# data[].attributes.body
Henry VII

end War of the Roses -> first tudor King

unified Kingdom & measurements

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Pope Gregory XI back to Rome

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Portuguese start expeditions

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Isabelle of Castile ❤ Ferdinand of Aragon

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Spanish inquisition

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Reconquista completed

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Colombus

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Vasco de Balboa in Panama

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Cortez in Mexico

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Great Schism

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Council of Constance

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Council of Basel -> Ferrara

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Fifth Lateran Council

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95 Thesis

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Diet of Worms

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Protestant League

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Diet of Speyer

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Diet of Ausburg

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Schmalkaldic League

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Act in Restraint of Appeals

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Act of Supremacy

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Ten Articles

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Peace of Ausburg

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Council of Trent

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Schmalkaldic war -> Peace of Augsburg

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Death of King Henry II -> Succession crisis

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Massacre of Vassy

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Dutch protestants persecuted & iconoclasm

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Beginning of the Dutch Revolt

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Philip II fights Spanish Muslims

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Philip II fights the Turks in Battle of Lepanto

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Massacre of Bartholemew

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Revolts bc of higher taxes + protestant persecution

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Spanish soldiers sack ppl -> Pacification of Ghent

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Union of Utrecht

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Act of Abjuration

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War of the 3 Henrys

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English navy allied with Dutch

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Philip II fights the English with the Armada

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Henry De Bourbon elected King of France

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Philip II fights the French protestants

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Edict of Nantes

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12 years truce

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Rudolf-> Matthias

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Matthias-> Ferdinand

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Defenestration of Prague -> Start 20 Years War

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Ferdinand->Frederic

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Battle of the White Mountain ->Imperial army > Bohemian army

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Bohemian Phase

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Danish Phase

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Swedish Phase

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French Phase

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Dutch Revolution -> Peace of Munster -> Treaty of Westphalia

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Germany Catholics-Lutherans-Calvinists -> Peace of Westphalia

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Henry VIII (1st Tudor):

unify

Head of the English Church

Punishes begging & vagabondage

Marries Catherine of Aragon (daughter of Isabella ❤ Ferdinand)

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Charles I

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Henry VIII conquers Wales & Ireland -> Head of Irish Church

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Henry VIII dies

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Mary Tudor:

married Philip II

Catholic -> Protestants' persecution -> Bloody Mary

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Elisabeth I:

protestant -> compulsory attendance to state rituals

Peace with France and Scottland -> 1569 Catholics rebelled bc wanted Mary Stuart on throne -> 1570 Elisabeth I excommunicated

Churchmen not highest offices

Parliament only 3 times

Patronage -> loyalty to crown

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Nationalism

Economic power:

Primogeniture

Enclosure

Put out = domestic industry

Start colonialism

Rich richer -> poor poorer -> food revolts

Population growth

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Empire spread too thin

Economic crisis

Fields left to pasture/uncultivated

Borrow money from foreign bankers

Emigration

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Treaty of Münster -> Dutch Republic

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Treaty of the Pyrenees -> French borders clarified

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Portugal independence

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Provincial government:

7 provinces

Autonomy - provincial sovereignty - religious pluralism

Oligarchy

Federal government:

Provincial representatives

War + foreign policy

Stadsholder: Cerimonies & rage war

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Amsterdam Public Bank

Bulk

Agricultural surplus'shipbuilding

Harring

Grain

VOC

Warehouses

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War against English

French invasion

Halt in technological advance

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Weakened Catholic church

Merchant's interest in a stable economy

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State unification

Consolidation of own power:

Away from clergy & aristocracy

Expansion of bureaucracy

Defence of state religion

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unified the Iberian peninsula

Started Spanish decline:

defiance of Armada

Dutch kndependency

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Nobles

in ranks -> competition

Compulsory service in army/ civil service

Westernisation

No beards

Westernisation

Challenge Church's authority

-> pay Beard tax

Patriarch -> Holy Synoid (appointed by him)

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L'estat c'est moi = I am the state

1685 revoked Edict of Nantes (1598) -> Catholic

Versailles -> nobles' competition

Intendant System -> apply King's will

Wars of expansion