# data[].attributes.body
As the student learns to spell, they advance in understanding three layers: Alphabetic, pattern, and meaning layers.

The alphabetic layer represents letter and sound correspondences.

The pattern layer goes beyond letter-sound relationships and focuses on patterns that guide the grouping of letters such as vowel categories.

The meaning layer relies on groups of letters to provide meaning. Ex: prefixes, suffixes, and Greek/Latin stems)

# data[].attributes.body
Dyslexia= hereditary; they see the same letters, just takes longer, moves, and processes through both sides of brain.

Science of reading= Multidimensional. Includes insights and research. Demonstrates best methods for students to learn to read.

# data[].attributes.headline
Helpful Infographic or Visual Representations

# data[].attributes.subject
Helpful Infographic or Visual Representations

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Infographics are graphic visual representations of information, data, or knowledge intended to present information quickly and clearly. Utilizing graphics enhances our ability as humans to recognize patterns and trends and improves cognition. Infographics are made up of three primary elements, the visual, the content, and knowledge. Useful infographics are well designed, they tell a good story, and they are easy to interpret and understand. They combine written words with visual elements to present a significant amount of information in a clear and organized manner.

After completing your research and collecting your data, you need to determine how to demonstrate and communicate your results to your audience clearly. What better way than through an infographic? So, which infographic design will best represent and communicate your information? Below are seven common types of infographics to consider as you think about your infographic design.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Infographics: Graphic Visual Representations Of Information

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Infographics are graphic visual representations of information, data, or knowledge intended to present information quickly and clearly. Utilizing graphics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Would you like to use The Ladder of Reading & Writing infographic in a presentation or in another context?
Please click HERE for usage/permission guidelines and forms. The Ladder of Reading & Writing may not be changed or modified.
NOTE: The infographic was updated in 2023 (April). If you are referencing older versions of Nancy's infographic - please discontinue. If you previously obtained permission from Nancy to use an older version in an ongoing capacity, please contact Nancy to confirm that you have continued permission and have switched to the 2023 update.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Ladder of Reading & Writing - Dr. Nancy Young, Ed.D.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
DR. NANCY YOUNG IS THE CREATOR OF THE LADDER OF READING & WRITING INFOGRAPHIC.

# data[].attributes.body
The information provided is based on research and proven facts. It is important to understand that studies have determined these facts, so we need to examine the background information before we look into other sections.

# data[].attributes.body
Phoneme= smallest segment of speech

Phone= sound

Eme= unit of language structure

isolate= "what is the first sound, last sound, and medial?"

categorize= "which word has a different first, medial, and last sound?"

blending= /c/ /a/ /t/ = cat

segmenting= chat- /ch/ /a/ /t/

adding= jump, add /s/ = jump

deleting= sleep without /s/

# data[].attributes.headline
Helpful Infographic or Visual Representations 

# data[].attributes.subject
Helpful Infographic or Visual Representations 

# data[].attributes.body
Learning what phonemes are and their purpose is important to us so that we can relay that information on to students. There are many different ways to teach this material. Personally, I like a more hands on, visual approach. This way the students are involved and actively learning about these sounds.

# data[].attributes.body
= overall awareness of sounds in spoken language.

= tuning into individual sounds

rhyming= recognition, odd word out, production

syllables= counting, blending, segmenting, adding, deletion

# data[].attributes.headline
Helpful infographic or visual representation

# data[].attributes.subject
Helpful infographic or visual representation

# data[].attributes.body
Phonological awareness is the broader understanding of words in a sentence, phonemic awareness, alliteration, rhyming, syllables, onset-rime, blending, segmentitng, isolating, adding, deleting, and substituting. Phonic knowledge is a must have for all students. It plays a big part for kids' futures in reading. It includes the recognition and manipulating chunks of words and the overall awareness of sounds in the spoken language. In order for phonics to work, they have to have the phonological awarenes component.

# data[].attributes.body
= system of phoneme-grapheme grapheme correspondences that are the basic structure of an alphabetic orthography.

decoding= the ability to translate a word from print to speech using sound symbol.

phoneme= smallest unit of speech sound

grapheme= represents a phoneme

orthography= a writing system for representing language

# data[].attributes.headline
Helpful infographic or visual representation

# data[].attributes.subject
Helpful infographic or visual representation

# data[].attributes.body
When teaching single-letter consonants, it is important to constantly review and go over what they know. Relating the new information to what they already know will be very beneficial for them. It is also important to point out the layers of lettering. So each individual letter, sound, syllable, etc.

# data[].attributes.body
Found at the beginning and end of words.

Ex: st, str, th, thr, sp, spl, spr,sc, scr, sh

There are 24 consonant sounds.

Do not contain consonant clusters.

# data[].attributes.headline
Helpful infographic or visual representation

# data[].attributes.subject
Helpful infographic or visual representation

# data[].attributes.body
Complex consonants focus on the patterns of consonants merged to form specific sounds. They can be found at both the beginning and the end of words. Some patterns included in this would be double-letter blends, triple-letter blends, silent consonants, and hard and soft letters. Some examples found at the beginning of words include st, th, sh, str, sp, spl, sc, scr. Examples of letters at the end of words would be ck, ke, ch, cth.

# data[].attributes.headline
Helpful infographic or visual representation

# data[].attributes.subject
Helpful infographic or visual representation

# data[].attributes.body
Learning letter sounds and sounding out words is already tough for students to comprehend, so throwing in vowels and having them differentiate between a vowel and a consonant could make decoding even more difficult. When we are transferring this information over to young students, all three of these layers need to be addressed- letter and sound correspondences, focus on patterns that guide the grouping of letters, and the grouping of each letter providing meaning.

# data[].attributes.body
Our language can be decomposed into smallest sound units (phoneme) and larger sound units (syllables).

There are 6/7 syllable types in our language.

Closed syllables make up about 53% of all English syllables.

Open syllables contain one vowel letter that represents a long vowel. Ends with the vowel letter.

VCE= vowel, consonant, silent E. Ex: give, have, love

Vowel team syllables contain two or more letters that represent long or short vowels, variant vowels, or diphthongs.

R-controlled syllables= when a vowel is followed by r, the letter affects the sound of the vowel.

Consonant + LE syllables= when le appears at the end of the word and is proceeded by a consonant, the consonant +le form the final syllable.

# data[].attributes.headline
Helpful infographic or visual representation

# data[].attributes.subject
Helpful infographic or visual representation

# data[].attributes.body
This topic focuses on teaching the relationship between sounds and letters. Syllable types are different patterns that syllables can have within words. These syllable types include closed syllables, open syllables, vowel team, R-controlled, and consonant + LE syllables. Each one has different rules that help with decoding and reading frequency.

# data[].attributes.body
morph= meaning

eme= the smallest unit

morpheme= smallest unit of meaning in spoken language

ex: 'cats' has two morphemes. The 's' makes it multiple.

ex. 'traps' has two morphemes. 'trapped' has two morphemes.

*Can be categorized by both language of origin and grammatical role.

free morpheme= can stand alone, grammatically correct.

^ex. tree

bound morpheme= has to be connected to another morpheme

ex. prefixes, suffixes, plurals

simple= one free morpheme

^ex. boat

compound= two free morphemes.

^ex. teacup, houseboat

complex= one free and at least one bound

^ex. tables, undone

compound-complex= two free and one or more bound

^ex. bookkeepers, unforgettable

benefits of teaching: decoding, spelling, vocab, fluency, comprehension, phonology (pronunciation)

# data[].attributes.headline
Helpful infographic or visual representation

# data[].attributes.subject
Helpful infographic or visual representation

# data[].attributes.body
When pulling apart words, there are many ways that we have learned about: finding syllables, graphemes, the vowels in a word, and many more. For morphemes, we are looking at the meaning of words. In the English language, we have many different meanings for words, and we associate the sounds we hear to spelling and by the meaning of the word. When we add prefixes and suffixes to words, it changes the meaning to the original word. There are also many different types of morphemes once it gets to the higher level with compound words.