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Hello! We are Amirah Khalisah (left) and Adliena Afza (right). For this assessment we divided our work by sections. Khalisah designed the poster from scratch and gather the methodology and geographical elements. Meanwhile Adliena did her part on the introduction, extraction and analysis.

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Despite being thousands of kilometers away from each other, both the United States and the United Kingdom share one native language. However, due to many factors both are very different yet almost identical.

1. Historical development

British colonized North America in the early 1600s, they took with them Early Modern English. Colonies in America developed separately from Britain, their language evolved down a separate path. William Shakespeare was so popular that his way of using English heavily influenced the new speakers. Hence popular Shakespearean dialect.

2. Geographical distance and cultural isolation

Large geographical distance and independent cultural had caused, British and American English have evolved differently. Both varieties of English have experienced significant changes in vocabulary, pronunciation, and usage over time as a result of different linguistic contacts and cultural experiences.

3. Noah Webster’s influence

Noah Webster, an American dictionary maker and teacher. He plays a big role in spelling reformation. His target is to establish a distinct national identity and simplify American spelling. By that he released "An American Dictionary of the English Language" (1828). Reason he do this is to  establish cultural independence and national unity.

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Although global in usage and usage all around the world, the English language is highly different by region, especially between American and British English. Due to social, historical, and cultural factors, the two dominant versions of the language have developed distinctively. Their words, pronunciation, grammar, and even the tone of discourse are distinct due to this. These variations occasionally generate confusion or silliness, even though the two locations' speakers can generally be understood. Variations in spelling like "color" (US) versus "colour" (UK) or in word choice like "truck" (US) versus "lorry" (UK), for example, show how cultural context and regional identity quietly yet significantly influence language.

Tone and attitude differences are highly informative, too, as well as vocabulary and spelling. As a result of a cultural tendency for politeness, understatement, and lengthy explanation, British English speakers tend to favor more complex and roundabout ways of communicating. Conversely, American English tends to be less complex, informal, and sometimes metaphorical or even humorous; this is usually because there is a highly efficient and clearness-valuing culture. In the two Death at a Funeral films, for instance, where precisely the same emotional event is described in very different US and UK language, this difference can be observed in the media and in everyday conversation. American Aaron is more vivid and accurate description contrasts with the vagueness of British Daniel's wording, showing how culture affects the use of language even in storytelling.

Another place where the two forms of English are easily differentiated is in pronunciation. While American English is rhotic, with the "r" fully pronounced, British Received Pronunciation (RP) is non-rhotic, and therefore the "r" at the end of words like "father" or "car" is generally silent. Vowel sounds also vary. For instance, "bath" is pronounced with a long /ɑː/ in British English but short /ae/ in American English. Such differences are an outcome of various different phonological developments that have taken place over the course of centuries and lend distinct rhythm and music to each accent. Ultimately, the variations of British and American English are not simply quirks of language; instead, they reflect the social, cultural, and historical contexts that have shaped the way people communicate on both sides of the ocean.

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AMIRAH KHALISAH'S EIC453 WRITTEN REFLECTION

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KATIE FANG

https://youtu.be/imzT9ywcL84?si=W1eHVVoDRmKjowtv

TALLULAH METCALFE

https://youtu.be/56wXeFzep-Y?si=ul71NKuEOV9PsCx0

DEATH AT A FUNERAL 2010

https://youtu.be/yXDgPREBssw?si=Tlh8ryzeaohB3bOu

DEATH AT A FUNERAL 2007

https://youtu.be/EemdOLgSW9Q?si=cX8Ws5iI5OPQhcqd

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TALLULAH

1. Hello my gorgeous people, welcome back to my channel.
/həˈləʊ maɪ ˈɡɔː.dʒəs ˈpiː.pl̩ ˈwɛl.kəm ˈbæk tə maɪ ˈtʃæn.əl/

2. Firstly, what I've been using at the moment is the Paula’s Choice toner.
/ˈfɜːst.li wɒt aɪv bɪn ˈjuː.zɪŋ ət ðə ˈməʊ.mənt ɪz ðə ˈpɔː.ləz ˈtʃɔɪs ˈtəʊ.nə/

3. The CeraVe facial moisturising lotion, and guess what guys — it has SPF 50 in it.
/ðə ˈsɛɹ.ə.viː ˈfeɪ.ʃəl ˈmɔɪs.tʃə.raɪ.zɪŋ ˈləʊ.ʃən | ənd ɡɛs wɒt ɡaɪz — ɪt hæz ˌɛs.piːˈɛf ˈfɪf.ti ɪn ɪt/

KATIE

1. Hey guys, welcome or welcome back to my channel.
/ˈheɪ ˌɡaɪz ˈwɛlkəm ɔɹ ˈwɛlkəm ˈbæk tə maɪ ˈtʃænəl/

2. Start skin care, we're going to do a little skin prep.
/stɑɹt ˈskɪn ˌkɛɹ, wɪɹ ˈɡoʊnə ˈdu ə ˈlɪt̬l̩ ˈskɪn ˌpɹɛp/

3. Toner I've been obsessed with is the Rose Rhode Glazing Milk.
/ˈtoʊnɚ aɪv bɪn əbˈsɛst wɪð ɪz ðə ɹoʊz ˈɹoʊd ˈɡleɪzɪŋ ˌmɪlk/

4. For moisturizer, I again have been loving this Rhode Barrier Butter.
/fɚ ˈmɔɪstʃɚˌaɪzɚ, aɪ əˈɡɛn hæv bɪn ˈlʌvɪŋ ðɪs ˈɹoʊd ˈbɛɹiɚ ˈbʌtɚ/

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DANIEL (2007)

MY FATHER WAS AN EXCEPTIONAL MAN!!!

/maɪ ˈfɑːðə wɒz ən əkˈsɛpʃᵊnᵊl mæn/

He may not have been a perfect man.
/hiː meɪ nɒt əv bɪn ə ˈpɜː.fɪkt mæn/

But he was a good man.
/bət hiː wəz ə ɡʊd mæn/

And he loved us.
/ənd hiː lʌvd ʌs/

And all I wanted to do today was to give him a dignified send off...
/ənd ɔːl aɪ ˈwɒn.tɪd tə duː təˈdeɪ wəz tə ɡɪv ɪm ə ˈdɪɡ.nɪ.faɪd ˈsɛnd.ɒf/

to give him the respect that he deserved.
/tə ɡɪv ɪm ðə rɪˈspɛkt ðət hiː dɪˈzɜːvd/

Is that really so much to ask?
/ɪz ðət ˈrɪə.li səʊ mʌtʃ tuː ɑːsk/

So maybe he had some... things he liked to do...
/səʊ ˈmeɪ.bi hiː hæd səm... θɪŋz hiː laɪkt tə duː/

Life isn't simple... It's complicated.
/laɪf ˈɪz.ənt ˈsɪm.pl̩... ɪts ˈkɒm.plɪ.keɪ.tɪd/

We're just thrown here together, in a world filled with chaos and confusion,
/wɪə dʒəst θrəʊn hɪə təˈɡɛð.ə ɪn ə wɜːld fɪld wɪð ˈkeɪ.ɒs ənd kənˈfjuː.ʒən/

a world full of questions with no answers,
/ə wɜːld fʊl əv ˈkwɛs.tʃənz wɪð nəʊ ˈɑːn.səz/

with death always lingering around the corner...
/wɪð dɛθ ˈɔːl.weɪz ˈlɪŋ.ɡər.ɪŋ əˈraʊnd ðə ˈkɔː.nə/

And we do our best, god damn it...
/ənd wiː duː aʊə bɛst, ɡɒd ˈdæm ɪt/

We can only do our best...
/wiː kən ˈəʊn.li duː aʊə bɛst/

And Dad did his best...
/ənd dæd dɪd hɪz bɛst/

AARON (2010)

MY FATHER WAS AN EXCEPTIONAL MAN
/maɪ ˈfɑðər wəz ən ɪkˈsɛpʃənl̩ mæn/

Did he have his faults? Yeah.
/dɪd hi hæv hɪz fɔlts? jæ/

But he worked hard for his family.
/bət hi wɝkt hɑɹd fɚ hɪz ˈfæmli/

All I wanted to do today was tell him how much we all loved, cherished and respected him.
/ɑl aɪ ˈwɑnɪd tə du təˈdeɪ wəz tɛl ɪm haʊ mʌtʃ wi ɔl lʌvd, ˈtʃɛɹɪʃt ənd ɹɪˈspɛktɪd ɪm/

Is that really too much to ask for?
/ɪz ðæt ˈɹɪli tu mʌtʃ tu æsk fɔɹ/

So, maybe he loved Dreamgirls more than most men.
/soʊ ˈmeɪbi hi lʌvd ˈdɹimɡɝlz mɔɹ ðən moʊst mɛn/

But, hey, life is complicated.
/bət heɪ, laɪf ɪz ˈkɑmpləˌkeɪtɪd/

We do our best.
/wi du aʊɹ bɛst/

And Dad, he did his best.
/ənd dæd, hi dɪd hɪz bɛst/

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This study investigates phonological and lexical variations in two Inner Circle English varieties: British English and Canadian English. The YouTubers' speech samples were selected from two of them: Talula, representing British Estuary English, and Katie Fang, representing Canadian English with increasing Americanization.

A comparable set of 3–5 self-generated, natural sentences was selected from each speaker's YouTube content. These sentences record spontaneous, unscripted speech for the purposes of authenticity in phonetic and lexical examination. The videos listed are:

Talula (UK English): [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=56wXeFzep-Y]

Katie Fang (Canadian English): [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imzT9ywcL84]

Other than the YouTube videos, we also provided a monologue from the movie Death at a Funeral for an easier comparison side to side. This movie has both UK and US version making it an easier comparison.

Death At A Funeral (2007): [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EemdOLgSW9Q ]

Death At A Funeral (2010): [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yXDgPREBssw ]

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1. Tallulah Metcalfe

Nationality: British

Region: Southeastern England

English Variety: Estuary English

Occupation: YouTuber and content creator

Context: Tallulah uses native British English. Her accent is typical of Estuary English, a variety that blends Received Pronunciation (RP) and Cockney elements. She uses informal, everyday language in her videos, providing genuine content for phonetic and lexical analysis.

(Cockney: (Cockney: As of March 22, 2023, David Garcia-Gonzalez, The cockney accent is also one of the principal accents and dialects used in London and traditionally is connected to the working-class life of the capital.

It is an extremely distinct accent, best known for 'cockney rhyming slang'. Cockney slang, which started in east London, is a word that rhymes with a term rather than the term itself.)

(Estuary English: By Jade Joddle, March 26 2021, Estuary English, which is also called the Estuary English accent, is a widely spoken, modern accent. It sounds similar to the Standard British English accent, but with one important difference: when you hear the Estuary accent, you know that the speaker lives in London.

This Estuary accent is actually very close to the standard British accent, with the slightest hint of London pronunciation habits such as the glottal stop. For other speakers of Estuary, there is greater Cockney influence.

The word 'estuary' means the Thames Estuary, i.e., the area surrounding river Thames. In fact, however, the Estuary accent is spoken more broadly in the South Eastern region of the UK.

2. Katie Fang

Nationality: Canadian

Region: Toronto, Canada (currently living in the United States)

English Variety: Canadian English (mild American influence)

Occupation: YouTuber and content creator

Context: Katie Fang is a General Canadian English native speaker. Now that she has moved to the United States, she is beginning to be influenced by subtle traits of American English. However, distinct phonological and lexical characteristics of Canadian English remain evident, which makes her an excellent candidate for comparison.

3. Film: Death at a Funeral (2007, UK version)

Actor/Character: Daniel (played by Matthew Macfadyen)

Nationality: British

Region: Southern England

English Variety: Received Pronunciation (RP)

Context: The character Daniel is a middle-class Englishman with a suave accent imitating Received Pronunciation (RP) — typically associated with educated, formal British English. His speech is clear, structured, and typical of standard UK English in formal and semi-formal contexts.

(By Collins Dictionary, RP is the pronouncing form for British English that is typically defined as the standard accent. Pronunciations in this dictionary are given in RP. RP means 'Received Pronunciation'.)

4. Film: Death at a Funeral (2010, US version)

Actor/Character: Aaron (played by Chris Rock)

Nationality: American

Region: New York, USA

English Variety: General American English (with African American Vernacular influence)

Context: Aaron is presented as a middle-class American speaking General American English, with subtle intonational features and rhythm characteristic of African American speakers. His accent is neutral enough to be typical of mainstream American English, and thus suitable for comparison with RP.

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1. Estuary Accent Features | Estuary English Example. (n.d.). https://jadejoddle.com/estuary-accent/

2. What is a Cockney Accent [Types of London Accents]. (2023, March 22). GoLocalise. https://golocalise.com/blog/what-is-a-cockney-accent/

3. Definition of RP. (2024, November). Collinsdictionary.com; HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/rp#google_vignette

4. Color vs. Colour — And Who is Noah Webster? (n.d.-b). https://www.grammar.com/color_vs_colour?utm_

5. Blanco, C., PhD. (2025, April 3). A brief history of the English language. Duolingo Blog.

https://blog.duolingo.com/history-of-english-language/

6. Differences between British and American English | British Council Foundation Indonesia. (n.d.). https://www.britishcouncilfoundation.id/en/english/articles/british-and-american-english

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ADLIENA AFZA'S EIC453 WRITTEN REFLECTION

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Variation

1. Phonemic Variation (Vowels & Diphthongs)

Phonemic variation refers to how vowel and diphthong sounds differ across dialects. Below are clear examples from your data:

a) Non-rhotic vs. Rhotic Accents

British English (Tallulah/UK Daniel) – Non-rhotic: final /r/ is dropped.

car → /kɑː/

father → /ˈfɑːðə/

American English (Katie/US Aaron) – Rhotic: /r/ is clearly pronounced.

car → /kɑːr/

father → /ˈfɑðɚ/

b) Vowel Differences

"Dance"

UK: /dɑːns/ (broad A)

US: /dæns/ (flat A)

"Student"

UK: /ˈstjuː.dənt/ (with /j/ glide)

US: /ˈstuː.dənt/ (glide deleted)

"Glossy" words

Katie: toner /ˈtoʊnɚ/, moisturizer /ˈmɔɪstʃɚˌaɪzɚ/

Tallulah: toner /ˈtəʊ.nə/, moisturising /ˈmɔɪs.tʃə.raɪ.zɪŋ/

2. Prosodic Variation (Tone, Intonation & Stress)

Prosody refers to the rhythm and melody of speech — including intonation, pitch, and emphasis.

a) Intonation Patterns

Katie (US): Uses rising-falling intonation, often more expressive and casual.

"Hey guys, welcome or welcome back to my channel."

= Falling pitch at “channel” adds finality and warmth.

Tallulah (UK): Tends to have more controlled and flatter intonation, creating a calmer and polished tone.

"Hello my gorgeous people, welcome back to my channel."

= Gentle pitch variation, more refined and poised.

b) Stress & Rhythm

US English (Katie): Stress is more dynamic, with frequent contrastive stress.

"I again have been loving this…"

UK English (Tallulah): Stress is more balanced across the sentence.

"Firstly, what I’ve been using at the moment is…"

3. Lexical Variation (Vocabulary & Word Choice)

This refers to how different words are used for the same meaning in different varieties.

a) General Vocabulary

UK English:

i) football

ii) rubbish

iii) wife beater

US English:

i) soccer

ii) trash

iii) singlet

b) Content Creator Speech

Katie (US): "Skin prep", "obsessed with", "SPF 50 in it" → trend-based, product-specific, casual.

Tallulah (UK): "Facial moisturising lotion", "at the moment", "guess what guys" → slightly more descriptive and structured.

c) Movie Monologue Differences

UK Daniel: "Maybe he had some... things he liked to do..." → vague, understated.

US Aaron: "Maybe he loved Dreamgirls more than most men." → direct, culturally specific reference.