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Example: Telling the true even if has a negative outcome

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The human rights ethics promotes:

universality - means human rights apply everywhere to everyone regardless of their country, culture and status

Equality - means discrimination is unacceptable. No person should be favoured more than others because of their race, ethnicity, colour, gender, age etc.

Participation - political and public participation, social inclusion, and more

Interdependence - human rights are interrelated and interdependent. Means we can’t pick and chose which human rights matter and which don’t

The rule of law - principle of governance. Necessary for international peace

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Philosophical approach that emphasises a characters virtue as the primary subject of ethics rather than focusing on rules or consequences of voluntary acts. Philosophers argues developing good character traits and a fundamental framework of which to live by will lead to a meaningful life. For example in the veterinary practice: compassion and integrity, professionalism and self reflection. It provides a framework for VNs and VSs to make informed and ethical decisions that uphold the welfare of animals and the trust of clients. Especially in ethical dilemmas.

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Example

Many professions have codes of ethics based on deontological principles, such as rules against breaking into a software system without permission, even if it might prevent a larger catastrophe. In this scenario, the deontological answer would be to not hack the system, because the action itself is a violation of a rule.

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Example: following professional codes

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Judge the morality of actions and obligations, if are right or wrong rather then consequence.

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Rights-based ethical theories focus on fundamental human rights and the balance between individual freedoms and societal obligations. These theories explore how rights shape our moral duties and guide ethical decision-making in various contexts.

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A theory of morality that advocates actions that foster happiness or pleasure and oppose actions that cause

unhappiness or harm.

Its directed towards making the best decisions be it social, political or economic to better society.

Founded by jeremy bentham

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Each person has inherent dignity, which allows us to draw a line in the sand that prevents us from doing wrong, and we may never treat someone as a means to an end (not just as a resource).

This line allows us to use firm rules to see what is right and wrong and use those rules to make a decision, rather than personal biases.

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Example: keeping promises

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Definition- The doctrine are right if they are useful and for the benefit of a majority

Has practical applicatiors in various fields

Has been used to advocate for animal rights arguing that the suffering of animals should be given equal consideration to human suffering

Boils down to maximising happiness and minimising suffering

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Virtue ethics focuses on the development of good character traits in order to lead a meaningful life it attempts to guide moral behaviour by identifying which actions are good or bad,

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Helps determine right from wrong by focusing on outcomes of a specific situation.

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A virtue ethics example is a compassionate employee who helps colleagues, a courageous person who stands up for their beliefs, or a truthful individual who returns to pay for an item they forgot.

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Core principles:

1. Greatest Happiness: pleasure or positive utility, such as improving

well-being, should be maximised

2. Impartiality: you should evaluate each action without bias or

prejudice

3. Consequentialism: the morality of actions should be judged by their outcomes

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Example: refusing to lie, even if it could lead to a positive outcome.

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Negative rights: e.g forbid others from acting in a certain way. The right not to be harmed.

Positive rights. The right to goods or practices. The right to vote or clean water.

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Utilitarianism is the moral theory that says the right action is the one that maximizes happiness or wellbeing, meaning the morality of the action is determined by the consequences of the action. For example donating a large sum of money to charity to make all the others happy even if you needed the money (more people are happier if you donated then if you didn’t)

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persons duty to act accordingly regardless of the outcome

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The rightfulness of actions is considered more important than the the consequences

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Focuses on the person's life as a whole and the person in general rather than specific parts of it

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Concerned with what people do, not with consequences of their actions.

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Based on the whole persons life, not just single moments

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rejection of consequences

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this theory is similar to human rights and the perspective is that animals have moral rights that should be respected. certain actions, such as exploiting animals, are wrong regardless of the consequences

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Focuses on moral character not isolated actions.

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More focus on quality’s rather than actions

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It states that a person’s act is morally right if and only if it produces the best results in that specific situation

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deontology is an ethical approach centered on rules and professional duties

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An ethical theory is a framework that emphasises individual entitlements, asserting that people have certain fundamental rights that society must protect.

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Legal, social or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement that are fundamental normative rules about what is allowed to people or owed to people in accordance to a legal system

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Virtue ethics is ehen it focuses on the character itself than their morality of actions.

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Emphasises developing a virtous character through habits such as honesty ect

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An action should be based on whether it is right or wrong, rather than being based on the consequences of the action

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A moral philosophy that focuses on the character of a person rather than on rules or consequences to determine ethical actions.

A right act is an action a virtuous person would do

Looks at the character of an individual rather than physical characteristics

Concerned with the entirety of a person's life not a single chapter/action

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The type of person someone should be in themselves not the actions they take or portray.

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Comes from the Greek word Deon meaning duty

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Virtue ethics is person rather than action based, looks at the moral character of someone who’s carrying out an action

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deontological ethics are concerned with what people do, not with the consequences of their actions

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A moral theory that judges the morality of an action based on whether it follows a set of rules or duties, rather than on its consequences

e.g. lying is always wrong even when it could stop a disaster

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'Rights-based ethical theory, a framework for decision-making that prioritizes individual rights over outcomes.'

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Assert that animals possess inherent rights

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The goal is to become a virtuous person, and by doing so, one can determine the right action in any situation, as a virtuous person would know what to do.

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Virtue ethics- is a moral philosophy that focuses on the character of a person rather than the morality of a specific action or rules.

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Moral theory to maximise happiness or wellbeing for the most peeps

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Based on morality of actions

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Virtue ethics is a broad term for theories that emphasise the role of character and virtue in moral philosophy rather than either doing one’s duty or acting in order to bring about good consequences.

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focus on persons character/habits

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Rights-based ethics:

This is a broad category that emphasizes fundamental human rights, which can be natural (inherent) or conventional (created by society). This approach focuses on balancing individual freedoms with societal obligations and is often used in applied ethics for issues in areas like healthcare, technology, and social justice.

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An ethical theory that focuses on outcomes to determine what is right. It says that the most ethical choice is the one that results in the greatest good for the greatest number

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a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something

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an ethical theory that judges the morality of an action based on whether it adheres to a set of rules or duties, rather than on its consequences

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Decision is based on happiness for the most people, focusing on the result and not the actions.