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Provide details on...
- What is the international response (i.e. Kyoto Protocol) about? What is the aim/goal of this response?
- Who is involved in this international response?
- When did it start? Is it still in effect today?
- How does it address the issue of climate change?

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Provide details on...
- What should the international response address for it to be considered 'successful'?
- What are some successes of this response?

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Provide details on...
- What are some limitations of this response?
- Could this response have been more effective?
- Was any countries left out of this international response?

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Select 1 example of a national response and elaborate on it for each post. Once done, you may research on the 2nd example on a separate post.

Provide details on...
- How does this national response address the issue of climate change?
- Is the response still in effect today?

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Provide details on...
- What must be achieved in order for this response to be considered 'successful'?
- What worked in addressing the issue of climate change OR What were some successes?

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Provide details on...
- What were some limitations of this response?
- Could this response have been more effective? (e.g. in terms of scale of impact)

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How far do you agree that the most successful response to climate change is the international response?

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How far do you agree that the most successful response to climate change is the international response?

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Your own personal take!

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In groups of 4, you will be assigned:
1. Proposition (agree to the statement)
2. Opposition (disagree to the statement)

Part 1
Before you start the debate, you will need to conduct a research to gather information:
Proposition team: complete Q1a
Opposition team: complete Q2a

Part 2
Proposition team:
complete Q1b & 1c
Opposition team:
complete Q2b & 2c

ALL titles of post should include the names of ALL group members.

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The Kyoto is an agreement related to the United Nations Framework Convection on Climate change, which is a international convection set up to reduce the levels of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere, many countries including Canada, the United states of America and Japan have come together to sign the Kyoto Protocol to deduce measures to address climate change and put them into practice. The Kyoto protocol was first drawn up in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997, and came into force on 16 February 2005. Under the protocol, various targets to reduce green house gas emissions were set to participating countries. However, greater responsibility to reduce greenhouse gas emissions was placed on 37 developed countries and European countries. Depending on the ability of each developed country, these countries had additional responsibilities such as helping less developed countries reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by providing them with funds.
In summary the Kyoto Protocol in an agreement that in signed by a great diversity of countries from first world to third countries providing the support and funds to work together towards the single goal of reducing global greenhouse gas emissions.
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textbook:
The large majority of countries have not only met but also exceeded the targets set by the Kyoto Protocol. This included countries such as Finland, Greece and Ireland. Countries were able to monitor and report their greenhouse gas emissions, helping to ensure that they were on track in keeping to their emission targets. IN addition the Kyoto Protocol was also successful in encouraging sustainable development. The Clean Development Mechanism gave Certified Emission reduction credits to countries which carried out emission reduction projects in less developed countries. Each credit is equivalent to one tonne of carbon dioxide. CDM not only encouraged sustainable development, but also helped developed countries reduce their greenhouse gas emissions when they take on emission-reduction projects in less developed countries .
our personal research/thoughts:
- can be seen as successful as the majority on the countries have reduced their carbon emissions
- by encouraging the reduction of carbon emissions through providing resources and aid to the respective countries they are able to support these projects reduce carbon emissions
- the movement helps to make up for aspects that countries need help to reduce carbon emissions are lacking
- Germanys plan to reduce carbon emissions through the Kyoto focus on the following areas

Electricity production and consumption

Heating

Transportation

Other gases

https://climatechangeconnection.org/solutions/international-solutions/country-successes/germany/

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Climate Change Connection | Connecting Manitobans to climate change facts and solutions

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Germany's economy grew by 62.6% from 1990 to 2005. As of 2005, Germany has achieved an 18.3% reduction in GHG from their 1990 level.

Germany's Kyoto Protocol target is to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 21% below the 1990 level. Their own objective seeks to reduce GHG emissions by 40% by 2020.

Germany's Climate Agenda 2020 plan ( 1) addresses these four key areas:

Electrical generation and consumption

The German plan for electricity targets three areas:

Reduce consumption - They will cut electricity consumption by 11% by

Increase efficiency of equipment

improving engine performance in industry

reducing the amount of power used for standby modes

Higher generation efficiency- This means building higher efficiency coal-fired and natural gas plants.

Increase renewables - The plan is to increase the share of renewables in electricity production to 27%. The main features will be

the continued expansion of wind farming (especially offshore with repowering on land)

the use of biomass in power plants

Heating

The Germans plan to reduce GHG from heating by targeting three areas:

Co-generation - They want to double the number of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) units. CHP enables a power station to simultaneously generate both electricity and useful heat.

Energy efficiency - They intend to address the energy efficiency of buildings by

modernizing buildings (doubling the pace of modernization)

converting to more efficient heating systems

introducing tougher thermal standards for new buildings

Renewables - The German government's aim is to at least double the share of renewables (biomass, solar thermal, geothermal) in the production of heat from the 2007 level by 2020.

Transportation

The German plan for transportation addresses six areas:

CO₂-oriented vehicle tax - Germany has a tax on all new road vehicles that is dependent on their fuel consumption.

Biofuels - The EU has agreed that by 2020 renewable energies should account for at least 10% of fuel consumption in Europe. Germany plans on an increase of biofuels to 8% of consumption by 2015. Second-generation biofuels such as biogas and BTL (biomass to liquid) will play a role in achieving targets above this level.

Increase freight transport efficiency - The German plan includes optimized logistical processes (e.g. by avoiding empty runs) and eliminating bottlenecks at multimodal interfaces.

More rail - Moving people by rail produces 1/3 the CO₂ of going by car. The German government wants to make rail travel more cost competitive.

Air travel - The impact on the climate of taking a plane is nearly five times as high as taking a car and emissions from air travel is growing fast. Germany supports the competition-neutral inclusion of air travel in European emissions trading.

CO₂ limits for cars - Germany is debating how to interpret and implement the European Commission proposal to cap average greenhouse gas emissions from cars at 120 g/km by 2012. German auto makers produce large powerful cars that may not be able to meet this requirement.

Other gases

Many of the other GHG gases targeted have higher global warming potential than CO ₂

Methane - Germany plans to increase capture of methane from land-fills. Methane can be used as a heating fuel which would divert the gas from release and also reduce the use of fossil fuels for the same purpose.

F-Gases - Fluorinated gases (F-gases) are very long-lasting and have very high warming potentials compared to CO₂. Primarily these gases are used as refrigerants, propellants, and for fire suppression. There are climate-friendly alternatives for almost all of the F-gases. Germany intends to move to alternative gases that are already available or are in development.

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Germany's economy grew by 62.6% from 1990 to 2005. As of 2005, Germany has achieved an 18.3% reduction in GHG from their 1990 level. Germany's Kyoto Protocol target is to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 21% below the 1990 level. Their own objective seeks to reduce GHG emissions by 40% by 2020.

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On 18 February 2022, Singapore announced that it will raise its ambition to achieve net zero emissions by or around mid-century. The government will consult closely with industry and citizen stakeholder groups to firm up and finalise Singapore’s plans before making a formal revision of the LEDS later in 2022.

As Singapore contributes to 0.11 percent of all global emissions despite being a small country, mitigating as much greenhouse gas emissions as possible is crucial for reducing the effect of climate change. Accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere – from the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation – lead to a heating of the earth’s surface.  This in turn leads to impacts such as shifting seasons, rising sea-levels, disappearing Arctic sea-ice and more intense heat waves.  By rapidly cutting emissions of greenhouse gases, the effects of climate change would be lessened and prevents global temperature rise well below 2 degrees Celsius.

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Kaviya, Yi Yang, Swornim, Pei Ern, Ethan

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Kaviya, Yi Yang, Swornim, Pei Ern, Ethan

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An international response such as the Kyoto Protocol is the United Nations (UN) , which at present contains 193 member countries,  to discuss, express views and make agreements, having a international agreement signed by two or more sovereign nations. One of those is the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement to combat climate change, knowing that much of global warming is 'human-induced' and is the collective responsibility of the nations to mitigate its impact. Thus being established, under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC), which is an international convention set up the goal of reducing the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It was first adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on December 11, 1997, and came into force on 16 February 2005. Presently, there are 192 parties to the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC. From 2008 to 2012, these countries were obligated to reduce their combined greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5% below their 1990 levels. The protocol established emission reduction commitment periods with the first commitment period(2008-2012) coming to an end on 31 December 2012.

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Xin hui,shannon, yang kiat,jayden,hong han

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Xin hui,shannon, yang kiat,jayden,hong han

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Singapore Green Plan 2012: Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by using natural gas as an energy source.

SGP was launched by the Ministry of the environment in 2002 which was aimed to generate 60% of Singapore's energy needs by using natural gas by 2012. Natural gas is used as it is a cleaner form of energy in comparison to cold since it does not produce smoke.

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Kaviya, Yi Yang, Swornim, Pei Ern, Ethan

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Kaviya, Yi Yang, Swornim, Pei Ern, Ethan

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The Kyoto Protocol was successful in encouraging sustainable development with many countries, it is able to meet or exceed the targets set by the Kyoto Protocol. While helping developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions when they take on emission-reduction projects in less developed countries,reducing the emissions of the ratifying countries approximately by 7% below the emissions expected under a “No-Kyoto” scenario, confirming the importance of accounting for the collective nature of the agreement, according to https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0095069618300391#:~:text=Results%20show%20that%20the%20protocol,collective%20nature%20of%20the%20agreement.

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Abstract

How effective was the Kyoto protocol? International Environmental Agreements (IEA) have been on the rise over the past four decades; however, thus far their effectiveness is controversial. In view of the conflicting results found in the related literature, this paper addresses its effectiveness by utilizing for the first time the generalized synthetic control method (GSCM) to compare the emissions of the industrialized countries with a "No- Kyoto" counterfactual scenario that represents the expected emissions in the absence of the protocol. This method facilitates a robust comparison between treated and control countries as done by Almer and Winkler (2017) and account for the multiple treated units as done by Grunewald and Martinez-Zarzoso (2016), so as to capture the collective nature of the protocol. Results show that the protocol was successful in reducing the emissions of the ratifying countries approximately by 7% below the emissions expected under a "No-Kyoto" scenario, confirming the importance of accounting for the collective nature of the agreement.

View full text

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The Kyoto protocol: Empirical evidence of a hidden success

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How effective was the Kyoto protocol? International Environmental Agreements (IEA) have been on the rise over the past four decades; however, thus far their effectiveness is controversial.

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The singapore green plan 2012 instead did a much better job at reducing GHG emissions nationally.this was launched by the mistry of environment in 2002, the plan aimed to generate 60 % of singapore's energy using natural gas by 2012.natural gas is a  cleaner form of energy in comparison to coal because it does not produce smoke.
At as easrly as 2010, about 79% of singapore's electricity was being generated from natural gas which does not produce smoke and contribute the GHG emissions. this exceeded the ministry of environment's target ahead of schedule.

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Kaviya, Yi Yang, Swornnim, Pei Ern, Ethan

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Kaviya, Yi Yang, Swornnim, Pei Ern, Ethan

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Limitations:

Although most countries which signed the Kyoto protocol succeeded in meeting their emission targets, countries like Denmark, Austria and Spain did not achieve their targets. The Kyoto Protocol does not make it compulsory for countries with low GHG emissions to provide support for other countries. They do not need to to provide energy-efficient technology to to countries with high GHG emissions, Hence they may not reach their emissions targets as easily. Developing countries have insufficient amounts of money to supply energy-efficient technologies to counter global warming. Kyoto Protocol had limited impacts on global GHG emissions. This is because countries which did not sign the Protocol contribute significantly to the global emissions. For instance, China, India and the USA have increased global emissions by 35%.

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Xin Hui, Jayden, Shannon, Yang Kiat, Hong Han

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Xin Hui, Jayden, Shannon, Yang Kiat, Hong Han

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The "Singapore Green Plan 2012: Reduce greenhouse emissions by using natural gas as an energy source". Aimed to generate 60% of Singapore's energy needs using natural gas by 2012. As early as 2010, about 79% of Singapore's electricity was being generated from natural gas. This exceeded the Ministry of Environment's target ahead of schedule. The "Green Mark Scheme: Constructing 'green' buildings". Launched by the Building Construction Authority in 2005, aims to encourage more new 'green' buildings, which are more energy-efficient. An example is buildings that run partly on solar energy. Has constructed buildings such as Plaza by the Park, Standard Chartered @ Changi and the National Library Building, have reported energy savings of 15% to 35% compared to conventional buildings. This cuts down greenhouse gas emissions by reducing the use of fossil fuels to generate electricity.

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the kyoto prtocol despite the large amount of countries that participated int he kyoto prtocol , there were still countries that did not meet the emission targets. contires such as denmark austria and spain are some that did not meet these targets. the kyoto protocol also does not make it compulsory for countries withwith low green house gas emmisiions to provide support like energy efficient technology to countires with high greenhousegas emissions. hence countires with high greenhouse gas emissions may not be able to acieve their target emissions as easily. To add fuel to the fire, countries who hadnt signed the kyoto protocol, around 80% of the world, were exempted from reducing their carbon emissions. Developing countries like China and Brazil were given a free pass also. Countries that had joined kyoto like iceland had targets that granted increases in their greenhouse gas emissions while Russia which had a target of zero, need not require to them to do anything. Others including the host country for signing kyoto, Japan, significantly missed their GHG reduction targets had increased emissions. Not to mention the largest contributor of GHG emissions, America, was not included in the protocol. and if it was not in the protocol, how would this protocol help to reduce GHG emissions. if this protocol had included the main contributers of GHG emissions, it may have been more effective

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Despite the majority of countries being able to reduce the carbon output, 2 countries out of 15 were unable to reduce my carbon emission. One of the countries unable to do so was Australia. They increased their carbon output by 8%.The main causes of carbon emissions in Australia :

energy (burning fossil fuels to produce electricity) contributed 33.6 per cent of the total emissions

stationary energy (including manufacturing, mining, residential and commercial fuel use) 20.4 per cent

transport 17.6 per cent

agriculture 14.6 per cent

fugitive emissions 10.0 per cent

industrial processes 6.2 per cent

waste 2.7 per cent.

Due to being unable to meet the requirement, there would be a lot of political tension between the countries.
A cut of supplies from the Kyoto agreement

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Singapore green plan:reduce greenhouse gas emissions by using natural gas as an energy source.
Limitations include
-Natural gas requires complex treatment plants to process and pipelines to support.These pipelines have high maintenance costs because they need to be laid underground and have to be checked regularly for leakage.
Green mark Scheme:Constructing'green buildings'.
Limitations include
-Construction companies and developers in Singapore tend to be conservative about adopting new ideas and materials to build 'green'buildings.'Green'buildings are buillt using processes that are environmentally friendly and resource-efficient.
'Green'buildings may cost more to build because'green'materials may be expensive.'Green materials' are products such as bamboo or recycled metal that are non-toxic,reusable,renewable,or recyclable.

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I agree to a small extent that the international response is the most successful response to climate change.

The international response is successful in terms of allowing a small number of countries to reduce their carbon emissions. One such example is Finland, Finland was able to exceed their target to reduce greenhouse gasses. Finland managed to exceed the target by nearly 10%. Due to the consumption of fossil fuels in power and heat production decreasing by approximately 10 per cent. Through this example i can see that the Kyoto protocol is successful in terms of reducing the greenhouse gas emissions of certain countries.

The international response is not successful in terms of the global greenhouse gas emissions still increasing. (did not have a significant impact) Developing countries such as China did not have a target set by the Kyoto protocol. The "targets" were not by contract thus they has no contractual obligation to reduce their greenhouse gas emission to the recommended target. Developing countries are a large contributor to the emission of global greenhouse gas emissions due to the large number of factories etc. , thus by not having a contractual obligation, developing countries will not have the pressure to decrease their greenhouse gas emissions. Which can be seen from China, China is a developing country which have no commitment in the Kyoto protocol. China has increased its greenhouse gas emissions from 5 metric tons to 7 metric tons from 2005-2007. This shows that the Kyoto protocol was unsuccessful in making a significant impacts to the overall greenhouse gas emissions.

In conclusion, i agree to a small extent that the international response is the most successful response to climate change. As the large majority of countries not were not able to decrease their carbon emissions in fact they even increased their carbon emissions. In addition after the Kyoto protocol was implemented the global carbon emissions still increased.
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