprudence in addressing sexual orientation issues. There have also been several cases related to single-parent adoption.

In 2011, the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights published his report on discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity. The report welcomed the advances made in the field of LGBT rights in most member states, stating that "the pathologisation and criminalisation of homosexuality in Europe clearly belong to the past". At the same time the report noted that serious concerns remain in many areas of human rights of LGBT persons, and this is especially true of the rights of transgender persons.
The Council of Europe set up a unit on LGBT Issues in order to to streamline work on LGBT matters. This was announced as the first-ever structure of its kind in an international intergovernmental institution and signals the importance of LGBT issues within the framework of human rights in Europe.

Education, both formal and non-formal, play a central role in reducing and eradicating prejudice against LGBT people. It is only through education that prejudices can be addressed and challenged. The programmes of the European Youth Centres and of the European Youth Foundation regularly feature human rights education and training activities for multipliers and activists against homophobia. These include study sessions organised in co-operation with youth organisations such as the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer Youth and Student Organization (IGLYO) and the Association of Nordic and Pol-Balt LGBTQ Student Organizations (ANSO).

Counteracting Discrimination

Education

There are several approaches to anti-discrimination and anti-racist activities including:

legal action to enforce the right to non-discrimination

educational programmes that raise awareness about the mechanisms of prejudice and intolerance and how they contribute to discriminate and oppress people, and on the appreciation of diversity and promoting tolerance

activism by civil society to denounce discrimination and prejudice, to counteract hate crimes and hate speech, to support victims of discrimination or to promote changes in legislation.

Educators recognise the need to develop in every person a tolerant, non-discriminatory attitude and create a learning environment that acknowledges and benefits from diversity instead of ignoring or excluding it. As part of this development, those who work with children or youth, as well as children and young people themselves, should become aware of their own and others' discriminatory behaviours. For instance, human rights educational activities can help participants to develop awareness and empathy on the one hand, and resilience and assertiveness on the other hand so that people can avoid, prevent or stand up against discrimination.

Intercultural learning is the process of learning about diversity and has been a central approach in European youth work. In the youth field of the Council of Europe, intercultural learning is presented as "a process of social education aimed at promoting a positive relationship between people and groups from different cultural backgrounds" and promotes mutual respect and solidarity.

International human rights framework

United Nations

One of the primary tools of fighting discrimination within the UN system is the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, which commits the signatory states to the elimination of racial discrimination. The Convention includes an individual complaints' mechanism and is monitored by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), a body of independent experts. All states parties are obliged to submit regular reports to the Committee, which in turn addresses its concerns and recommendations to the state party in the form of "concluding observations". The Committee has three other mechanisms for its monitoring functions: the early-warning procedure, the examination of inter-state complaints and the examination of individual complaints.
Other conventions of the UN address discrimination against specific groups, such as the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women or the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

The Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

OSCE is a regional security organisation with 56 member states from three continents (including all the Council of Europe member states). The OSCE also participates in combating all forms of racism, xenophobia and discrimination, including antisemitism, and discrimination against Christians and Muslims. One of its institutions is the Warsaw-based Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) which:

Collects and distributes information and statistics on hate crimes

Promotes best practices in the fight against intolerance and discrimination

Provides assistance to participating states in drafting and reviewing legislation on crimes fuelled by intolerance and discrimination.

The OSCE has a High Commissioner on National Minorities whose mandate includes identifying and seeking the early resolution of tensions involving national minority issues.

The European Union anti-discrimination policies

According to Article 21.1 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, "any discrimination based on any ground such as sex, race, colour, ethnic or social origin, genetic features, language, religion or belief, political or any other opinion, membership of a national minority, property, birth, disability, age or sexual orientation, shall be prohibited".
The EU has several anti-discrimination Directives. The Racial Equality Directive ensures equal treatment between people, irrespective of racial or ethnic origin. The Employment Equality Framework Directive prohibits discrimination in the workplace on grounds of disability, sexual orientation, religion or belief, and age. The equality of men and women are provided for in two Directives, one in matters of employment and occupation the other in the access to and supply of goods and services.
The EU legislation also requires that each member state has a designated national equality body which can be contacted for advice and support.

Questions around the denial of asylum to refugees, deaths of many migrants on the EU borders, Islamophobia, and the deportation of Roma continue to divide the European Union members and tarnish its record of anti-discrimination efforts. A threat to human rights also comes from political parties which in power pass de facto discriminative legislation. These problems can be remedied only by a comprehensive policy, including youth policy in the sphere of non-discrimination, combating racism and intolerance.

The Council of Europe

Combating racism and intolerance was at the heart of the creation of the Council of Europe in 1949, and remains one of its priorities today. In addition to the European Convention of Human Rights and other conventions, the Council has set up specific instruments addressing racism, discrimination and intolerance. In 1993, the ECRI was created as an independent human rights body to monitor the situation with regard to racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia, antisemitism and intolerance in each member state, and to make specific recommendations to their governments and general recommendations addressed to all member states.

While the ECRI is the Council of Europe's principal body in combating racism and intolerance, other bodies and departments of the Organisation such as the Committee of Ministers, the Parliamentary Assembly, the Commissioner for Human Rights, the Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the European Court on Human Rights also contribute to this objective.

The Framework Convention on the Protection of National Minorities recognises that "[the]protection of national minorities and of the rights and freedoms of persons belonging to those minorities forms an integral part of the international protection of human rights" (Article 1). State parties to the convention are committed to guarantee to national minorities the right of equality before the law as well as in all areas of economic, social, political and cultural life; ensuring their right to freedom of peaceful assembly, association, expression, thought, conscience and religion; and enabling national minority members to maintain, develop and preserve their culture. It also prohibits forced assimilation.

Segregation of Roma children the Czech Republic condemned by the ECHR

"The applicants were schoolchildren of Roma origin who were placed in "special schools" intended for pupils with learning disabilities. They submitted that they had been treated differently in the education sphere to children who were not of Roma origin in that, by being placed in special schools without justification, they received a substantially inferior education to that provided in ordinary primary schools, with the result that they were denied access to secondary education other than in vocational training centres." The Court found a violation of Article 14 (prohibition of discrimination) read in conjunction with Article 2 of Protocol No. 1 (right to education).

Question: Which public authorities have the responsibility to combat discrimination in your country?

European youth policies have traditionally included a strong dimension of intercultural learning and combating racism and prejudice. Agenda 2020, the main youth policy document of the Council of Europe, puts a special emphasis on "preventing and counteracting all forms of racism and discrimination on any ground" and recognises intercultural learning as a non-formal educational method "particularly relevant for promoting intercultural dialogue and combating racism and intolerance". One of major actions of youth work and youth policy against discrimination have been the European youth campaigns All Different - All Equal, which mobilised young people against racism, antisemitism, xenophobia and intolerance and for diversity, human rights and participation. Thousands of young people took part in the various activities of the campaign throughout Europe.
The White Paper on Intercultural Dialogue "Living Together as Equals in Dignity" was adopted by the Council of Europe in 2008 and provides guidelines and analytical and methodological tools for the promotion of intercultural dialogue by policymakers and practitioners. It promotes intercultural approaches for managing cultural diversity, based on human dignity and embracing "our common humanity and common destiny".

Despite the wide spectrum of existing instruments and approaches to combat racism, xenophobia and discrimination, hostility against foreigners, violation of the rights of minorities, high levels of aggressive nationalism and banal forms of discrimination are still a daily reality in most societies across Europe. That is why it is so important today to be active and creative in promoting diversity, equality, non-discrimination and human rights.

Endnotes

1 Protocol No. 12 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
2 Mario Peucker, "Racism, xenophobia and structural discrimination in sports", Country report, Germany, Bamberg, 2009, p26:
www.efms.uni-bamberg.de/pdf/RACISM_in_SPORT_2010.pdf
3 Education Pack "All Different - All Equal" - "Ideas, resources, methods and activities for informal intercultural education with young people and adults" (revised edition) Council of Europe, 2005
4 For example, see American Anthropological Association Statement on "Race": www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm
5 Racism and the administration of justice, Amnesty International, 2001, AI Index: 40/020/2001: www.amnestymena.org/Documents/ACT%2040/ACT400202001en.pdf
6 Lydia Gall, Coercive Sterilisation - an Example of Multiple Discrimination, 2010: www.errc.org/cikk.php?page=10&cikk=3564
7 www.unitedagainstracism.org
8 Alana Lentin, "Committed to Making a Difference. Racism, antisemitism, xenophobia, and intolerance and their impact on young people in Europe" (symposium report), 2006
9 Webster's Third New International Dictionary
10 ECRI General Policy Recommendation No.9: The fight against antisemitism, June 2004, CRI(2004)37
11 http://assembly.coe.int/main.asp?Link=/documents/adoptedtext/ta07/eres1563.htm
12 http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/Antisemitism_Update_2010.pdf
13 Valeriu Nicolae, ergonetwork: www.ergonetwork.org/antigypsyism.htm
14 "Positions on the human rights of Roma", Position Paper from the Commissioner for Human Rights
https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=1631909
15 Dosta! Campaign background information. www.dosta.org/en/node/55
16 Q&A: France Roma expulsions, BBC article www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11027288
17 Resolution CM/ResChS(2011)9 Collective Complaint No. 63/2010 https://wcd.coe.int
18 Ingrid Ramberg, "Committed to Making a Difference. Racism, antisemitism, xenophobia, and intolerance and their impact on young people in Europe" (symposium report), 2006
19 Learn more at www.romadecade.org
20 Learn more at www.typicalroma.eu
21 http://ec.europa.eu/justice/policies/discrimination/docs/com_2011_173_en.pdf
22 Intersex people (variety of conditions in which a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male) and the ones who identify themselves as "queer" may associate themselves with the LGBT community, which is then collectively referred as LGBTIQ.
23 European Parliament resolution on homophobia in Europe (P6_TA(2006)0018), January 18, 2006, www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P6-TA-2006-0018&language=EN
24 ILGA "State Sponsored Homophobia", May 2009: www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2009.pdf
25 "Social Exclusion of Young Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) People in Europe", ILGA-Europe and IGLYO, April 2006, www.iglyo.com/content/files/2006-Report-SocialExclusion.pdf
26 www.coe.int/t/Commissioner/Source/LGBT/LGBTStudy2011_en.pdf
27 Equipe Claves, quoted in "Intercultural Learning in European Youth Work: Which Ways Forward?", by Ingrig Ramberg (ed.), Council of Europe, 2009.
28 United Nations World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance: www.un.org./WCAR/durban.pdf
29 Directives (2000/43/EC), (2000/78/EC), (2006/54/EC) and (2004/113/EC) respectively.
30 Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/157.htm
31 Case of D.H. and Others v. the Czech Republic (Application No. 57325/00), Judgment, Strasbourg, 13 November 2007: www.asil.org/pdfs/ilib071214.pdf
32 60 years of the European Convention on Human Rights: Roma Rights, 2010, Council of Europe
33 Final Declaration: The Future of the Council of Europe youth policy: AGENDA 2020, 8th Council of Europe Conference of Ministers responsible for youth, Kyiv, 2008: www.coe.int/t/dg4/youth/ig_coop/8_cemry_declaration_EN.asp

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Discrimination - in all its possible forms and expressions - is one of the most common forms of human rights violations and abuse. It affects millions of people everyday and it is one of the most difficult to recognise. Discrimination and intolerance are closely related concepts.

# data[].attributes.body
Some types of discrimination are sexual orientation, age, disability, race, or others. Some countries that have most discrimination on the world are: Finlandia (0.82), Afganistán (0.27) Nicaragua (0.36), Singapur (0.82), United States (U.S.A) (0.48) and Hungría (0.41). So, the country with more discrimination (from this options) are Singapur and Finlandia. This countries do almost all types of discrimination that I mentioned, this issues in these countries are because they had not respect or equality in it's people (like United States).

Source: https://www.eeoc.gov/es/tipos-de-discriminacion

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Aprenda acerca de los diferentes tipos de discriminación prohibidos por las leyes puestas en vigor por la EEOC. También ofrecemos enlaces a las leyes correspondientes, regulaciones y guías sobre políticas; y también hojas de datos, preguntas y respuestas, mejores prácticas, y más información.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Aprenda acerca de los diferentes tipos de discriminación prohibidos por las leyes puestas en vigor por la EEOC. También ofrecemos enlaces a las leyes correspondientes, regulaciones y guías sobre políticas; y también hojas de datos, preguntas y respuestas, mejores prácticas, y más información.

# data[].attributes.headline
(CHANGE)(Airi): How Discrimination Affect people's lives?

# data[].attributes.subject
(CHANGE)(Airi): How Discrimination Affect people's lives?

# data[].attributes.body
Our participation in society is important because by raising awareness among our family and friends, we will help avoid discrimination and emphasize respect for a better world.

# data[].attributes.headline
(CONNECTION)(Samy):What is the relation between  Human rights and discrimination?

# data[].attributes.subject
(CONNECTION)(Samy):What is the relation between  Human rights and discrimination?

# data[].attributes.body
Main Features Of Discrimination

# data[].attributes.headline
(RESPONSIBILITY) (Micaela) : What is the role of people towards an act of Discrimination?

# data[].attributes.subject
(RESPONSIBILITY) (Micaela) : What is the role of people towards an act of Discrimination?

# data[].attributes.headline
(FORM)(André) : What are the types of Discrimination?           

# data[].attributes.subject
(FORM)(André) : What are the types of Discrimination?           