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North of the Gulf of Mexico and south of the Northeast,

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present day Alaska, Canada, and Greenland.

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Physical Features: Flat frozen desert

Climate: Cold climate with very low rainfall.

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1. The Inuit

2. The Aleut

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In the north, the Inuit were nomadic and hunted Seals and Polar Bears while, in the south, the Aleuts were scattered in tiny fishing villages and fished for food.

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Many lived in dome-shaped houses, like the igloo, made of sod, timber, or ice blocks. They lived in these houses as sod, timber, and ice were bountiful in this region and the house provided warmth, an essential factor to continue living in the region's harsh climate.

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1. Both main tribes spoke, and continue to speak, dialects descended from what academics call the Eskimo-Aleut language family.

2. By the time of the Purchase of Alaska, the native population dropped to just 2,500.

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Present day Alaska and Canada

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Physical Features: swampy, piney forests

Climate: Long, Cold winters with short, warm summers

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1. The Cree

2. The Tsattine

3. The Kuchin

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Hunted game animals such as moose, caribou, bison, and beaver. Also gathered berries and fished.

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They lived in small, portable tents and lean-tos, and when it grew too cold to hunt they lived in underground dugouts.

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1. The growth of the fur trade led to the Natives focusing on supplying the Europeans with pelts instead of hunting.

2. Toboggans, snowshoes and lightweight canoes were the primary means of transportation

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Present day Canada's Atlantic coast, present day north eastern coast of United States of America, and present day Midwest of the USA.

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Physical Features: The Appalachian Mountains and numerous rivers and lakes.

Climate: Mild climate with plentiful rainfall

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1. Oneida

2. Erie

3. Shawnee

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Farmed crops like corn, beans and vegetable. Some also fished and hunt.

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They lived in long, rectangular houses made of timber and other type of wood.

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1. One of the first areas to have sustained contact with Europeans

2. Developed complex social and political structures like the Haudenosaunee Confederacy or the iroquois confederacy

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Physical Features: Coastal plains, rolling hills

Climate: Humid, fertile agricultural region

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1. Cherokee

2. Chickasaw

3. Choctaw

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Farmed crops like maize, beans, squash, tobacco, and sunflower.

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They lived in open, raised structures with thatched roofs called Chickees

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1. Had five tribes called the Five Civilized Tribes, some of whom spoke a variant of the Muskogean language.

2. Forced out of their own lands in an event called The Trail of Tears.

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The vast prairie region between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, from present-day Canada to the Gulf of Mexico.

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Physical Features: Vast grasslands

Climates: Continental climate characterized by cold winters and hot, dry summers

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1. Crow

2. Blackfeet

3. Cheyenne

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Hunted great herds of buffalo across the prairie.

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They lived in portable, conical structures made of poles and animal hides

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1. Had elaborately feathered war bonnets.

2. Became much more nomadic after the Europeans brought horses.

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A huge desert region in present-day Arizona and New Mexico

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Physical Features: Large deserts, canyons, and mesas

Climate: Arid climate with little rainfall

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1. Hopi

2. Navajo

3. Apache

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Grew and raided for crops like corn, beans and squash

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They lived in multi-story complexes built from adobe bricks, and hogans

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1. Many of the region's natives were killed before their lands became part of the United States

2. Had unique population clusters and unique artisan crafts.

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An expansive bowl formed by the Rocky Mountains to the east, the Sierra Nevadas to the west, the Columbia Plateau to the north, and the Colorado Plateau to the south.

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Physical Features: A barren wasteland of deserts, salt flats and brackish lakes.

Climate: Cold desert climate

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1. Shoshone

2. Paiute

3. Ute

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Foraged for roots, seeds and nuts and hunted snakes, lizards and small mammals.

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Compact, easy-to-build houses made of willow poles or saplings, leaves and brushes.

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1. The stereotypical raiding bands were developed after Europeans introduced horses to them.

2. Many lost their lands and lives after people found gold in their lands.

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The present-day state of California and Baja California in Mexico.

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Physical Features: Mountain ranges, a central valley, and deserts

Climate: Mostly temperate and hot climate with little rainfall.

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1. Miwok

2. Chumash

3. Tubabulabal

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Did hunting and gathering for acorns and games.

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Lived in structures that had a pole frame and were covered with grass, brush, or bark

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1. Organized themselves into small, family-based bands of hunter-gatherers known as tribelets.

2. Inter-triblets relationships, based on well-established systems of trade and common rights, were generally peaceful.

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Along the Pacific coast from British Columbia to the top of Northern California.

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Physical Features: Long and jaggy coasts and rivers.

Climates: Mild climate and an abundance of natural resources.

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1. Athapaskan Haida

2. Penutian Chinook

3. Tsimshian

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Fished salmon, whales, sea otters, seals and fish and shellfish of all kinds.

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They lived in long plank houses where many people lived together.

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1. Had permanent villages thank to the food security of the rivers.

2. A person’s status was determined by his closeness to the village’s chief.

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It encompasses parts of present-day British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana.

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Physical Features: Mountains, high plateaus, and river valleys

Climates: Dry climate

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1. Klamath

2. Spokane

3. Salish

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They fished for salmon and trout and gathered wild berries, roots and nuts.

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They lived in houses that were partially dug into the ground, providing insulation and shelter

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1. When horses were introduced, the natives in this region integrated it into their economy and expanded their hunting areas.

2. Lewis and Clark passed through this area.