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Three-year-olds tend to be more peaceful, relaxed, and cooperative. However, they experience fewer emotional outbursts are more likely to comply with adult requests most of the time, and can delay their gratification longer than before. They as well start to show hand domination, for example holding a crayon or marker between the first two fingers and thumb. At this stage, the child begins to engage in realistic make-believe play. Children tend to ask many questions, particularly about the location and identity of objects and people they are full of curiosity. Three-year-olds are full of laughs and show affection toward children who are younger or a child who is hurt. On some occasions, they may be aggressive at times, due to not wanting to share their toys with others therefore they might hide the toy or hit the child with it. They may find sharing difficult but seems to understand the concept.  At this age, children have occasional nightmares and fears about the dark, monsters, fire, or being left behind. Therefore they may continue to have a special blanket, stuffed animal, or toy for comfort. Three-year-olds are eager to learn, be helpful, and test their improving motor skills. Now is an ideal time to engage children in activities that foster language development, imagination, physical activity, and self-confidence. Encourage children to create new uses for safe household items such as a blanket stretched over a table to create a cave or tent.

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Tireless bundles of energy, brimming over ideas, and overflowing with chatter and activity are the characteristics typical of most four-year-olds. Although arguments between children and adults can be frequent as children test limits and work to achieve greater independence. They may change moods rapidly and unpredictably; may laugh one minute, cry the next, or tantrum over minor frustrations. A four-year-old establishes close relationships with playmates and may begin to have "best friends". In their speech and language development, they begin to use the past tense of verbs correctly: “Mommy closed the door,” and “Daddy went to work”. Four years old can name eighteen to twenty uppercase letters near the end of this year; some children may be able to print several letters and write their name. A few children may begin to read simple words in books, such as alphabet books, with only a few words per page and many pictures. Four-year-olds enjoy moving about, talking, engaging in make-believe, reading, and trying new things. Everyday learning experiences, a healthy diet, and ample opportunities for physical activity are important for continued brain development.

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More in control of themselves, both physically and emotionally, most five-year-olds are in a period of relative calm and are becoming increasingly self-confident and reliable. Five-year-olds enjoy friendships; often have one or two special playmates. When asked to do something they generally do what the parent or teacher requests. During playtime, they share toys, take turns, and play cooperatively with other children. With their motor development, they reproduce many shapes and letters such as square, triangle, A, I, O, U, C, H, L, and T. They as well demonstrates fair control of a pencil or marker and begin to color within the lines. As well as cuts on the lines with scissors. Taking time and devotion towards mastering a skill by practicing is what a five-year-old loves to do. In this stage, they are exceedingly curious, energetic, and often fearless. Therefore adults must be on the alert, supervise children closely, and take measures to protect them from harm.  For examples falls, toys, traffic, personal stay, and poisoning. Five-year-olds are ready to take on more challenges and responsibilities. They are drawn to activities that require problem-solving, creative or artistic expression or working with other children or adults. Involving them to help to cook for example washing and peeling vegetables is a great way for them to learn their activities.

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Exciting adventures begin to open up to six-year-olds as their coordination improves and their size and strength increase. Boys are typically stronger than girls at this age as well as girls tend to lose teeth at an earlier age than do boys. They enjoy vigorous physical activity, for example running, jumping, climbing, and throwing. Motor skills gain great control over moments and are becoming more precise, although some clumsiness persists. Their growth develops more adultlike facial features and overall physical appearance. Writes numbers and letters with varying degrees of precision and interest; may reverse or confuse certain letters such as b/d, p/g, g/q, or t/f. Six years sold the show increased attention to working on tasks for longer periods, although the concentrated effort is not always consistent. He is also able to identify familiar coins such as pennies, nickels, dimes, and quarters. As well as recognizing some words by sight might attempt to sound out words, but some children may be reading well by this time. Children may use language rather than tantrums or physical aggression to express displeasure for example, “That’s mine! Give it back, or I’m telling.” They find delight in humor and almost everything. Having mood swings is common with six years olds they can be best friends with someone one minute and worst of enemies the next; loving one day, uncooperative and irritable the next; especially unpredictable toward the mother or primary caregiver. Despite the turmoil and trying times, most six-year-olds experience an abundance of happy times marked by a lively curiosity and eagerness to learn.

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Seven-year-olds are becoming more aware of themselves as in- individuals so they work hard at being responsible, being “good,” and doing things “right”. At the same time, children of this age approach more challenging physical activities, such as climbing up or jumping down from high places, with caution. They are becoming more reasonable to deal with, cooperative, and willing to share. As well as better listeners and can understand and follow through with requests for the most part. They stay on task longer and strive mightily to do everything perfectly. For the most part, they have a better reading than spelling skills. Children understand numbers and estimation and can do simple addition and subtraction computations. In their language development, they become more precise and elaborate in the use of language; including more descriptive adjectives and adverbs in conversation and written stories. Is cooperative and affectionate toward adults and less frequently annoyed with them; sees the humor in everyday happenings and is more outgoing. But worries about not being liked and being late for school or not getting work done on time. Prent and Teachers can take children to provide a wealth of learning opportunities outdoors. Some safety concerns that educators and parents shout have is to be aware of firearms, tools/equipment, play environment, and water for the safety of our six-year-old children.

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Eight-year-olds display a great enthusiasm for life. Once again, experience strong feelings of independence and are eager to make decisions about their plans and friends. A small percentage of children may begin to engage in aggressive, intimidating, or bullying behaviors. Their targets are often peers who are perceived as loners or unable to stand up for themselves. As they start to grow some eight-year-old girls may begin to develop breasts and pubic hair and experience menses.  Some girls may have mood swings associated with early hormonal changes. They as well seek out opportunities to participate in team activities and games such as soccer, baseball, and kickball. They also begin to take interest in what others think and do. And understanding that there are distant countries and differences of opinion and cultures. Eight-year-olds can compose messages and read with ease. Although they make friends easily they also enjoy spending time alone which should be respected. Boys at this age consume more than girls. To reduce the risk of obesity parents must be aware of what their child eats.  Serving nutrient-dense foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, and lean meat) and limiting calorie-dense items like candy, cookies, chips, soft drinks, and French fries is a healthy meal for our children. Eight-year-olds need many independent opportunities to explore their unique interest. Parents can arrange opportunities for children to participate in non-competitive activities such as swimming, dancing, tumbling, skating, and playing musical instruments. This will help them explore many interests and develop new skills.

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Most nine- and ten-year-olds have entered a phase of calmness before the storm of adolescence. Although nine-year-olds may still display some emotional highs and lows, these outbursts gradually mellow by age 10. Although children’s attention span is longer, they still require frequent opportunities to move about in the classroom and to release restless energy during vigorous outdoor play. Boys tend to excel in large motor activities requiring strength and speed. Some outdoor things they love to do is runs, climb, skip rope, ride bikes, and skate with skill and confidence. They also love to use other hands for arts and crafts, cooking, and painting. Now they prefer reading books that are longer and contain greater detail. Nine and ten year old understand and use language as a system for communicating with others. Therefore they express feelings and emotions effectively through words. In this phase, girls begin to experience growth spurts that are far more dramatic than those of boys. Girls also begin to experience early puberty changes. As for boys they are less likely to undergo any observable sexual changes for another year or two. Overall more than ever the girls enjoy being with friends based on common interests and proximity around them. During sleeping time nightmares and fear of the dark may redevelop; some children experience sleepwalking, waking up in the middle of the night, or bed-wetting. Parents should not criticize children who develop these problems, and if they persist, seek professional help. Nine- and ten-year-olds are ready and eager for new challenges that involve learning and applying developmental skills. Therefore a way parents and teachers can promote brain development is by encouraging children to appreciate diversity by learning about the customs and celebrations of other cultures. By obtaining library books, visiting websites, and preparing ethnic foods for children to taste. Therefore children can learn to accept and avoid prejudice through their actions and words. A safety concern that apparent should have is media exposure, by being aware of online websites and content that children visit so they can be in a safe environment.

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For the most part, eleven- and twelve-year-olds are endearing individuals. They are curious, energetic, helpful, and usually happy. They willingly assist with chores around the house, sometimes even volunteering before being asked. Their language, motor, and cognitive skills are reaching adult levels of sophistication. Children complete the majority of language development by the end of this stage, only subtle refinements are still necessary during the next few years. They enjoy team sports, riding bikes, playing in the park, taking dance lessons, going for a walk with friends, shooting hoops, and playing soccer.

Eleven and twelve-year-olds have an abundance of energy but also fatigue quickly. Their cognitive skills start to think more abstract terms; expanded memory ability enables improved long-term recall; now remember stored information, so they no longer need to rely solely on experiencing an event to understand. These skills are essential for solving complex science and mathematical problems. For the most part, they can stay focused and complete school assignments and other tasks in a timely fashion. During their social-emotional development, they begin to talk about interests and careers such as daydreaming or fantasizing about the future. He or she may adopt the dress, hairstyles, and mannerisms of peers because they take pride in appearances. Eleven and twelve years old also recognize that loyalty, honesty, and trustworthiness are prerequisites to becoming good friends. And they may spend more time now with peers than with family members. Since they eat non stop boys and girls may begin talking about dieting and weight control to address concerns about body image or ways to improve athletic abilities or both. Preadolescents should be monitored closely for signs of developing eating disorders. Some things they enjoy are reading, listening to music, attending movies, watching the news, and playing video games on the computer. Eleven- and twelve-year-olds are notoriously high-energy and curious. They seem interested in trying everything and often need guidance in focusing their attention on one activity at a time. Most importantly parents should continue to maintain open communication with their children. By spending time together, know what is going on in their lives, and be supportive, not judgmental. Provide children with information about their health on topics that they may have questions about.