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1.“Ash in the milk.”

2.“The third lantern flickers.”

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Pablo Escobar was 'the richest and most violent gangster in history', the head of the Medellin Cartel, which was responsible for supplying 80 per cent of the world's cocaine during the 1980s. In an attempt to avoid extradition to the USA, he declared war on the Colombian state and thousands died as a result.

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Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (; Spanish: [ˈpaβloeskoˈβaɾ]; 1 December 1949 - 2 December 1993) was a Colombian drug lord, narcoterrorist, and politician, who was the founder and sole leader of the Medellín Cartel. Dubbed "the king of cocaine", Escobar was the wealthiest criminal in history, having amassed an estimated net worth of US$30 billion by the time of his death-equivalent to $70 billion as of 2022-while his drug cartel monopolized the cocaine trade into the United States in the 1980s and early 1990s.

Born in Rionegro and raised in Medellín, Escobar studied briefly at Universidad Autónoma Latinoamericana of Medellín, but left without graduating; he instead began engaging in criminal activity, selling illegal cigarettes and fake lottery tickets, as well as participating in motor vehicle theft. In the early 1970s, he began to work for various drug smugglers, often kidnapping and holding people for ransom.

In 1976, Escobar founded the Medellín Cartel, which distributed powder cocaine, and established the first smuggling routes from Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador, through Colombia and eventually into the United States. Escobar's infiltration into the U.S. created exponential demand for cocaine and by the 1980s it was estimated Escobar led monthly shipments of 70 to 80 tons of cocaine into the country from Colombia. As a result, he quickly became one of the richest people in the world, but constantly battled rival cartels domestically and abroad, leading to massacres and the murders of police officers, judges, locals, and prominent politicians,.

In the 1982 Colombian parliamentary election, Escobar was elected as an alternate member of the Chamber of Representatives as part of the Liberal Party. Through this, he was responsible for community projects such as the construction of houses and football fields, which gained him popularity among the locals of the towns that he frequented. However, Escobar's political ambitions were thwarted by the Colombian and U.S. governments, who routinely pushed for his arrest, with Escobar widely believed to have orchestrated the Avianca Flight 203 and DAS Building bombings in retaliation.

In 1991, Escobar surrendered to authorities, and was sentenced to five years' imprisonment on a host of charges, but struck a deal of no extradition with Colombian President César Gaviria, with the ability of being housed in his own, self-built prison, La Catedral. In 1992, Escobar escaped and went into hiding when authorities attempted to move him to a more standard holding facility, leading to a nationwide manhunt. As a result, the Medellín Cartel crumbled, and in 1993, Escobar was killed in his hometown by Colombian National Police, a day after his 44th birthday.

Escobar's legacy remains controversial; while many denounce the heinous nature of his crimes, he was seen as a " Robin Hood-like" figure for many in Colombia, as he provided many amenities to the poor. His killing was mourned and his funeral attended by over 25,000 people. Additionally, his private estate, Hacienda Nápoles, has been transformed into a theme park. His life has also served as inspiration for or has been dramatized widely in film, television, and in music.

The city of Medellín, where Escobar grew up and began his criminal career

Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria was born on 1 December 1949 in Rionegro, Antioquia Department. He was the third of seven children and grew up in poverty, in the neighboring city of Medellin. His father was a small farmer and his mother was a teacher. Escobar left high school in 1966 just before his 17th birthday, before returning two years later with his cousin Gustavo Gaviria. At this time, the hard life on the streets of Medellin had polished them into gangster bullies in the eyes of teachers. The two dropped out of school after more than a year, but Escobar, who did not give up, briefly became autonomous in Latin America by forging high school diplomas. He then studied in college with the goal of becoming a criminal lawyer, a politician, and eventually the president, but had to give up because of lack of money.

Criminal career

Escobar started his criminal career with his gang by stealing tombstones, sandblasting their inscriptions, and reselling them. After dropping out of school, Escobar began to join gangs to steal cars. Escobar soon became involved in violent crime, employing criminals to kidnap people who owed him money and demand ransoms, sometimes tearing up ransom notes even when Escobar had received the ransom. His most famous kidnapping victim was businessman Diego Echavarria, who was kidnapped and eventually killed in the summer of 1971, Escobar received a $50,000 ransom from the Echavarria family; his gang became well-known for this kidnapping.

Medellín Cartel

International drug routes

Escobar had been involved in organized crime for a decade when the cocaine trade began to spread in Colombia in the mid-1970s. Escobar's meteoric rise caught the attention of the Colombian Security Service (DAS), who arrested him in May 1976 on his return from drug trafficking in Ecuador. DAS agents found 39 kg of cocaine in the spare tire of Escobar's car. Escobar managed to change the first judge in the lawsuit and bribed the second judge, so he was released along with other prisoners. The following year, the agent who arrested Escobar was assassinated. Escobar continued to bribe and intimidate Colombian law enforcement agencies, in the same fashion. His carrot-and-stick strategy of bribing public officials and political candidates in Colombia, in addition to sending hitmen to murder the ones who rejected his bribes, came to be known as "silver or lead", meaning "money or death". The Medellín Cartel and the Cali Cartel both managed to bribe Colombian politicians, and campaigned for both the Conservative and Liberal parties. Hence, Escobar and many other Colombian drug lords were pulling strings in every level of the Colombian government, because many of the political candidates whom they backed financially were eventually elected. Although the Medellín Cartel was only established in the early 1970s, it expanded after Escobar met several drug lords on a farm in April 1978, and by the end of 1978 they had transported some 19,000 kilograms of cocaine to the United States.

Rise to prominence

Powder cocaine was manufactured, packaged, and sold by Pablo Escobar and his associates, and eventually distributed to the U.S. drug market.

Soon, the demand for cocaine greatly increased in the United States, which led to Escobar organizing more smuggling shipments, routes, and distribution networks in South Florida, California, Puerto Rico, and other parts of the country. He and cartel co-founder Carlos Lehder worked together to develop a new trans-shipment point in the Bahamas, an island called Norman's Cay about 350 km (220 mi) southeast of the Florida coast. According to his brother, Escobar did not purchase Norman's Cay; it was instead a sole venture of Lehder's. Escobar and Robert Vesco purchased most of the land on the island, which included a 1-kilometre (3,300 ft) airstrip, a harbor, a hotel, houses, boats, and aircraft, and they built a refrigerated warehouse to store the cocaine. From 1978 to 1982, this was used as a central smuggling route for the Medellín Cartel. With the enormous profits generated by this route, Escobar was soon able to purchase 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi) of land in Antioquia for several million dollars, on which he built the Hacienda Nápoles. The luxury house he created contained a zoo, a lake, a sculpture garden, a private bullring, and other amenities for his family and the cartel.

Escobar at the height of his power

Escobar was also involved in philanthropy in Colombia and paid handsomely for the staff of his cocaine lab. Escobar spent millions developing some of Medellín's poorest neighborhoods. He built housing complexes, parks, football stadiums, hospitals, schools, and churches. Escobar also entered politics in the 1980s and participated in and supported the formation of the Liberal Party of Colombia. In 1982, he successfully entered the Colombian Congress. Although only an alternate, he was automatically granted parliamentary immunity and the right to a diplomatic passport under Colombian law. At the same time, Escobar was gradually becoming a public figure, and because of his charitable work, he was known as "Robin Hood Paisa." He alleged once in an interview that his fortune came from a bicycle rental company he founded when he was 16 years old.

The Justice Minister Rodrigo Lara (center) and presidential candidate Luis Carlos Galán (left) were both assassinated by orders of Escobar.

In Congress, the new Minister of Justice, Rodrigo Lara-Bonilla, had become Escobar's opponent, accusing Escobar of criminal activity from the very first day of Congress. Escobar's arrest in 1976 was investigated by Lara-Bonilla's subordinates. A few months later, Liberal leader Luis Carlos Galán expelled Escobar from the party. Although Escobar fought back, he announced his retirement from politics in January 1984. Three months later, Lara-Bonilla was murdered.

The Colombian judiciary had been a target of Escobar throughout the mid-1980s. While bribing and murdering several judges, in the fall of 1985, the wanted Escobar requested the Colombian government to allow his conditional surrender without extradition to the United States. The proposal was initially answered in the negative, and Escobar subsequently founded and implicitly supported the Los Extraditable Organization, which aims to fight extradition policy. The Los Extraditable Organization was subsequently accused of participating in an effort to prevent the Colombian Supreme Court from studying the constitutionality of Colombia's extradition treaty with the United States. In support of the 6 November 1985, far-left guerrilla movement that attacked the Colombian Judiciary Building and killed half of the justices of the Supreme Court. In late 1986, Colombia's Supreme Court declared the previous extradition treaty illegal due to being signed by a presidential delegation, not the president. Escobar's victory over the judiciary was short-lived, with new president Virgilio Barco Vargas having quickly renewed his agreement with the United States.

Escobar still held a grudge against Luis Carlos Galán for kicking him out of politics, so Galán was assassinated on 18 August 1989 at Escobar's orders. Escobar then planted a bomb on Avianca Flight 203 in an attempt to assassinate Galán's successor, César Gaviria Trujillo, who missed the plane and survived. All 107 people were killed in the blast. Because two Americans were also killed in the bombing, the U.S. government began to intervene directly.

La Catedral prison

After the assassination of Luis Carlos Galán, the administration of César Gaviria moved against Escobar and the drug cartels. Eventually, the government negotiated with Escobar and convinced him to surrender and cease all criminal activity in exchange for a reduced sentence and preferential treatment during his captivity. Declaring an end to a series of previous violent acts meant to pressure authorities and public opinion, Escobar surrendered to Colombian authorities in 1991. Before he gave himself up, the extradition of Colombian citizens to the United States had been prohibited by the newly approved Colombian Constitution of 1991. This act was controversial, as it was suspected that Escobar and other drug lords had influenced members of the Constituent Assembly in passing the law. Escobar was confined in what became his own luxurious private prison, La Catedral, which featured a football pitch, a giant dollhouse, a bar, a Jacuzzi, and a waterfall. Accounts of Escobar's continued criminal activities while in prison began to surface in the media, which prompted the government to attempt to move him to a more conventional jail on 22 July 1992. Escobar's influence allowed him to discover the plan in advance and make a successful escape, spending the remainder of his life evading the police.

Members of Search Bloc celebrate over Escobar's body on 2 December 1993. His death ended a 16-month search effort.

The tomb of Pablo Escobar and family in the Monte Sacro Cemetery, Itagüí

Escobar faced threats from the Colombian police, the U.S. government and his rival, the Cali Cartel. On 2 December 1993, Escobar was found in a house in a middle-class residential area of Medellin by Colombian special forces using technology provided by the United States. Police tried to arrest Escobar, but the situation quickly escalated to an exchange of gun fire. Escobar was shot and killed while trying to escape from the roof. He was hit by bullets in the torso and feet, and a bullet which struck him in the head, killing him. This sparked debate about whether he killed himself or whether he was shot dead.

Aftermath of his death

Soon after Escobar's death and the subsequent fragmentation of the Medellín Cartel, the cocaine market became dominated by the rival Cali Cartel until the mid-1990s when its leaders were either killed or captured by the Colombian government. The Robin Hood image that Escobar had cultivated maintained a lasting influence in Medellín. Many there, especially many of the city's poor whom Escobar had aided while he was alive, mourned his death, and over 25,000 people attended his funeral. Some of them consider him a saint and pray to him for receiving divine help. Escobar was buried at the Monte Sacro Cemetery.

Virginia Vallejo's testimony

On 4 July 2006, Virginia Vallejo, a television anchorwoman romantically involved with Escobar from 1983 to 1987, offered Attorney General Mario Iguarán her testimony in the trial against former Senator Alberto Santofimio, who was accused of conspiracy in the 1989 assassination of presidential candidate Luis Carlos Galán. Iguarán acknowledged that, although Vallejo had contacted his office on 4 July, the judge had decided to close the trial on 9 July, several weeks before the prospective closing date. The action was seen as too late.

On 18 July 2006, Vallejo was taken to the United States on a special flight of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), for "safety and security reasons" due to her cooperation in high-profile criminal cases. On 24 July, a video in which Vallejo had accused Santofimio of instigating Escobar to eliminate presidential candidate Galán was aired by RCN Television of Colombia. The video was seen by 14 million people, and was instrumental for the reopened case of Galán's assassination. On 31 August 2011 Santofimio was sentenced to 24 years in prison for his role in the crime.

Role in the Palace of Justice siege

Escobar funded the M-19 communist guerrilla for the assault of the Colombian Palace of Justice.

Among Escobar's biographers, only Vallejo has given a detailed explanation of his role in the 1985 Palace of Justice siege. The journalist stated that Escobar had financed the operation, which was committed by M-19; but she blamed the army for the killings of more than 100 people, including 11 Supreme Court magistrates, M-19 members, and employees of the cafeteria. Her statements prompted the reopening of the case in 2008; Vallejo was asked to testify, and many of the events she had described in her book and testimonial were confirmed by Colombia's Commission of Truth. These events led to further investigation into the siege that resulted with the conviction of a high-ranking former colonel and a former general, later sentenced to 30 and 35 years in prison, respectively, for the forced disappearance of the detained after the siege. Vallejo would subsequently testify in Galán's assassination. In her book, Amando a Pablo, odiando a Escobar ( Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar), she had accused several politicians, including Colombian presidents Alfonso López Michelsen, Ernesto Samper and Álvaro Uribe of having links to drug cartels.

Escobar's widow (María Henao, now María Isabel Santos Caballero), son (Juan Pablo, now Sebastián Marroquín Santos) and daughter (Manuela) fled Colombia in 1995 after failing to find a country that would grant them asylum. Despite Escobar's numerous and continual infidelities, Maria remained supportive of her husband. Members of the Cali Cartel even replayed their recordings of her conversations with Pablo for their wives to demonstrate how a woman should behave. This attitude proved to be the reason the cartel did not kill her and her children after Pablo's death, although the group demanded (and received) millions of dollars in reparations for Escobar's war against them. Henao even successfully negotiated for her son's life by personally guaranteeing he would not seek revenge against the cartel or participate in the drug trade.

Sebastián Marroquín (born as Juan Pablo Escobar) is an outspoken critic of the violent deeds of his father.

After escaping first to Mozambique, then to Brazil, the family settled in Argentina. Living under her assumed name, Henao became a successful real estate entrepreneur until one of her business associates discovered her true identity, and Henao absconded with her earnings. Local media were alerted, and after being exposed as Escobar's widow, Henao was imprisoned for eighteen months while her finances were investigated. Ultimately, authorities were unable to link her funds to illegal activity, and she was released. According to her son, Henao fell in love with Escobar "because of his naughty smile [and] the way he looked at [her]. [He] was affectionate and sweet. A great lover. I fell in love with his desire to help people and his compassion for their hardship. We [would] drive to places where he dreamed of building schools for the poor. From [the] beginning, he was always a gentleman." María Victoria Henao de Escobar, with her new identity as María Isabel Santos Caballero, continues to live in Buenos Aires with her son and daughter. On 5 June 2018, the Argentine federal judge Nestor Barral accused her and her son, Sebastián Marroquín Santos, of money laundering with two Colombian drug traffickers. The judge ordered the seizing of assets for about $1m each.

Argentinian filmmaker Nicolas Entel's documentary Sins of My Father (2009) chronicles Marroquín's efforts to seek forgiveness, on behalf of his father, from the sons of Rodrigo Lara, Colombia's justice minister who was assassinated in 1984, as well as from the sons of Luis Carlos Galán, the presidential candidate who was assassinated in 1989. The film was shown at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival and premiered in the US on HBO in October 2010. In 2014, Marroquín published Pablo Escobar, My Father under his birth name. The book provides a firsthand insight into details of his father's life and describes the fundamentally disintegrating effect of his death upon the family. Marroquín aimed to publish the book in hopes to resolve any inaccuracies regarding his father's excursions during the 1990s.

Escobar's sister, Luz Maria Escobar, also made multiple gestures in attempts to make amends for the drug baron's crimes. These include making public statements in the press, leaving letters on the graves of his victims and on the 20th anniversary of his death organizing a public memorial for his victims. Escobar's body was exhumed on 28 October 2006 at the request of some of his relatives in order to take a DNA sample to confirm the alleged paternity of an illegitimate child and remove all doubt about the identity of the body that had been buried next to his parents for 12 years. A video of the exhumation was broadcast by RCN, angering Marroquín, who accused his uncle, Roberto Escobar, and cousin, Nicolas Escobar, of being "merchants of death" by allowing the video to air.

Hacienda Nápoles

After Escobar's death, the ranch, zoo and citadel at Hacienda Nápoles were given by the government to low-income families under a law called Extinción de Dominio (Domain Extinction). The property has been converted into a theme park surrounded by four luxury hotels overlooking the zoo.

Escobar Inc

In 2014, Roberto Escobar founded Escobar Inc with Olof K. Gustafsson and registered Successor-In-Interest rights for his brother Pablo Escobar in California, United States.

Escobar kept four hippos in a private menagerie at Hacienda Nápoles. They were deemed too difficult to seize and move after Escobar's death, and hence left on the untended estate. By 2007, the animals had multiplied to 16 and had taken to roaming the area for food in the nearby Magdalena River. In 2009, two adults and one calf escaped the herd and, after attacking humans and killing cattle, one of the adults (called "Pepe") was killed by hunters under authorization of the local authorities. As of early 2014, 40 hippos have been reported to exist in Puerto Triunfo, Antioquia Department, from the original four belonging to Escobar. Without management the population size is likely to more than double in the next decade.

The National Geographic Channel produced a documentary about them titled Cocaine Hippos. A report published in a Yale student magazine noted that local environmentalists are campaigning to protect the animals, although there is no clear plan for what will happen to them. In 2018, National Geographic published another article on the hippos which found disagreement among environmentalists on whether they were having a positive or negative impact, but that conservationists and locals - particularly those in the tourism industry - were mostly in support of their continued presence.

By October 2021, the Colombian government had started a program of chemically sterilizing the animals.

Apartment demolition

On 22 February 2019, at 11:53 AM local time, Medellín authorities demolished the six-story Edificio Mónaco apartment complex in the El Poblado neighborhood where, according to retired Colombian general Rosso José Serrano, Escobar planned some of his most brazen attacks. The building was initially built for Escobar's wife but was gutted by a Cali Cartel car bomb in 1988 and had remained unoccupied ever since, becoming an attraction to foreign tourists seeking out Escobar's physical legacy. Mayor Federico Gutierrez had been pushing to raze the building and erect in its place a park honoring the thousands of cartel victims, including four presidential candidates and some 500 police officers. Colombian President Ivan Duque said the demolition "means that history is not going to be written in terms of the perpetrators, but by recognizing the victims," hoping the demolition would showcase that the city had evolved significantly and had more to offer than the legacy left by the cartels.

Personal life

Family and relationships

In March 1976, the 26-year-old Escobar married María Victoria Henao, who was 15. The relationship was discouraged by the Henao family, who considered Escobar socially inferior; the pair eloped. They had two children: Juan Pablo (now Sebastián Marroquín) and Manuela.

In 2007, the journalist Virginia Vallejo published her memoir Amando a Pablo, odiando a Escobar (Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar), in which she describes her romantic relationship with Escobar and the links of her lover with several presidents, Caribbean dictators, and high-profile politicians. Her book inspired the movie Loving Pablo (2017).

A drug distributor, Griselda Blanco, is also reported to have conducted a clandestine, but passionate, relationship with Escobar; several items in her diary link him with the nicknames "Coque de Mi Rey" (My Coke King) and "Polla Blanca" (White Cock).

Properties

After becoming wealthy, Escobar created or bought numerous residences and safe houses, with the Hacienda Nápoles gaining significant notoriety. The luxury house contained a colonial house, a sculpture park, and a complete zoo with animals from various continents, including elephants, exotic birds, giraffes, and hippopotamuses. Escobar had also planned to construct a Greek-style citadel near it, and though construction of the citadel was started, it was never finished.

Escobar also owned a home in the US under his own name: a 6,500 square foot (604 m ²), pink, waterfront mansion situated at 5860 North Bay Road in Miami Beach, Florida. The four-bedroom estate, built in 1948 on Biscayne Bay, was seized by the US federal government in the 1980s. Later, the dilapidated property was owned by Christian de Berdouare, proprietor of the Chicken Kitchen fast-food chain, who had bought it in 2014. De Berdouare would later hire a documentary film crew and professional treasure hunters to search the edifice before and after demolition, for anything related to Escobar or his cartel. They would find unusual holes in floors and walls, as well as a safe that was stolen from its hole in the marble flooring before it could be properly examined.

Escobar also owned a huge Caribbean getaway on Isla Grande, the largest of the cluster of the 27 coral cluster islands comprising Islas del Rosario, located about 35 km (22 mi) from Cartagena. The compound, now half-demolished and overtaken by vegetation and wild animals, featured a mansion, apartments, courtyards, a large swimming pool, a helicopter landing pad, reinforced windows, tiled floors, and a large but unfinished building to the side of the mansion.

In popular culture

Fernando Botero's portrayal of Escobar's death

Escobar has been the subject of several books, including the following:

Escobar (2010), by Roberto Escobar, written by his brother shows how he became infamous and ultimately died.

Escobar Gaviria, Roberto (2016). My Brother - Pablo Escobar. Escobar, Inc. ISBN 978-0692706374.

Kings of Cocaine (1989), by Guy Gugliotta, retells the history and operations of the Medellín Cartel, and Escobar's role within it.

Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw (2001), by Mark Bowden, relates how Escobar was killed and his cartel dismantled by US special forces and intelligence, the Colombian military, and Los Pepes.

Pablo Escobar: My Father (2016), by Juan Pablo Escobar, translated by Andrea Rosenberg.

Pablo Escobar: Beyond Narcos (2016), by Shaun Attwood, tells the story of Pablo and the Medellin Cartel in the context of the failed War on Drugs; ISBN 978-1537296302

American Made: Who Killed Barry Seal? Pablo Escobar or George HW Bush (2016), by Shaun Attwood, tells Pablo's story as a suspect in the murder of CIA pilot Barry Seal; ISBN 978-1537637198

Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar (2017) by Virginia Vallejo, originally published by Penguin Random House in Spanish in 2007, and later translated to 16 languages.

News of a Kidnapping, (original Spanish title: Noticia de un secuestro) non-fiction 1996 book by Gabriel García Márquez, and published in English in 1997.

Two major feature films on Escobar, Escobar (2009) and Killing Pablo (2011), were announced in 2007. Details about them, and additional films about Escobar, are listed below.

, a 2001 American biographical film based on George Jung, a member of the Medellín Cartel; Escobar was portrayed by Cliff Curtis.

Pablo Escobar: The King of Coke (2007) is a TV movie documentary by National Geographic, featuring archival footage and commentary by stakeholders.

Escobar (2009) was delayed because of producer Oliver Stone's involvement with the George W. Bush biopic (2008). As of 2008, the release date of Escobar remained unconfirmed.[when? ] Regarding the film, Stone said: "This is a great project about a fascinating man who took on the system. I think I have to thank , and maybe even Ari Gold."

Killing Pablo (2011) was supposedly in development for several years, directed by Joe Carnahan. It was to be based on Mark Bowden's 2001 book of the same title, which in turn was based on his 31-part Philadelphia Inquirer series of articles on the subject. The cast was reported to include Christian Bale as Major Steve Jacoby and Venezuelan actor Édgar Ramírez as Escobar. In December 2008, Bob Yari, producer of Killing Pablo, filed for bankruptcy.

Escobar: Paradise Lost (2014) a romantic thriller in which a naive Canadian surfer falls in love with a girl who turns out to be Escobar's niece.

Loving Pablo (2017), Spanish film based on Virginia Vallejo's book Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar with Javier Bardem as Escobar, and Penélope Cruz as Virginia Vallejo.

American Made (2017), American biographical film based on Barry Seal; Escobar was portrayed by Mauricio Mejía.

Weird: The Al Yankovic Story (2022), American biopic parody loosely based on the life of "Weird Al" Yankovic; Arturo Castro portrays Escobar who is depicted as a Weird Al fan who kidnaps Weird Al's girlfriend, Madonna, to lure him to play at his fortieth birthday party. Weird Al instead murders him.

Television

In 2005, Court TV (now TruTV) crime documentary series Mugshots released an episode on Escobar titled "Pablo Escobar - Hunting The Druglord".

In the 2007 HBO television series, , actor Vincent Chase (played by Adrian Grenier) is cast as Escobar in a fictional film entitled Medellín.

One of ESPN's series films, The Two Escobars (2010), by directors Jeff and Michael Zimbalist, looks back at Colombia's World Cup run in 1994 and the relationship between sports and the country's criminal gangs - notably the Medellín narcotics cartel run by Escobar. The other Escobar in the film title refers to former Colombian defender Andrés Escobar (no relation to Pablo), who was shot and killed one month after conceding an own goal that contributed to the elimination of the Colombian national team from the 1994 FIFA World Cup.

Caracol TV produced a television series, (The Cartel), which began airing on 4 June 2008 where Escobar is portrayed by an unknown model when he is shot down by Cartel del Sur's hitmen.

Also Caracol TV produced a TV Series, Pablo Escobar: El Patrón del Mal (Pablo Escobar, The Boss Of Evil), which began airing on 28 May 2012, and stars Andrés Parra as Pablo Escobar. It is based on Alonso Salazar's book La parábola de Pablo. Parra reprises his role in TV Series Football Dreams, a world of passion and El Señor de los Cielos (season 1). Parra has declared not to play the character again so as not to typecast himself.

RTI Producciones produced a TV Series for RCN Televisión, Tres Caínes, was released on 4 March 2013, which Escobar is portrayed by the colombian actor Juan Pablo Franco (who portrayed general Muriel Peraza in Pablo Escobar: El Patrón del Mal) in the first phase of the series. Franco reprises his role in Surviving Escobar: Alias JJ.

The same year 2013, Fox Telecolombia produced for RCN Televisión a TV Series, Alias El Mexicano, released on 5 November 2013, which Escobar is portrayed by an unknown actor in a minor role.

A Netflix original television series depicting the story of Escobar, titled , was released on 28 August 2015, starring Brazilian actor Wagner Moura as Pablo. Season two premiered on the streaming service on 2 September 2016.

In 2016, Teleset and Sony Pictures Television produced for RCN Televisión the TV Series En la boca del lobo, was released on 16 August 2016, which Escobar is portrayed by Fabio Restrepo (who portrayed Javier Ortiz in Pablo Escobar: El Patrón del Mal) as the character of Flavio Escolar.

National Geographic in 2016 broadcast a biography series that included an episode featuring Escobar.

On 24 January 2018, Netflix released the 68-minute-long documentary Countdown to Death: Pablo Escobar directed by Santiago Diaz and Pablo Martin Farina.

Killing Escobar was a documentary televised in the UK in 2021. It concerned a failed attempt by mercenaries, contracted by the Cali Cartel and led by Peter McAleese, to assassinate Escobar in 1989.

Fox Telecolombia produced in 2019 a TV Series, El General Naranjo, which aired on 24 May 2019, which Escobar is portrayed by the Colombian actor Federico Rivera.

The 2013 song "Pablo" by American rapper E-40 serves as an ode to the legacy of Pablo Escobar.

The 2016 album The Life of Pablo by American rapper Kanye West was named after the three Pablos who inspired and represented some part of the album, with one of them being Pablo Escobar.

Dubdogz's "Pablo Escobar" (feat. Charlott Boss), released in 2020, has garnered more than 5.6 million views for its official music video.

The 2018 hit single Narcos by the Atlanta based rap group Migos from their album Culture II makes references to Pablo Escobar as well as the Medellin Cartel, and the Netflix series Narcos

References

External links

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Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (; Spanish: [ˈpaβloeskoˈβaɾ]; 1 December 1949 - 2 December 1993) was a Colombian drug lord, narcoterrorist, and politician, who was the founder and sole leader of the Medellín Cartel.

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2024503535- wireless transfer of current

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As we all know transferring current has a significant role in human development, the growth and advancing of technology depends on utilization of current or energy. Almost 5-7 percentage of current is wasted in trasmission which is significantly high in large scale. It also requires huge amount of manpower and resources in construction of current wires and damage in these wire may even lead to casualties where as current transfer in a wireless medium can avoid these problems. Advancement in this technology can even lead humankind to setup solar power plants in space and consume its energy effectively this lead us to stop consumption of energy from thermal and nuclear power plants and exploitation of nature. Challenges faced in this technology are:

1. Energy loss due to resistance and inefficiencies in the air or medium through which power is transmitted is a significant challenge.

2.Efficient wireless power transfer over long distances is still difficult, especially with high-power applications.

3.Developing infrastructure for wireless energy transmission is expensive and not always cost-effective compared to traditional wired methods.

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2024503049-" My idea is about  making money on social media"

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2024503049-" My idea is about  making money on social media"

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My idea is to make money on social media,

develop a strong understanding of social media platforms ,marketing strategies

and content creation and then market your services to business ,share your knowledge

selling online courses or offering coaching services on social media ,Instagram ,Twitter,You tube,linkedin apps used for making money on social media.

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My idea is to create a software application that understands human emotions and provides proper guidance with appropriate psychological solutions. I think it would save many lives, especially for those who attempt suicide or use drugs. The app should be properly based on psychology and science. It should relieve human stress and prevent people from going down the wrong path.

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2024503033 K.Krishnapriya The idea is about tracking system (mobile and smartwatch )to ensure the safety of the people : 

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2024503033 K.Krishnapriya The idea is about tracking system (mobile and smartwatch )to ensure the safety of the people : 

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The mobile phone sensor system has to be modified as it can detect the area (where there is no signal ) from 5 km away from it and it will send a signal to a computer sensor nearer to it. This signal from that number will be transfered to all other sensor systems. If it doesn't send another signal (when it crossed the non signal area) to the sensor system nearer to it within 5 to 6 hours. The details of the phone number( including one week call log) will be send to the police station (100km) around that signal area. The system will track the frequently called phone number from the phone sensor to gather information from their family. It is to ensure the safety and we can also reduce some illegal activities around that area. And it will record the signal information if it gets same mobile signal for about or more than 3 months ( if another signal is sensed after 4 hrs) it will put in suspect list and send it to the police station nearer to it. Then the police have to make investigation about that person. That person has to provide a valid identification and reason. If the reasons and identifications are satisfying, their name will be neglected from the suspect list as soon as the info is sent to the system via computer.

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It's my small idea to prevent the accidents that occurs due to alcohol consumption.For this a sensor called fuel cell sensor is attached near to the driver seat in the car.This is capable of measuring alcohol.Initially,the range of alcohol is set in the sensor,it measures alcohol by the electrochemical process of oxidising alcohol that presents in the atmosphere air.If the alcohol level is greater than the set range .It produces the sound by the buzzer that set in the car. It also off the engine automatically using the relay module and send message to the registered mobile number.l hope this reduces the number of accidents that occurs due to alcohol consumption.

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CT Yazhene S

ADDITIONAL SOFTWARE IN SMARTWATCH TO DETECT LACK OF MOVEMENT

To develop a software that is to be installed in our smartwatches. Many students tend to feel sleepy during their lecture hours, especially in afternoon sessions.

This software is supposed to detect the person's heartbeat and their hand movements (signs) and conclude if they seem sleepy. The watch would then give strong vibrations. This may help the person to stay awake and concentrate on the lecture.

This vibration may continue at small frequency intervals for the next 5 or 10 minutes. This model in smartwatches should be designed with a turn-on and turn-off option along with other related options.

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REMOVAL OF OIL SPILL FROM OCEAN.

One of the eco friendly approach to remove oil spill from ocean is using algae that is genetically engineered microalgae that can break down oil more efficiently. Scientists are modifying algae to produce enzymes that degrade hydrocarbons (the main components of oil) into less harmful substances.

THINGS THAT ALGAE SHOULD POSSESS

Contain genes that enhance oil degradation.

Absorb oil particles and convert them into biodegradable byproducts.

Can be released into oil spills to naturally and efficiently clean up pollution.

ADVANTAGES OF USING ALGAE TO REMOVE OIL SPILL

1.Eco-Friendly – Unlike chemical dispersants, algae-based bioremediation doesn’t introduce harmful substances into the ocean.

2. Self-Sustaining – Some algae can reproduce rapidly, maintaining oil-eating bacteria populations.

3. Carbon Capture Potential – Some algae strains also absorb CO₂, reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

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The idea is about voice controlled smart kitchen .when we send a voice command to the appliance. User can control the appliance like oven ,get step by step cooking instruction. It is designed to cook easier and safer , especially busy people . The smart kitchen aims to bring convenience and innovation to everyday cooking. The built in AI scanner checks the food quality, freshness by using the voice commands.for example , we send a voice command like check the apple means it scans and give if it is fresh or not .

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Innovative 10m Sensor Door with Real-Time Person Identification & Display

Concept:

A smart sensor door that detects individuals from a 10-meter distance, identifies them using AI-powered biometrics, and displays their details (name, access level, temperature, etc.) on a screen before granting or denying access.

Key Technologies & Features:

1. Long-Range Sensor System (10m Detection)

LiDAR & Radar Sensors: Detect approaching individuals even in low-light or obstructed environments.

Infrared & Ultrasonic Sensors: Measure distance and detect movement patterns for precise activation.

2. AI-Based Facial & Biometric Recognition

Facial Recognition AI: Identifies the person and verifies them against a secure database.

Gait Recognition (Optional): Identifies a person by their walking pattern.

Thermal Imaging: Measures body temperature for health screening.

3. Live Display & User Information Panel

Digital Screen (LCD/OLED/AR Glass Panel): Shows the person's name, access level, and custom messages.

Smart Alerts: If unauthorized, the screen displays warnings, and security is alerted automatically.

Custom User Interface: Can display welcome messages, schedules, or biometric health data (optional).

4. Automated Access Control & Smart Door Operation

AI-Based Decision Making:

Grants access based on ID, security clearance, or visitor authorization.

Adjusts door opening size dynamically (for people, packages, or automated robots).

Integration with IoT & Smart Building Systems:

Syncs with elevators, lighting, and security systems.

Logs entry/exit data for security tracking.

5. Optional Enhancements

Voice Recognition & Conversational AI: Users can verify themselves by speaking.

RFID/NFC Support: Works with keycards, smartphones, or wearable devices.

Edge AI Processing: Ensures privacy-friendly recognition without sending data to the cloud.

Applications:

High-Security Buildings: Corporate offices, government facilities, research labs.

Airports & Transportation Hubs: Speed up passenger identification and boarding.

Smart Homes & VIP Residences: Personalized access & greeting systems.

Factories & Industrial Sites: Monitor workers' entry & safety compliant

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It's my small idea that about a Machine which will write the thing by hearing which will be dictated by a person. It will be useful for visually impaired people for writing government exams or for other purposes which will can replaced instead of scribe. It will be much useful for them..

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My idea is about start a business in manufacturing synthetic heart valve , internal organ , pace maker for transplantation and it will the people to live the life for while And help the people who needs. Most of the Senior citizen were suffocating the heart problem , so it will help them out .

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IDENTIFYING MORE HARMFUL GAS RELEASING VEHICLE::: 

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IDENTIFYING MORE HARMFUL GAS RELEASING VEHICLE::: 

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NO: 2024504534

NAME : VIJAYAN P

Let me straightly talk about the point. we know that most of the industrial machines

,vehicles and aircrafts perform their task by the release of harmful gases, but the idea is not is not going to stop the gas releasing things , its something different.

here with the help of new tech sensors and supervision cameras, we are just identifying the things which releasing more intensity of gases which causes an effect the living things.

the new tech sensors and cameras just identify those high rate releasing things or machines etc, and it will take a pic of that and its corresponding address .Finally it will

send those information to the corresponding pollution controlling authorities to control or replace those more gas releasing things to give a solution.......

OUR SURROUNDING MUST WANT TO BE DESIGNED BY US .............

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Ocean windmills are large, tall structures with blades that rotate when the wind blows. These turbines are placed in bodies of water, typically in the ocean, to capture wind energy and convert it into electricity. The primary advantage of offshore windmills is that the wind in these areas is stronger and more consistent than on land, allowing for more efficient energy production.

HOW THEY WORK..

Wind Capture: The wind blows over the blades of the windmill (turbine), causing them to spin.

Energy Conversion: The spinning blades are connected to a generator inside the turbine. As the blades rotate, they turn the generator, which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Transmission: The electricity generated is transmitted through underwater cables to the shore, where it can be integrated into the electrical grid.

Advantages of Ocean Windmills...

Higher Efficiency: Winds are stronger and more consistent over oceans than on land, allowing for higher energy production.

Minimal Land Use: Offshore wind turbines do not take up valuable land space and do not interfere with urban development or agriculture.

Environmental Benefits: They generate clean, renewable energy, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions.

Large Energy Potential: The vast areas of oceans provide a huge area for wind farms, increasing the potential for energy production.

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Hello everyone,My idea is to create a wearable communication wristband which is very useful for speech-impaired(dumb)people.It works based on converting hand gestures into text or voice output for easy communication.

people who are dumb need not rely on people knowing sign language.it helps in daily life ,especially in places like public transport, schools,colleges where sign language may not be understood. .it can be used to control to smart home devices also.it sends pre-set emergency messages to family or medical services with a simple gesture.it works without internet,making it reliable on remote areas.

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In buses and trains some people travels by foot board in unsafe manner it may leads to death.My idea is to design a sensor which alarms when more people are travel by footboard, it reduces risk of accidents.

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MICRO HYDROPOWER PLANT USING RAINWATER

My project is about generating electricity from rainwater. So far, we have generated electricity from hydropower plants using water from rivers and dams. Hydroelectricity is the cleanest form of energy around and producing it is fairly simple. To enhance that, rainwater has kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of raindrops can be tapped using certain materials, which possess piezoelectric properties can produce electrical voltage.

The advent of hydropower technology has undoubtedly made a great impact on the world transforming the way we generate and utilize electricity.

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START UP PLAN : FIT FOR FOOTBALL AND FANZONE

Develop a personalized fitness and nutrition platform that helps football player optimize their physical performance, prevent injuries and accelerate.

Build a social media platform for football fans, allowing user to share match

highlights, discuss games, and connect with other fans.

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ANTI SLEEP ALARM for drivers without using arduino..

Problem:

Drivers who drive late night may become sleepy and this may lead to accidents not only in roadways but also in airways and railways.

Solution:

This is a device made with basic circuit components like sensor , led light and alarm device. it should be fixed in the glass wore by drivers or students who wants to avoid sleeping during night study. if the user stops blinking or closes the eyelids for more than 3 seconds, the light will glow and alarm will make a beep sound. so that the user can avoid sleeping.

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2024504537- Mini beeper for finding lost objects

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2024504537- Mini beeper for finding lost objects

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We often search for many things and waste much time to find it. We also don't remember where we kept those things and we will find them only after a long time.

To prevent this, i am going to give 10 beepers of very small size that could be attached to the things we often forget like keys, headset, watch, etc. These beepers could be turned on when we are searching for it via phone. Then we can turn off the beeper through our phone once we have found the object.

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 REG NO:2024504510                                                                                  SENSORS ON FOOTBOARD OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS

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 REG NO:2024504510                                                                                  SENSORS ON FOOTBOARD OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS

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Standing on the footboard of buses and electric trains poses significant safety risks, including the danger of passengers falling off due to sudden movements or external obstacles, overcrowding inside the vehicle, and obstructed evacuation during emergencies. It also impedes vehicle operations, causes wear and tear, and creates visibility issues for drivers. Weak enforcement of safety rules and a lack of public awareness further exacerbate the problem. To address this, stronger regulation, better vehicle design, public education, and crowd management strategies are needed to prevent accidents and ensure passenger safety.

1. Footboard Proximity Sensors

How They Work: Proximity sensors are installed along the footboard of buses or trains. These sensors use technologies like infrared or ultrasonic waves to detect the presence of an object (in this case, a passenger) within a certain range. The sensor is triggered when a person approaches or stands on the footboard.

Purpose: The main goal is to detect when a passenger is in the dangerous position of standing on or near the footboard, which is an unsafe area while the vehicle is moving. This real-time detection helps to prevent accidents caused by passengers falling off or being knocked over by external forces.

Alerts: When the sensor detects someone standing in this area, it can send an alert to the bus or train operator. Alerts can be in the form of visual signals (like a flashing light) or audible alarms. In some cases, these alerts can be directed to the passengers themselves to encourage them to move inside the vehicle.

Advantages: This provides an immediate response to the hazardous behavior, alerting both the operator and the passengers of the danger before it leads to an accident. It also helps the driver remain focused on the road or tracks, without needing to constantly monitor the footboard area.

2. Motion Detectors

How They Work: Motion detectors can be strategically placed around the footboard and other high-risk areas to monitor any movement. These detectors typically work by detecting changes in infrared radiation (heat signatures) or by using microwave sensors to detect motion in the vicinity. In areas where footboards are a common problem, these detectors can specifically monitor whether a person is standing, leaning, or moving in an unsafe position.

Purpose: The primary function of motion detectors is to identify when a person is in a hazardous standing position, such as partially hanging off the footboard or leaning dangerously outside the vehicle. If detected, it triggers an alert to notify the driver or operator of the unsafe behavior.

Alerts: Similar to proximity sensors, motion detectors can trigger alarms or visual signals to warn both the passengers and the operator. This could be a flashing light, an audible alarm, or even a direct message to the operator or on-board staff, who can take immediate action, such as stopping the vehicle or instructing the passenger to move inside.

Advantages: Motion detectors are particularly useful for detecting sudden or subtle movements that might not always be visible. They can detect motion even when the person is not fully in view or when the situation is evolving (such as a person starting to move toward the footboard). This ensures that the vehicle operator can take swift action before the situation escalates into an accident.

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AI-DRIVEN DYNAMIC TRAFFIC ECOSYSTEM(INNOVATIVE TWIST)

-Quantum traffic coordination:

use quantum inspired algorithms to stimulate and predict traffic conditions across the city in seconds ,allowing signals to respond not only to real time data but to future traffic pattens. This could prevent jams before they even occur.

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2024502010

Naveen Prakash

My project is about Mind-Controlled Devices: The Future of Human-Technology Interaction

Mind-controlled devices use brain-computer interface (BCI) technology to interpret brain signals and translate them into commands that control electronic devices. These systems allow users to interact with technology using just their thoughts.

1. Brain Signal Detection:

Electrodes or sensors (like EEG headsets) detect brain activity.

2. Signal Processing:

A computer interprets these signals using artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning.

3. Action Execution:

The processed signals trigger a response, such as moving a robotic arm, typing on a screen, or controlling a wheelchair.

Applications of Mind-Controlled Devices

Healthcare:

Helps paralyzed patients control prosthetic limbs.

Enables communication for people with disabilities (e.g., ALS patients).

Gaming & Virtual Reality:

Provides immersive experiences by controlling games with thoughts.

Smart Home Control:

Allows hands-free control of smart appliances like lights, TVs, and doors.

Military & Robotics:

Used for controlling drones, robotic soldiers, or exoskeletons.

Challenges & Future Prospects

Accuracy & Reliability: Brain signals can be noisy and difficult to interpret.

Ethical Concerns: Privacy issues arise since brain data is highly personal.

Cost & Accessibility: Current BCI devices are expensive, limiting widespread use.

Future Innovations: Advancements in AI, neuroscience, and nanotechnology could make these devices more efficient and affordable.

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Project Draft: Identification of Power Theft Using Microcontroller

Power theft is a growing issue, causing significant revenue loss to electricity boards,estimated 8% annually .This project aims to detect power theft using a microcontroller and GSM technology. The system automatically monitors electricity usage, identifies theft, and sends alerts to the electricity board through existing power lines.

By reducing manual effort and ensuring accurate detection, this system helps minimize illegal electricity use and revenue loss. It is a simple and efficient solution suitable for both homes and industries offering a reliable solution for power theft detection.

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The Future of vehicles ..

Just how many days these boring journey on roads and rails. Lets float and fly in our cars and bikes. Now a days we have seen many maglev trains,but in those trains we can't travel in our comfort. So lets make make floating and flying vehicles with help of electromagnets(or) by using air pressure. There already exist hyperloop pod cars made by Elon musk which uses air pressure to make vehicles fly but we aren't much aware of that. My idea is to normalize these kind of vehicles and enjoy our journey. In these vehicles,there are many advantages like requires less time to reach the destination, reduce friction,eco friendly, renewable energy source,increased efficiency but still there are many complexities like high initial investment,limited routes,high energy consumption,noise and vibration,cost of maintenance and so on ..so our aim is to break all complexities one by one and make these kind of vehicles as the future of vehicles..

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A dual silencer system is an innovative exhaust modification designed to provide two distinct sound profiles for a vehicle. It combines standard engineering with creative sound modulation techniques, allowing users to switch between a normal exhaust sound and a unique or unconventional sound. Here's how it works in detail:

Components of the System:

1. Dual-Channel Silencer: The silencer is equipped with two pathways:

Normal Mode: This pathway allows the exhaust gases to flow through a standard muffler design, producing a traditional, subdued engine sound.

Weird Sound Mode: The second pathway is equipped with sound-altering elements, such as resonators, chambers, or perforated pipes, which create an unusual or distinct auditory experience.

2. Switching Mechanism: A switch (either manual or electronic) allows the driver to toggle between the two modes. This could be controlled through:

A physical button or lever in the vehicle.

Integration with the vehicle's electronic system for seamless operation.

3. Actuator or Valve: The switch activates a valve or actuator that redirects the exhaust gases to the chosen pathway.

Working Mechanism:

When the switch is set to normal mode, the exhaust gases flow through the standard muffler, maintaining a low, consistent sound suitable for everyday driving.

When switched to weird sound mode, the gases are rerouted through the modified pathway, creating a unique sound that can range from sporty growls to high-pitched notes, depending on the design.

Applications:

Customization: Offers a unique, personalized sound experience for car enthusiasts.

Functionality: Normal mode is ideal for urban or family use, while the weird mode can be used for special events, racing, or showcasing the vehicle.

Compliance: Switching to normal mode ensures compliance with noise regulations when required.

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What is EV Charging Infrastructure?: An Overview : It is understood that the EV power supply stations and the networks that allow the charging of electric vehicles (EVs) are known as EV charging infrastructure. The importance of such infrastructure is the growing adoption of EVs. Considering the changing and evolving energy sources used across the globe, there is a need for the usage and growth of electric automobiles.Electric cars are in charge because they need charging for a certain amount of time, or rather, they need specialized charging stations that are available in public, at home, and even at the place of work. However, due to the ease of access to filling stations, conventional wide-blooming cars do not enjoy this luxury.The infrastructure for EV charging consists of several components, such as energy management systems, integration of smart grid technology, establishment of charging stations, types of charging connectors, and others.The rate at which charging takes place can differ from one charging station to another. Even though energy management systems supply power to electric vehicles ‘EVs’ while regulating the power grid, various electric vehicle models have different charging sockets. These systems optimize the use of energy and prevent overloading. Smart grids allow for better control and optimization of energy distribution.As usage and demand for EVs are rising, this charging infrastructure needs to be changed and updated. To make electric vehicles more profitable, efficient, and scalable, it is important to make sure to increase the availability of charging stations.AI’s Contribution to EV Charging SystemThe advancement of the Internet of Things is revolutionizing the charging infrastructure for electric vehicles, which is enhanced by the system intelligence, efficacy, and flexibility of the charging system according to the needs of electric vehicle owners.The fast-evolving AI technologies geared towards the charging systems also show that there is a bigger shift from the traditional charging infrastructure systems to smart ones, which allows for energy optimization and enhanced service provision.

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Electric vehicles have become widely popular around the world. EV models are successful and people have accepted them in their daily lives now, so the demand for reliable EV charging infrastructure is increasing day by day. There's already established EV charging infrastructure but it won't be able to match the growing demands that turn into the growing need for a smart charging infrastructure. This is where AI comes into the picture. The combination of AI with smart grid technology will create a new era in EV charging systems. In this blog, we will discuss how AI can contribute to the evolution of smart charging infrastructure

Efficient Energy Management

AI-powered energy management systems make sure to distribute power efficiently across the charging stations. It uses real-time data and based on that, it predicts peak demand times and adjusts the flow of electricity. Now, with AI and smart grid integration, the management of energy can be done effectively. Also, it is effective when using renewable energy sources like solar or wind.

Smart Charging Scheduling

The implementation of AI at charging stations allows for the incorporation of intelligent scheduling and dynamic pricing, which helps in determining how much and when the EV should receive power. To illustrate, AI can optimize the charging patterns of the users' vehicles by predicting the time when electricity is most affordable and the power grid is least loaded.

That way, the customers can wait and charge their car during the cheaper off-peak period. This also encourages consumers to evenly distribute the demand throughout the day, which helps stabilize the grid and reduce consumers’ charging costs.

Smart Grid and Load Balancing

The pressure on the grid increases with more electric vehicle usage. Machine learning techniques leverage historical usage patterns, energy demand forecasts, and weather predictions, among other data points, to help in load management. This allows AI in power management systems to automatically adjust the power outputs of the EV charging infrastructure, thereby preserving the balance of the grid, and minimizing power loss.

Smart Maintenance for Charging Stations

With the help of artificial intelligence, charging stations can predict if there are any issues with the component or the need for maintenance. With the stored data, defined patterns, and sensor data, AI can tell you the potential issues in the system. This helps reduce downtime for EV charging stations before any breakdowns.

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My Topic Name Is

Automatic Car Driving

1. Perception System

Sensors : Equip the car with a variety of sensors such as LIDAR, cameras, ultrasonic sensors, and radar to detect the surrounding environment.

Object Detection: Use algorithms to identify objects like pedestrians, vehicles, traffic signals, and obstacles from sensor data.

Sensor Fusion: Combine data from multiple sensors for a comprehensive understanding of the car’s environment.

2. Localization

GPS and Maps : Use high-precision GPS data along with pre-mapped roads for the car to know its current position.

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM): Implement SLAM techniques to create maps in real-time and locate the vehicle within them, especially in areas where GPS is weak.

Position Refinement: Use sensor data (like LIDAR) to refine position estimates beyond basic GPS capabilities.

3. Path Planning

Route Planning : Develop algorithms to calculate the optimal route from the current location to the destination based on map data.

Dynamic Path Adjustment: Enable real-time path adjustments based on changes in traffic or road conditions.

Trajectory Planning: Calculate the safest and smoothest path for the vehicle, avoiding obstacles and ensuring the car stays in its lane.

4. Decision-Making

Predictive Models : Develop models to predict the movement of other vehicles, pedestrians, and cyclists.

Traffic Rule Compliance: Ensure the system follows traffic rules, such as stopping at red lights, yielding to pedestrians, and obeying speed limits.

Risk Management: Implement decision-making strategies that minimize risks in uncertain or complex scenarios, such as sudden braking or lane changes.

5. Vehicle Control

Throttle, Brakes, and Steering Control : Create control systems for smooth acceleration, braking, and steering.

Stability Management: Integrate algorithms to maintain vehicle stability in various conditions (rain, snow, or sudden maneuvers).

Safety Redundancy: Build redundant control systems in case of a failure, allowing the car to take over or safely stop.

6. Obstacle Detection and Avoidance

Real-Time Scanning : Constantly scan for nearby objects, vehicles, pedestrians, or animals.

Collision Avoidance Algorithms: Implement real-time algorithms to avoid collisions by braking, steering, or accelerating.

Emergency Braking: Integrate an emergency braking system to stop the car if an unavoidable obstacle is detected.

7. Human-Machine Interface (HMI)

Driver Monitoring : Include systems to monitor driver attention and take control if the driver is unresponsive.

Feedback System: Provide visual or audio cues to inform the driver of the car’s actions, such as lane changes, speed adjustments, or approaching hazards.

Manual Override: Ensure the driver can manually take control of the car at any moment.

8. Machine Learning and AI

Training Data Collection : Gather large datasets from real-world driving scenarios to train AI models.

Supervised Learning: Use supervised learning for object detection, lane following, and predictive modeling.

Reinforcement Learning: Apply reinforcement learning for decision-making in complex, unpredictable environments, such as intersections or crowded roads.

9. Testing and Simulation

Virtual Simulations : Use software simulations to test driving scenarios in a safe, controlled environment.

Closed-Track Testing: Test the vehicle on private tracks designed to replicate real-world conditions like rain, snow, and heavy traffic.

Real-World Testing: Conduct real-world trials in designated areas to refine the system and ensure safety under various conditions.

10. Safety and Regulatory Compliance

Fail-Safe Systems : Integrate fail-safe systems that automatically stop the vehicle if something goes wrong (e.g., sensor failure or software malfunction).

Regulatory Approvals: Ensure the vehicle complies with regional and international safety and traffic regulations.

Public Trust: Build public trust by focusing on the safety, privacy, and security aspects of autonomous driving.

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MONITERING TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY A greenhouse temperature and humidity monitoring project involves using sensors and technology to measure and maintain optimal environmental conditions for plants. Here's a detailed explanation:

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1. Objective

To monitor and regulate temperature and humidity inside a greenhouse, ensuring the conditions are ideal for plant growth. The project may include features such as real-time monitoring, alerts, or automated climate control.

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2. Components

a. Sensors

DHT11/DHT22: Measures temperature and humidity.

Alternative Sensors: SHT31, AM2302, or BME280 (if higher accuracy is needed).

b. Microcontroller

Arduino Uno/Nano: Cost-effective and easy to program.

ESP32/NodeMCU: Includes Wi-Fi for remote monitoring.

c. Display Unit

16x2 LCD or OLED: To display real-time data.

Alternatively, send data to a smartphone or computer.

d. Communication Module (Optional)

Wi-Fi Module (e.g., ESP8266): To send data to a mobile app or web server.

Bluetooth Module (e.g., HC-05): For local wireless monitoring.

e. Power Supply

A 5V power adapter, battery pack, or solar power for off-grid setups.

f. Actuators (Optional)

Cooling Fans: To reduce temperature.

Humidifiers/Dehumidifiers: To control humidity.

Heating Devices: For maintaining warmth in cold conditions.

g. Software

Arduino IDE for programming the microcontroller.

Blynk or ThingSpeak for remote monitoring (optional).

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3. Working Principle

1. Data Collection:

The temperature and humidity sensors continuously measure environmental conditions in the greenhouse.

2. Processing:

The microcontroller processes the sensor data.

If connected to the internet, the data is sent to a server or displayed on a mobile app.

3. Output:

The readings are displayed on an LCD or sent to a monitoring device.

If conditions deviate from preset thresholds, actions are triggered (e.g., turning on a fan or humidifier).

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4. Steps to Build the Project

Step 1: Hardware Setup

Connect the DHT

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Concept : At present day to day life, there are many farmers who died by lend. So, this concept I will create a app name was "TAMILAN" . Tamilan app will directly bought vegetables, fruits,paddy and seeds etc..., from formers and sell to the peoples. This concept We cut the distributor so it gives more profit for farmers.

Key features:

(i) Tamilan app is more easily communicate with farmers.

(ii) The product price is only decided by farmers.

(iii) Farmers and peoples are directly interact easily with this app.

Designing Interface:

Wire frame: Sketch the layout and flow of tamilan app is using tools like figma or Adobe XD.

Make up: Tamilan app is well designed and including colours, fonts and branding.

Development Approach:

Android: Use Java or Kotlin

iOS : Use Swift or objective -C.

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This is An Idea to Bring Bio-Gas instead of CNG in Global Level

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This is an App that made only to Ensure The Safety of Women and Children

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Automatic Signaaling system

Generative design can use machine learning to predict the optimal placement of signals based purely on data. AI can optimize the entire railway network by simulating various scenarios to suggest the most effective signal timings and maintenance schedules.

Presently indian railway using the absolute block signalling. Automatic Signalling system decreases the waiting time at intermediate stations.

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Smart Railway Tracks with Integrated Sensors and Energy Harvesting.                (2024510065)

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Smart Railway Tracks with Integrated Sensors and Energy Harvesting.                (2024510065)

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Concept: Develop railway tracks with embedded sensors and energy-harvesting technology to enhance safety, efficiency, and sustainability.

*Key Features:*

1. Sensor-embedded tracks: Monitor temperature, stress, and vibration.

2. Energy harvesting: Piezoelectric or thermoelectric generators capture energy from train vibrations and heat.

3. Real-time monitoring: Track condition, train speed, and weight distribution.

4. Predictive maintenance: AI-powered analytics detect potential issues.

5. Automated signaling: Intelligent track-side signals adjust to optimize traffic flow.

6. Enhanced safety: Detect trespassers, obstacles, and potential derailments.

*Benefits:*

1. Improved safety (real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance)

2. Increased efficiency (optimized traffic flow, reduced maintenance)

3. Energy generation (reduces reliance on external power sources)

4. Enhanced passenger experience (smoother rides, reduced delays)

5. Extended track lifespan (predictive maintenance, optimized loading)

*Technical Requirements:*

1. Sensor integration (temperature, stress, vibration)

2. Energy harvesting technology (piezoelectric, thermoelectric)

3. Advanced materials (durable, corrosion-resistant)

4. AI-powered analytics (predictive maintenance, real-time monitoring)

5. Communication infrastructure (wireless or wired)

*Potential Implementation:*

1. New track construction

2. Retrofitting existing tracks

3. Integration with existing signaling systems

4. Public-private partnerships for funding and development

*Future Development:*

1. Integration with autonomous train control systems

2. Expansion to high-speed rail networks

3. Development of advanced materials for increased durability

Some potential applications:

1. Condition-based maintenance

2. Train scheduling optimization

3. Energy-efficient rail operations

4. Enhanced passenger safety

5. Smart rail infrastructure development

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Speed breaker power generator(SBPG).                                                                      2024510032    

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Speed breaker power generator(SBPG).                                                                      2024510032    

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In our day to day life, we often see speed breakers everyday. My idea is to generate electricity from the mechanical force applied on the speed breaker by our vehicle. In this system, a rack and pinions mechanism is used for the production of electricity. When a car reaches on the speed breaker, the rack moves downward to generate linear to rotary motion using pinions. The rotary motion is transferred to DC generator which generates DC power which is stored in batteries same as in solar technology. The generated power can be used for the domestic purpose or commercial.

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Samyuktha M

Introduction:

What are Plastic Roads?

Roads made by incorporating waste plastic into bitumen (asphalt) to enhance road durability.

Why Plastic Roads?

Address the dual challenge of waste management and road infrastructure improvement.

The Need for Plastic RoadsPlastic Waste Problem:

Millions of tons of plastic waste generated globally each year.Traditional disposal methods (landfills, incineration) are harmful to the environment.

Infrastructure Challenges:

Conventional roads deteriorate due to weather, heavy traffic, and poor materials.High maintenance costs

.

How Plastic Roads are MadeProcess Overview:

Waste plastics like carry bags, bottles, and packaging are cleaned, shredded, and mixed with bitumen.The mixture is heated and laid using traditional road construction techniques.

Materials Used:

Types of plastics:

Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Polystyrene, etc.Around 8% of plastic waste by weight can be mixed with bitumen.

Advantages of Plastic RoadsEnvironmental Benefits:

Waste Reduction

Road Durability

Cost Efficiency

Case Studies:

Plastic Roads in ActionIndia:

Pioneered plastic road technology, especially in Tamil Nadu and Kerala.Over 100,000 km of plastic roads built successfully.United Kingdom:Trial projects show promising results in reducing road wear and tear.

Other Countries:

Australia, Indonesia, and the Netherlands have started pilot programs.

ConclusionSummary:

Plastic roads offer a sustainable solution to two major global issues: waste management and infrastructure maintenance.While challenges remain, continued innovation and adoption can make plastic roads a key component of future infrastructure.

Thank you.......

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Flying car

Definition:

A flying car is a vehicle that combines the capabilities of both a car and an aircraft, allowing it to drive on roads and take off or land like a plane. Typically, these vehicles use vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) technology, enabling them to operate in urban environments without needing traditional runways. They aim to provide convenient, efficient transportation, especially in congested areas, but face challenges like safety regulations, air traffic management, and technological development.

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Water Tank Overflow Alarm Project

1. Detects water level using sensor (e.g., float switch, ultrasonic).

2. Microcontroller (e.g., Arduino, ESP32) processes sensor data.

3. Triggers alarm and LED indicators when tank is full.

4. Prevents water waste and tank damage.

5. Easy installation and low-cost solution.

6. Adjustable threshold value for customized sensitivity.

7. Audio/Visual alerts (buzzer, LED, LCD display).

8. Optional SMS/Email notifications via GSM/WiFi modules.

9. Power supply: battery or mains (5V/12V).

10. Compact design for indoor/outdoor installation

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Automated Robotic Cleaner

The automated robotic cleaner is designed to simplify and enhance the cleaning process for both residential and commercial spaces. It provides users with a convenient, efficient, and eco-friendly cleaning solution that requires minimal human intervention, allowing individuals to focus on more important tasks.

Key Features:

Advanced Navigation System: Utilizes AI-driven mapping and obstacle detection to efficiently navigate spaces, ensuring thorough coverage while avoiding furniture and other obstacles.

Eco-Friendly Cleaning Options: Employs biodegradable cleaning solutions and washable pads to reduce environmental impact and promote sustainability.

Customizable Cleaning Settings: Offers different modes for various surfaces and cleaning intensities, catering to diverse cleaning needs.

Smart Connectivity: Integrates with smart home devices, allowing users to control the cleaner through a mobile app or voice commands.

Target Audience:

Busy Professionals: Individuals looking to save time on household chores and streamline their daily routines.

Elderly People: Generally, older people would find it difficult to clean their homes on their own and may require a support to help them.

Pet Owners: Households with pets that require frequent cleaning to manage fur and messes effectively.

Small Business Owners: Offices, retail spaces, and cafes seeking cost-effective solutions for maintaining cleanliness without disrupting operations.

Challenges:

Technology Costs: Developing advanced navigation and smart features may increase initial costs.

Consumer Trust: Building confidence among potential customers regarding the effectiveness and reliability of robotic cleaning technology.

Maintenance and Customer Support: Providing adequate after-sales support and maintenance services can be resource-intensive and impact overall profitability.

Conclusion:

This automated robotic cleaner aims to meet the growing demand for efficient and sustainable cleaning solutions in modern households and businesses. By focusing on advanced technology and eco-friendly practices, it has the potential to capture a significant market share while addressing the challenges of competition and customer education.

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DRUNKEN DRIVING AND CONTROLLING SYSTEM

If the driver is drunk the vehicle will not start the driver will not be able to start the vehicle. Suppose the driver consumes alcohol while driving the vehicle will automatically slow down and indicator will switch on. The driver will be forced to off the vehicle.

Components

•Ardino

•Alcohol sensor

•IR sensor

• Relay motor

Procedure

The alcohol sensor detect if the driver is drunk. If the driver is drunk and tries to start the vehiclethe sensor will sense alcohol smell . It will immediately send signal to the ardino board.The ardino board will control the engine motor through this relay

Then the driver will not be able to start the engine. The same process happens when the driver consumes alcohol while driving. The sensor will sense the smell the signal will be passed to the ardino board and it will reduce the speed of the vehicle turn on all the indicators and alarm. The driver will be forced to stop the vehicle.

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Adaptive temperature controlling blanket is designed for ultimate comfort and relaxation. It adjusts temperature based on individual preferences, environment, and health needs.

Features:

1. Temperature Range: 18°C - 32°C

2. Adaptive Technology: Sensors monitor user's body temperature, adjusting heat/cold accordingly

3. Health Monitoring: Tracks sleep patterns, heart rate, and body temperature

Benefits:

1. Improved sleep quality

2. Enhanced relaxation

3.Stress relief

4. Personalized comfort

5. Health monitoring

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*It is an Automatic Train 🚆 Protection system introduced by Indian railways

Working :

It operates by automatically

applying brakes to trains if the driver does not respond properly.

Updated model:

To improve the signal strength and sensor action speed and to improve the working quality of sensors to prevent rail accidents like West Bengal accident on June 17 ,2024.

Technology used: Iot and cloud computing.

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Send Heartfelt Surprises to Loved Ones It is a personalized gift-sending app that lets you choose and send surprises like food, toys, or gifts beautifully packed based on the relationship you share with the recipient. Whether it’s for a close friend or someone special, the app customizes both the gift and the packaging to reflect that bond. With easy tracking, location selection, and delivery scheduling, it’s a perfect blend of modern convenience and brings back nostalgic letter-writing with new-age technology. This helps you stay connected, even when you’re far apart.

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Disease Detector:

If someone were affected by any disease ,this app will help you to identify the person who were affected by disease near you.

Use:Protect yourself from spreading diseases

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AI- POWERED ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME DETECTION SYSTEM (Yathish Manivannan 2024506001)

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AI- POWERED ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME DETECTION SYSTEM (Yathish Manivannan 2024506001)

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SMART GLASSES

TEXT -TO-SPEECH,

FACE EMOTION RECOGNITION ,and

NAVIGATION.

This technology enhance the daily life for individuals with visual impairments.

KEY FEATURES:

1. TEXT TO SPEECH: Reads aloud text from various sources, including books, documents, and signs.

2. FACE EMOTION RECOGNITION : Identifies and announces emotions, ages, and genders of individuals.

3. NAVIGATION: Provides GPS directions, location-based information, and obstacle detection.

4. OBJECT RECOGNITION: Identifies objects, products, and labels.

BENEFITS

1. Enhanced independence for visually impaired individuals

2. Improved social interactions through face emotion recognition

3. Access to written information through text-to-speech

4. Increased mobility with navigation

These smart glasses empower individuals with visual impairments.

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Creating an automatic light system that turns on when someone approaches. This can be done using motion sensors like Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors or ultrasonic sensors, which detect movement and trigger the lights.

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I will create an app, and that app have to buy vegetables, fishes and fruits to directly on farmers . I know that app have already created. But I have some different thoughts in the app. For example they are only including natural ingredients and is easily access to all farmers. Your just call prescribed number we directly came and collect it.

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Drone food delivery refers to the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones to transport and deliver food from restaurants or stores directly to customers. It has gained traction due to its potential to reduce delivery times, lower delivery costs, and provide contactless service, which became especially important during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Here are some key aspects of drone food delivery:

1. Efficiency: Drones can bypass traffic and other ground-based delays, making deliveries faster, especially in congested urban areas.

2. Technology: These drones are equipped with GPS, sensors, cameras, and software to navigate, avoid obstacles, and ensure accurate deliveries.

3. Range and Capacity: Current drones typically have a limited range (usually within a few kilometers) and can carry small payloads, which restricts them to lightweight orders.

4. Regulations: The widespread use of drones for food delivery is subject to aviation regulations, airspace control, and safety concerns. Many countries require companies to work within strict guidelines.

5. Sustainability: Drones have the potential to reduce the carbon footprint of food delivery compared to traditional motor vehicle delievery

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Solar-Powered Desalination Device: Create an affordable solar-powered system that desalinates seawater for drinking or irrigation, particularly for arid regions or coastal areas.

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2024502013

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Device that converts brain signal to words..

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AI in Agriculture: A Revolution in Farming

AI is transforming the agricultural industry by automating tasks, improving efficiency, and increasing sustainability. Through data collection, analysis, and decision-making, AI enables precision agriculture, pest management, autonomous farming, and predictive analytics.

Key benefits of AI include increased efficiency, reduced environmental impact, higher yields, and improved quality. Challenges such as cost, data privacy, and technological limitations need to be addressed for widespread adoption.

As AI technology continues to advance, its integration into agriculture will play a crucial role in addressing global food security and sustainability challenges.

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A Digital Companion for Seniors: Enhancing Health and Convenience Introduction

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Library

1. Elevating Resource Discovery and Access: AI-powered search engines can understand complex queries, leading to more relevant and tailored results. This will eliminate frustration and ensure a seamless journey through the vast library collection.

2. Personalised Recommendations: AI algorithms can analyse user behaviour to generate personalised recommendations, introducing patrons to new and relevant resources. This will expand their intellectual horizons and foster more profound engagement with the library.

3. Automating Tasks and Optimizing Workflows: AI can automate repetitive tasks, freeing library staff to focus on more value-added activities. This empowers librarians to dedicate their expertise to enriching the library experience.

4. AI-powered chatbots and Virtual Reference Services: AI-powered chatbots can provide 24/7 virtual reference services, offering immediate assistance to patrons. This ensures patrons have access to support whenever and wherever they need it.

5. Preservation and Conservation: AI can analyse images of library materials to identify signs of deterioration, enabling timely intervention and preventive measures. This will safeguard the library's irreplaceable collection.

6. Ethical Considerations and Ensuring Equitable Access: AI implementation must be accompanied by careful consideration of ethical implications, such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, and equitable access. Libraries must ensure that AI tools are employed responsibly and do not discriminate or bias resource recommendations or service provision

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AI has immense potential to transform the classroom experience, enhancing learning and teaching. Here are some ideas for incorporating AI in classrooms:

1. Personalized Learning: AI can analyze student performance data to create customized learning paths. This ensures that each student gets lessons tailored to their pace and style of learning.

2. Smart Tutors and Assistants: AI-powered tutoring systems can provide 24/7 support for students outside the classroom, answering questions and offering explanations.

3. Automated Grading: AI can help teachers by grading assignments, quizzes, and even essays, allowing educators to focus more on teaching and less on administrative tasks.

4. Interactive Learning Tools: AI-driven educational apps can provide interactive lessons, simulations, and quizzes that adapt to a student's learning progress.

5. Speech-to-Text and Translation Tools: AI can assist students with learning disabilities or language barriers by converting speech to text or translating lessons in real-time.

6. Classroom Management: AI systems can help monitor attendance, track student engagement during lessons, and analyze classroom interactions, helping teachers manage time more efficiently.

7. AI in Special Education: Adaptive learning tools can help tailor education to meet the needs of students with special requirements, offering them more independence in their learning.

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2024502008

Passive Infrared radiation sensor is used in table fan to control the turning effect of the fan by detecting the presence of moving objects automatically. It detects the presence of people by sensing the infrared radiation generated from our body heat and moves around wherever we are. Operating fans automatically might not change anything but this project be a starter for a large projects in future

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Hasiba Aisha I

2024506129

Imagine roller skates of the future that integrate advanced technology, make commuting or leisure skating both practical and high-tech, blending fitness, fun, and futuristic convenience into one stylish product!

My idea is to create a futuristic roller skates merging personalization, convenience, and cutting-edge technology in a way that could revolutionize not just roller skates but urban mobility and wearable tech.

These cutting-edge roller skates embody the future of personalized luxury, crafted for singular ownership with a bespoke, one-time custom fit that seamlessly conforms to the wearer’s foot. Fused with advanced technology, the skates feature sleek, self-propelling motors, effortlessly gliding over long distances with minimal exertion, while integrated Google Maps provides intelligent, real-time navigation. Exclusive biometric security ensures only the rightful owner can unlock and command their skates, which intuitively adapt to the user's skating style. Constructed with high-end, durable materials, these skates are built for longevity, with modular components for easy upgrades. This fusion of innovation and individuality offers a truly exclusive experience, transforming functional transport into a personal statement of luxury and design.

I believe that this idea is a a truly visionary concept with potential appeal to tech enthusiasts, commuters, and collectors alike.

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WASTED TO USEFULL

My idea is convert garbage to electricity

The gigantic growth in the amount of waste materials produced in India and their potentially dangerous results in the environment and human health ,so we need safe arrangement of garbage

It is used to controll water and land pollution as well

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2024506063 - FOOD STORAGE AND PRESERVATION 

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2024506063 - FOOD STORAGE AND PRESERVATION 

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When you think of storing food for later, what comes to mind? Do you imagine wrapping up some leftovers, putting them in the fridge, and calling it a day? But what else should you know about how to preserve and store food, and why does it even matter?

WHY PROPER FOOD STORAGE MATERS

Here are some benefits of storing the food properly

Fruits and vegetables will stay fresh longer

Old-time methods of food storage can make for a fun hobby! Or a creative new way to eat your fruits and veggies.

You reduce food waste, which saves money and is better for the environment.

If food doesn't stored or preserved property it will lead to many health hazards.

One traditional method of food preservation, fermenting, can add beneficial microbes to your diet.

THREE TYPES OF FOOD

Perishable Foods

Semi-perishable Foods

Staple, or Non-perishable Foods

Perishable Foods

These include many raw fruits and vegetables as well as, for those who eat them, meat, dairy and eggs. All cooked foods are considered perishable foods.

To store perishable Foods for lengthy time it can be refrigerated.Perishable Foods must be used within 3-7 days.

Semi-perishable Foods

Food that’s semi-perishable — depending on how they’re stored and handled — can go bad quickly, or can have an extended shelf life. Flour, grain products, dried fruits, and dry mixes are considered semi-perishable.

semi-perishable foods may remain unspoiled for six months to a year. Frozen, some can last even longer.

Staple, or Non-perishable Foods

Dried beans, spices, and canned goods are all non-perishable foods. They won’t spoil unless they’re handled carelessly. However, even if they’re stored under ideal conditions, they can start to lose quality over extended periods of time.

Factors That Affect Food Storage Life

Here are the main factors that will impact a food’s shelf life during storage:

The food itself (for example, strawberries can degrade in as little as a day, while potatoes can last for months when properly stored).

The length of time and the temperature at which it was held before you bought it.

The freshness and ripeness of the food when you obtain it. This depends in part on where it was grown and how long it spent in transit. Even if you just bought it from a grocery store, it may have been just very recently harvested… or not.

The temperature of your food storage areas, whether it’s the refrigerator, freezer, countertop, pantry, or basement.

The type of storage container or packaging the food is stored in, such as glass, plastic, foil, or cloth.

The Pros and Cons of 6 Ways to Store Food

Canning

Canning can be a cost-effective way to preserve the quality of food at home. Commonly canned foods include applesauce, vegetables, jams and jellies, and baby purees.

Risks & Downsides of Canning

There are also some risks to consider with canning. Home canning requires a sterile environment to prevent contamination. Canned foods also need to be stored at the right temperatures — with air-tight lids — to prevent pathogens like botulism.

Freezing

A great option for preserving most foods. You can freeze soups, baby purees, oats, and coffee grounds to veggie burger patties, chopped fruit, and blanched vegetables.

Risks & Downsides of freezing

Freezing comes with minimal risks, but there are a few things to keep in mind. Everything in the freezer is subject to freezer burn, which happens when air comes in contact with the surface of the food, and it can look like grayish - brown spots.

Drying or Dehydration

An excellent preservation method for fruits, vegetables, and herbs. Drying food tends to increase its flavor, costs very little, and makes storage easier by reducing its size.

Risks & Downsides of Drying or Dehydration

While many nutrients remain fairly stable during dehydration, vitamins A, C, and thiamin are sensitive to heat (if produce is blanched or heated in the oven) and air.

Also, electric dehydrators use a lot of energy, which you can avoid by using some of the other home drying methods when possible.

Fermentation

Fermenting foods is a great way to boost your intake of healthy probiotics (good bacteria) that are great for your digestive system and immunity fermentation starts with lacto-fermentation, which is a bacterial process that preserves and boosts nutrients in food.

Risks & Downsides of Fermentation

Fermentation does require some care, as food can go bad during this process if you’re not using fresh veggies or don’t use distilled or purified water. Fermenting also typically uses a lot of salt, as salt helps preserve food by drawing out its water content and preventing bacterial formation.

Pickling

Similar to fermentation, pickling can be done on more than just cucumbers. Have you ever had pickled green beans? Yum! Some other commonly pickled foods include beets, cauliflower, peppers, cabbage, and even fruits like lemon or mango.

Risks & Downsides of Pickling

Pickling preserves food in a high-acid solution, either via a process of natural fermentation or by adding vinegar and salt (and sometimes sugar). It prevents spoilage and extends shelf life

Cold Storage

This is the most common way many of us store produce, whether in the refrigerator or in an underground root cellar if you’re lucky enough to have one of those. Cold storage produce, like apples, pears, root vegetables, celery, and cabbage can last up to several months if stored correctly.

Risks & Downsides of Cold Storage

Maintaining the proper amount of moisture is also important to prevent drying out, wilting, or premature mold. Rather than storing produce right on the counter or shelf, it helps to store them in containers with holes to promote air circulation like baskets, mesh, or paper bags with holes punched in them.

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2024506045 Making carbon ink from polluted air.

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2024506045 Making carbon ink from polluted air.

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Air pollution is a major problem in the world. The emission of CO2 from vehicles and industries contributes to more pollution than other gases. As it harms humans, my idea is to create ink from polluted air . As it requires larger equipment I found a easy way to create ink from our household airborne particles.

Materials Needed:

1. Air Filter : To capture airborne particles.

2. Container: For collecting and processing the particles.

3. Binder: Gum arabic .

4. Water: Tap water can be used.

5. Mixing Tools: Small bowls, spoons or stir sticks, and a sieve or cheesecloth.

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IDEA:

"Drones that are controlled using python programs rather than by operators". So without an operator a drone can be able to be launched, navigated and landed(at the specified place) by itself.

USES:

1.Can be used for deliveries

2.Can be used in agricultural purposes where most of the farmers who doesn'tknow how to operate Drones don't need a separate operator.

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2024501006

Piezo Electric Generators:

This system involves embedding piezo plates under roadways in common places such as parks. The principle is that the piezo plates when subjected to a mechanical pressure convert the mechanival energy into electrical energy and when people step on it the applied mechanical pressure produces electricity which can be stored and used for the nearby households and other minor applications. This minor power conservation will help to save a large amount of electricity

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Space shuttle

I don't know , which idea I have . Imagination is better than thinking .

In future , we might going to other planet . So , we might make a big space shuttle .

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SMART TROLLTY

This a type of trolly that follows the customer

[say in a super market ]there is a sensor which is given to the customer the trolly follows the paths of the sensor everywhere it goes . The trolley has inbuild that traces paths like a track. so this it can help the customer with their shopping effectively.

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How to help people develop better habits and discontinue bad ones.

as human beings, our brain is a supercomputer that receives signals from our surroundings and gives responses that are carried out by the body. in the process, it forms short cuts so we can carry out other processes without thinking and focus more on other stuff. this nis how habits are formed.

my idea is to raise awareness about habit formation so people can realise how habits run their lives

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magnetic train

In the local train ,you can see the wheel .but in the magnetic train ,there is no wheel which is working in the principle of like force .example north-north ,south-south .There is a repulsive force between them .so , the base is made up of the magnet and the track also made up with the same magnet. By applying some force to move and for stop .

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benefits of owning a food truck

food truck require low initial investment

food truck involves relatively low operation cost

food truck attracts more customers

food truck can experiment with location

it allow you to build a brand

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6 Benefits of Owning a Food Truck Instead of a Regular Restaurant

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It is no secret that the food industry keeps on expanding fast due to the huge demand for ready food and more entrepreneurs are considering getting into the industry. If you intend to start a food business, your main concern would be whether to choose a restaurant or a food truck for your business.

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My Idea :

An aircraft with artificial intelligence capable of independent thought, decision-making, and learning.

While AI is rapidly developing in this huge world,creating a aircraft would require a level of consciousness and self-awareness that is currently beyond our technological capabilities.

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It's look like a little old idea but most migration apps are not do their work properly. Generally with the help of satellite,we have a way to our destination but if we install a program to our car it automatically drive itself and brought us to our destination and also we don't need to drive.If this is possible only all vehicles in world have some program on their own vehicle

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Basically I have no idea,but I am interested in aeronautical engineering,so I can develop my creation on drones and It can fly upto a greater height with good extraordinary camera vision and also designing the aircrafts such as aeroplane, helicopter

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hello guys!

my topic is about AEROPLANE SAFETY.

NOWADAYS MORE AEROPLANES ARE FACING SOME DANGEROUS PROBLEMS LIKE ENGINE FAILURE,AIR TRAFFIC,ETC....

I COME TO SHARE MY IDEA ABOUT ENGINE FAILURE.

IF ONE ENGINE WAS FAILURE IN PLANE THEN THE PILOT,CREW MEMBERS AND THE PASSENGERS GOT AFRAID. THE PILOT TRIES TO LAND THE PLANE WITH ONE ENGINE IMMEDIATELY. IF THE PLANE WAS FLYING OVER THE LAND THEN THERE IS A CHANCE TO LAND SAFELY. BUT IF THE PLANE WAS FLIYING OVER THE SEA OR OCEAN, IT COULD BE A TROUBLE TO PILOT.BECAUSE ONE ENGINE IS NOT ENOUGH FOR TRAVELLING LONG DISTANCE. SO I AM COMING TO THE POINT. I WILL DESIGN A NEW ROOF TO AEROPLANE THAT HAS THE ABILTY TO PROTECT THE PEOPLE IN THE PLANE FROM SINK IN THE OCEAN.

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2024501002    Underwater mobile propeller & makeshift oxygen tank

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2024501002    Underwater mobile propeller & makeshift oxygen tank

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Underwater propulsion system with makeshift oxygen tank.

By using electrolysis principle, the external water must enter the electrolysis chamber through the inlet with filter element.... and this should split water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. We know that compressed hydrogen gas is highly combustible in presence of oxygen, hence must harvest both the gases in compression tanks and combust it in hydrogen based engine to send power to a propeller. when engine power is not required, this can be used as a oxygen tank for oxygen supply. F or practicality this must be integrated into a backpack propeller\202

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I want to learn about the universe and want to explore it

NEW GEN ROCKETS

My idea is making a new generation of rockets that can travels fast using that we can learn about the universe explore new planets

NEW GEN COMMUNICATION

To communicate faster with the other end of universe to that we would develop new type of communication using quantum physics .By developing the idea quantum entanglement we can achieve this

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2024501010- Mitigating and eradicating Space debris

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2024501010- Mitigating and eradicating Space debris

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We all know that the universe is expanding. (Big bang theory you know it,:)). In earlier days, the only thing we have to worry when a collision happens in space are asteroids and meteors. But now due to the development in space research and a lot of missions such as the Sputniks, Vostoks, Voshkods, Soyuz , Voyager and Apollo programmes, a lot of stage separations and rendezvous have taken place which lead to a large number of space collisions. In short we have taken contamination to the next level. Not only are we contaminating our own planet, we are now contaminating space. This leads to Kessler effect where we cant even send satellites for own purposes.

Solutions:

1. We can de-orbit wastes but this is a slow process.

2. Using laser technology which is a good solution.

3. Using certain chemicals for plastics and space metals allowing to reduce the debris size to avoid collision

4. Decreasing the stage separation processes in rockets for mitigating space waste and better efficiency of spacecraft.

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PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM(PMAIP)

My idea is to come up with an Artificial Intelligence (AI) program that can be used in vehicles to detect or predict road hazards as well as obstacles ahead at a certain distance.

This can reduce road accidents and also reduce traffic on road.

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To design a device to store lots and lots of voltage produced during lighting .

So that the pollution caused during the production( Thermal power plants) can be reduced drastically.

Moreover diseases and disorders arising due to some faults in disposing nuclear wastes from Nuclear power plants also can be reduced.

And a huge amount of expenses can be reduced which were spent in installing wind mills, hydro, thermal and nuclear power plants can be reduced.

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𝙎𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝘿𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙡𝙚𝙩 𝙈𝙞𝙘𝙧𝙤𝙛𝙡𝙪𝙞𝙙𝙞𝙘 𝙙𝙚𝙫𝙞𝙘𝙚

the Static Droplet Microfluidic device is able to rapidly detect circulating tumour cells that have broken away from a primary tumour and entered the bloodstream. The device uses a unique metabolic signature of cancer to differentiate tumour cells from normal blood cells.

The study, Rapid metabolomic screening of cancer cells via high-throughput static droplet microfluidics, has been published in Biosensors and BioelectronicIn the 1920s, Otto Warburg discovered that cancer cells consume a lot of glucose and so produce more lactate. Our device monitors single cells for increased lactate using pH sensitive fluorescent dyes that detect acidification around cells,” said Professor Warkiani. “A single tumour cell can exist among billions of blood cells in just one millilitre of blood, making it very difficult to find. The new detection technology has 38,400 chambers capable of isolating and classifying the number of metabolically active tumour cells.”

Once the tumour cells are identified with the device, they can undergo genetic and molecular analysis, which can aid in the diagnosis and classification of the cancer and inform personalised treatment plans.

Circulating tumour cells are also precursors of metastasis, which is the cause of 90 per cent of cancer-associated deaths. Studying these cells may provide insights into the biology of cancer metastasis, which can inform the development of new treatments.

Existing liquid biopsy technologies are time-consuming, expensive and rely on skilled operators, limiting their application in clinical settings. This new technology is designed for integration into research and clinical labs without relying on high-end equipment and trained operators. This will enable doctors to diagnose and monitor cancer patients in a practical and cost-effective manner.s.

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RAINWATER HARVESTIN:

how it woks;

1. Collection:

Rainwater is typically collected from rooftops or other surfaces. Gutters and downspouts channel the water into storage systems.

2. Storage:

The collected water is stored in tanks, barrels, or cisterns. These can be above ground or buried underground, depending on space and needs.

3. Filtration:

Before use, rainwater often needs to be filtered to remove debris, leaves, and other contaminants. Filtration systems can range from simple mesh screens to more advanced multi-stage filters.

4. Distribution:

Once filtered, the water can be used for various purposes, such as irrigation, flushing toilets, or even drinking (if properly treated).

Benefits:

Reduces Water Bills:

Harvested rainwater can be used for non-potable purposes like gardening and toilet flushing, potentially lowering water bills.

Environmental Impact:

It helps reduce the demand on municipal water supplies and can decrease stormwater runoff, which can lead to flooding and erosion.

Drought Resilience:

It provides an alternative water source during dry periods or water shortages.

Considerations:

Local Regulations:

Some areas have regulations or incentives related to rainwater harvesting, so it's a good idea to check local guidelines.

Maintenance:

Regular maintenance is needed to ensure that the system remains clean and effective.

Initial Costs:

The upfront cost for installation can be significant, but it often pays off in the long term through reduced water bills and environmental benefits.

Overall, rainwater harvesting is a practical and eco-friendly approach to managing water resources, especially in regions where water scarcity is a concern.

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using einstein theory of relativity ,

we can use the imaginary plank on which our earth make indentation. as the space itself expanding much faster than light , if we use space as a medium of transport we can save a lot of time. who knows we make our colonization in mars as well

by jones nirmal

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Bike with AI adaption, so that the machine won't be just a machine also function as a mere human in certain cases. Mostly to avoid accidents, in case of over speeding, faults with engine, or any other problems. The bike must have control over itself though the rider holds control over it. However the rider can enjoy the advantages and can be prerogative, yet the bike will be cautious enough in certain certain situations to avoid miseries. So that there won't be any mishandling of the machine.

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MULTI TRANSPORT VEHICLE

This vehicle can reduce the burden of using different types of vehicles for different mode of transport

principle

store energy from sun light in storages like batteries to generate high thrust

efficient use of buoyancy of fluids

by Jones nirmal 2024501029

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THE FLYING CAR

The flying car places unique demands on the vehicle power train. For a given all-up weight, an aero engine must deliver higher power than its typical road equivalent. However, on the road the vehicle must handle well and not be overpowered. Power must also be diverted between the airborne and road drive mechanisms

Alef Automotive said that its vehicle/aircraft, dubbed the “Model A,” is the first flying vehicle that is drivable on public roads and able to park like a normal car.

Flying cars use the same advanced technology used in drones but are large enough to carry people. Flying cars will be just an updated version of the UAVs or drones which will be able to lift heavy weight. The technology used in drones will be used in flying cars.

The expected cost of an Alef Aeronautics flying car is $300,000. Nonetheless, it's already got 2,850 preorders. That said, you only have to put down $150 for a reservation and it's refundable any time, so there's a decent chance many of those reservation holders wouldn't actually purchase the vehicle for $300,000.

One model, the EH216-S made by EHang, a company in Guangdong province, was awarded a “production certificate” in April by the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC). That allows the firm to start mass production. The EH216-S is the first flying car to receive such regulatory approval anywhere in the world.

so we have create a world full of flying car.,

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EXPLORATION OF URANUS My idea is about exploration of a planet which seems to be a long term migration plan for humans. Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun. It is a gaseous cyan-coloured ice giant. Most of the planet is made of water, ammonia, and methane in a supercritical phase of matter, which astronomy calls "ice" or volatiles.The composition of Uranus's atmosphere is different from its bulk, consisting mainly of molecular hydrogen and helium

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An impulse controlled gun. This is for soldiers who have been wounded in war and have become physically unfit for serving.

This gun should have extensive storage for bullets. For soldiers who have lost both hands the gun should be controlled by the signals sent from the brain and should fire upon thought.

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Microgravity Biosphere Experiments

**1. Purpose:

Understanding Life in Space: The goal is to study how plants, microorganisms, and small animals grow and behave in microgravity environments. This research is crucial for developing sustainable life support systems for long-duration space missions and future space colonies.

**2. Experimental Setup:

Microgravity Chambers: Small, self-contained biosphere chambers can be placed on space stations or orbiting platforms. These chambers simulate different environmental conditions such as light, temperature, and humidity while providing a microgravity environment.

Varied Organisms: The experiments would include a variety of organisms, from simple bacteria to complex plants and small invertebrates, to understand their responses to microgravity and how they can be optimized for space life support.

**3. Key Research Areas:

Plant Growth: Studying how plants grow in microgravity helps in developing efficient agricultural systems for space. This includes understanding how roots and shoots respond to gravity changes and optimizing growth conditions for food production.

Microbial Behavior: Examining how microorganisms behave and interact in space can provide insights into their role in nutrient recycling and disease prevention in space habitats.

Ecosystem Dynamics: Investigating how different species interact in a confined microgravity environment can help in creating balanced and sustainable mini-ecosystems for future space missions.

**4. Applications:

Life Support Systems: Findings can be applied to design closed-loop life support systems that recycle air, water, and waste, reducing the need for resupply missions from Earth.

Health and Nutrition: Understanding how plants and microorganisms grow in space can improve astronaut health and nutrition by providing fresh food and supporting overall well-being during extended missions.

Space Colonization: Insights from these experiments are essential for developing self-sustaining habitats and agricultural systems for future space colonies on the Moon or Mars.

**5. Educational and Outreach Potential:

Public Engagement: Results from these experiments can be shared with the public and educational institutions to inspire interest in space science and promote STEM education.

Microgravity Biosphere Experiments offer a foundational approach to understanding and addressing the challenges of living and working in space, paving the way for future exploration and habitation.

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SOLAR ELECTRIC DEVICES

I faced a power cut yesterday so at time it was uncomfortable to sleep, so my idea is to create an device which uses solar power and operated when it's power cut.

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UAV

Autonomous Repair Systems: Develop drones with the capability to autonomously detect and repair minor damage or mechanical failures using integrated repair bots or materials.

AR Integration: Create drones that interact with augmented reality environments, allowing users to control or interact with the drone through AR interfaces and spatial data.

High-Efficiency Sensors: Utilize quantum dot technology to create sensors with enhanced sensitivity and resolution for applications such as environmental monitoring, medical imaging, or search and rescue.

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Creating an Arduino-based Bluetooth-controlled car for military or survival scenarios involves several considerations. Here’s a basic outline of what you might need:

Arduino Board: An Arduino Nano or Uno is a good choice for handling the control signals.

Bluetooth Module: A module like the HC-05 or HC-06 for communication between the car and a mobile device or computer.

Motor Driver: A motor driver module (such as the L298N) to control the car’s movement. This will handle the power needed for the motors and allow for forward, reverse, and turning functions.

DC Motors: To drive the wheels of the car. Make sure they are powerful enough to handle the terrain you expect the car to navigate.

Power Supply: A suitable battery pack to power the motors and Arduino.

Sensors: Depending on the application, you might want to add sensors such as cameras, GPS modules, or obstacle avoidance sensors.

Chassis: A robust chassis that can withstand the conditions it will encounter.

Software: Code to manage the Bluetooth communication, control the motors, and process sensor data. This will typically involve writing code in the Arduino IDE.

For a survival scenario, you might also consider adding features like a GPS module for tracking, a camera for surveillance, or even an emergency signal system. Make sure the design is rugged and reliable to handle challenging environments.

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Rain shield bike

It is used to avoid getting wet in rain while riding bike and with it we can easily ride a bike in rain.It is always attached with bike.It is made with transparent material.It is opened and closed with button and manual.