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[Topic} Public Health during the Philippine American Period

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[Topic} Public Health during the Philippine American Period

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The even specifically surrounding Cholera disease during the early Philippine-American Period.

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An approach that studies how colonialism shaped both colonisers and colonised through ongoing power dynamics.

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focus on geographically bound areas

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Biopolitics, a concept popularised by Michel Foucault, examines how governments exert power by managing and regulating people's bodies and lives.

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“Stony Brook Undergraduate History Journal | a War on Two Fronts,” 

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“Stony Brook Undergraduate History Journal | a War on Two Fronts,” 

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Journal, Stony Brook Undergraduate History. “Stony Brook Undergraduate History Journal | a War on Two Fronts,” February 6, 2023. https://you.stonybrook.edu/undergraduatehistoryjournal/2023/02/06/a-war-on-two-fronts/.

Details the reluctance and resistance of Filipinos due to the Colonial response and policies being enforced by the US towards Cholera cases.

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THE BLACK DOG WHICH CAUSES CHOLERA - OBJECTIFS

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THE BLACK DOG WHICH CAUSES CHOLERA - OBJECTIFS

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Admin. “THE BLACK DOG WHICH CAUSES CHOLERA - OBJECTIFS.” OBJECTIFS, May 18, 2022. https://www.objectifs.com.sg/the-black-dog/.

Includes oral history, folk belief towards the epidemic focusing on local narratives and memorials

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The Epidemiological Legacy of War: The Philippine—American War and the Diffusion of Cholera in Batangas and La Laguna, South-West Luzón, 1902–1904.

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The Epidemiological Legacy of War: The Philippine—American War and the Diffusion of Cholera in Batangas and La Laguna, South-West Luzón, 1902–1904.

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Smallman-Raynor, Matthew, and Andrew D. Cliff. “The Epidemiological Legacy of War: The Philippine—American War and the Diffusion of Cholera in Batangas and La Laguna, South-West Luzón, 1902–1904.” War in History 7, no. 1 (2000): 51. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26013984.

Geographical spread of the disease, including statistics, and trajectory of the disease over the course of the war.

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the evolution of efforts focused on improving the health of populations by enhancing general social conditions such as housing, food supply, water, and sanitation.

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Illness under the Purview of the Colonial State: Demographic Inscription of Tuberculosis and Control Effects in the Early American Philippine, 1899-1910.

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Illness under the Purview of the Colonial State: Demographic Inscription of Tuberculosis and Control Effects in the Early American Philippine, 1899-1910.

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Moralina, A. R. “Illness under the Purview of the Colonial State: Demographic Inscription of Tuberculosis and Control Effects in the Early American Philippine, 1899-1910.” Philippine Population Review 9, no. 1 (2010): 57–84. https://pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Philippine%20Population%20Review/2010/07_Illness%20Under%20The%20Purview%20Of%20The%20Colonial%20State.pdf.

public health and imperial governance, the primary concern of cholera prompted the urge for urgent state intervention.

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America and the Philippines.” Volume 16:2 (Fall 2011): U.S., Asia, and the World: 1620–1914.

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America and the Philippines.” Volume 16:2 (Fall 2011): U.S., Asia, and the World: 1620–1914.

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Morley, Ian. 2011. “America and the Philippines.” Volume 16:2 (Fall 2011): U.S., Asia, and the World: 1620–1914. Accessed May 23, 2025. https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/de-la-salle-university/introduksiyon-sa-filipinolohiya/america-and-the-philippines/72245473.

the epidemic was used as a way to justify US colonial ambitions of a "civilising mission"

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Propaganda, Folk Beliefs, and Health Information: Insights from the Cholera Outbreaks in the Philippines.

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Propaganda, Folk Beliefs, and Health Information: Insights from the Cholera Outbreaks in the Philippines.

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Acevedo, C. G. F. “Propaganda, Folk Beliefs, and Health Information: Insights from the Cholera Outbreaks in the Philippines.” Philippine Journal of Librarianship and Information Studies 41, no. 2 (2021): 17–22.

The lack of accessible information lead people to turn towards folk belief, religion, superstitions, and more susceptible or vulnerable to misinformation and rumours.

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A Foreseeable Epidemic: Cholera Outbreak in Panay Island, Philippines at the Initial Years of the 20th Century.

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A Foreseeable Epidemic: Cholera Outbreak in Panay Island, Philippines at the Initial Years of the 20th Century.

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Soquiño, S. D. “A Foreseeable Epidemic: Cholera Outbreak in Panay Island, Philippines at the Initial Years of the 20th Century.” ideas.repec.org, 2022. p. 676 https://ideas.repec.org/a/bcp/journl/v6y2022i5p670-678.html.

The American Colonial Government carried out a relentless health campaign.

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Raise the Red Flag: Cholera in Colonial Manila – Jennifer Hallock

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Raise the Red Flag: Cholera in Colonial Manila – Jennifer Hallock

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Hallock, Author Jennifer. “Raise the Red Flag: Cholera in Colonial Manila – Jennifer Hallock,” January 20, 2017. http://www.jenniferhallock.com/2017/01/20/cholera/

showcases the segregation policies experienced including the failure of American policy in disease containment through orderly means lead to increased death and disorganisation.

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Misrecognition and Historical Forgetting: The Case of San Mateo, Rizal during the Filipino-American War, 1899–1901.

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Misrecognition and Historical Forgetting: The Case of San Mateo, Rizal during the Filipino-American War, 1899–1901.

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Guiwa, Herald Ian C. 2021. “Misrecognition and Historical Forgetting: The Case of San Mateo, Rizal during the Filipino-American War, 1899–1901.” UP Los Baños Journal 19 (1): 10. https://www.ukdr.uplb.edu.ph/journal-articles/5504/.

Outbreak prompted governments to expand sanitation systems and surveillance.

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Postmodernism sees history as subjective and shaped by perspective, not a single truth. It challenges grand narratives, emphasizes marginalised voices, and treats historical accounts as interpretations, not facts.

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Health Care in Metropolitan Manila during the American Colonial Era: A History of the Management of Infectious Diseases and Its Effects on the Practice of Chinese Medicine (English Translation).

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Health Care in Metropolitan Manila during the American Colonial Era: A History of the Management of Infectious Diseases and Its Effects on the Practice of Chinese Medicine (English Translation).

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Hui, P., Huang, Z., and Lim, F. D. O. Health Care in Metropolitan Manila during the American Colonial Era: A History of the Management of Infectious Diseases and Its Effects on the Practice of Chinese Medicine (English Translation). Archīum Ateneo. p. 27 https://archium.ateneo.edu/socialtransformations/vol9/iss2/5/?utm_source=archium.ateneo.edu%2Fsocialtransformations%2Fvol9%2Fiss2%2F5&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages.

community adaptability and resilience of the Filipino-Chinese community during the early American Colonial Period.

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The Palate of Power: Americans, Food and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War. 

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The Palate of Power: Americans, Food and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War. 

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Elias, Megan J. The Palate of Power: Americans, Food and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War. Borough of Manhattan Community College, City University of New York, 2014. p.11 https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=bm_pubs

The focus on cholera reveals how colonial authorities viewed food as both a marker of civilization and a tool for control. For instance, the American perception of the safety of canned goods, especially during cholera outbreaks.

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Immunization and Hygiene in the Colonial Philippines.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

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Immunization and Hygiene in the Colonial Philippines.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

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Anderson, W. “Immunization and Hygiene in the Colonial Philippines.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 62, no. 1 (February 8, 2006): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jrl014.

Cholera, in this context, became a justification for extending surveillance and discipline into Filipino life, showing how public health was used not just to prevent disease but to maintain colonial order.

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Philippine Resistance and Medical Care under U.S. Empire.

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Philippine Resistance and Medical Care under U.S. Empire.

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Hu, K., Philippine Resistance and Medical Care under U.S. Empire. (n.d.). https://www.international.ucla.edu/cseas/article/235491

how a town became a site of racialised medical experiments that justified unequal healthcare and surveillance. Peralta argues that such local healing and care practices represent forms of resistance against colonial power and dominant American medical models.

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Ways of how Filipinos resisted or reacted towards the imposition of colonial laws