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Female Anopheles mosquito bites a human to suck their blood and eat hemoglobin, injecting plasmodium, as sporozoites into the bloodstream

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infectious disease caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus that is transmitted to humans by bites from parasite-infected mosquitos

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an organism that functions as a carrier of a pathogen that can multiply in their bodies and be delivered to a new host

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Sporozoites travel to the liver quickly and infect liver cells (hepatocytes)

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The incubation period begins when the sporozoites inhabit the hepatocytes and asexually reproduce for 7-10 days creating thousands of merozoites

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The liver cells explode releasing merozoites into the bloodstream, infecting red blood cells (erythrocytes) causing symptoms to begin for the affected individual. this stage is called the schizont.

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Some of the merozoites break the asexual reproduction cycle and develop into female and male gametocytes

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When another mosquito bites a human infected with Malaria, the gametocytes from their blood develop into mature sex cells called gametes

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Fertilized female gametes mature into ookinetes that inhabit the midgut wall of the insect which form oocysts on the outside

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In the oocysts, thousands of sporozoites form, and once the oocysts burst these sporozoites travel to the mosquito's salivary glands.

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fever, flu-like illness, shaking chills, headache, muscle aches, and tiredness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea ,anemia, jaundice

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1. white blood cells attack malaria parasites

2. antibodies are released to neutralize parasites

3. some parasites can avoid detection by hiding in the liver

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anti-malarial drugs

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medication interferes the reproduction and evolution of malaria parasites in red blood cells

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Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, ovale and malariae

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is the most dangerous type of malarial parasite because it has developed a resistance to the medications used to treat it throughout history

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(artemisinin-based combination therapies)

mix artemisinin with another antimalarial drug to increase its efficacy and lower the risk of developing drug resistance

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Malaria is most prominent in subtropical regions like most of Africa, South Asia, parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Oceania

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Insect repellent, anti-malarial vaccines, Preventative anti-malarial medications

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preventative anti-malarial medications work by killing malaria parasites as they develop in liver cells and RBC's

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plasmodium, a single-celled eukaryotic organism belonging to the protist kingdom is the parasite that causes Malaria

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Anopheles mosquitos thrive in warm environments as the heat is necessary for the parasites to grow inside of the mosquito

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Many malarial treatments are evolving to resist different forms of treatment resulting in an increased difficulty in treating the disease over time

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doctors can diagnose malaria by studying a patients blood sample under a microscope. It often appears as small purple spots inside of the red blood cells.

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Humans in malaria-risk areas began to develop an abnormal HBB gene as a response to malaria. The gene made it harder for the parasite to inhabit red blood cells

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Sickle cell disease is a genetic mutation that causes red blood cells to form in a sickle/banana shape. It is dangerous because the sickle-shape of the cells can block blood vessels. However, this disease is beneficial to people who live in subtropical regions where malaria is common

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In African regions specifically, malaria reduces the GDP growth by about 1.3% each year. Children cannot attend school when sick, farmers cannot work and more money must be spent on healthcare