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He emphasized that the US should not engage in political conflicts and instead focus on the importance of the US and their needs as a union

“Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves by artificial ties in the ordinary...combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities.”

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Speech in Congress in celebration of Fourth of July (1821)

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Speech in Congress in celebration of Fourth of July (1821)

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He is stressing that America should not focus on destroying others, but they should focus on their own liberty and well-being of their country by promoting peace, independence, and freedom.

“But she goes not abroad in search of monsters to destroy. She is the well-wisher to the freedom and independence of all.”

(Both/neither Isolationist and Interventionist because the US is strong and has the military power, but only if they need it -- they don't have to be a police presence.)

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Monroe Doctrine, Presidential Address (1823)

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Monroe Doctrine, Presidential Address (1823)

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The US is independent and should not interfere or be a subject in European power or colonies as the US stands for peace and safety.

“We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.”

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The Battle of Buena Vista was a battle in the Mexican American War. It was fought between the US and Mexico, where 5,000 US men led by Zachary Taylor invaded northeastern Mexico, taking Monterrey and Saltillo. The outcome of the battle was a conclusive victory for the US.

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The Capture of Mexico City: Mexican American War (1847)

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The Capture of Mexico City: Mexican American War (1847)

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It was a significant event during the Mexican-American War, which marked a major victory for the US. It was led by General Scott where the US army surrounded Mexico City and forced Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna to surrender. The Capture of Mexico City therefore led to the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in February 1848. That treaty ultimately ended the war and resulted in Mexico ceding a significant portion of its territory to the US.

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The Age of Empire: Europeans (post Civil War,  1865)

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The Age of Empire: Europeans (post Civil War,  1865)

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Empire or Imperialism is the practice of having political or economic control over a territory that is outside the boundaries of the nation.

Background:

The Civil War ended in 1865 and the effect on the US's economy is that because the North ramped up industrial production to win the war, they built railroad tracks and factories to build armaments. After the war and up until 1900, the US became the leading industrial power in the world and that was one of the main reasons why immigrants flooded to the US at that time. However, the US wasn't really recognized as a military power because number one was England. None of the nations of Europe thought of the US as a an important power in the world so they weren't interested. Nations of Europe were such important world powers because of their own investment in imperialism. From about 1880-1900, the powers of Europe competed with each other to take over territories in the world. And those nations had a lot of natural resources but couldn't compete with European powers. In the mid-19th century, there were explores going through Africa and they found diamonds, gold, and rubber and tea in India. So in 1880s and 1890s, Europeans sought for territorial control of Africa. The Europeans really wanted the colonies abroad because they could take their natural resources for European industrial production. The Europeans also wanted markets and they think the US should join in because they want to expand the frontier.

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Age of Empire: US (post Civil War, 1865)

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Age of Empire: US (post Civil War, 1865)

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In the late 19th century, Frederick Jackson Turner, a famous historian, said "Manifest Destiny is Done". Meaning that God wanted the US to occupy the North American continent. Expansion fuels the US's leading industrial power so that's why Europe wanted to include the US in the quest for new markets.

Along with that, in 1890, Alfred Mahan published a book called The Influence of Sea Power Upon History. His thesis was that all the great nations of history had gotten their greatness through a domination of the seas. He says that if the US wants to be a world power, they will need to make serious investments in their navy. So they'll need to build a very powerful naval fleet and put a canal somewhere across Central America so it's easier for ships to get to the Pacific. Along with that, they'll need friendly ports all over the world so the navy can dock, refuel, and get supplies. Lastly, they'll need good harbors: Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. The US therefore listens to Mahan and in 1890- 1914 the US increases their investment in the navy by a power of 7. Starting in 1890, they put $22 million into the navy and by 1914, there was $140 million a year into navy.

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Spanish-American War (February 15, 1898)

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Spanish-American War (February 15, 1898)

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The Spanish-American War was a conflict between the US and Spain that ended in Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and US possession in Latin American territories. At First, the US debates whether to join the race for expansion. One half says yes, great nations have imperial territories. But the other half says no, the nation was born to be a nation of equality and liberty. Therefore, expansionists went to the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. However, Spain was determined to keep their land. But to weaken support for the rebels, hundreds of thousands of Cubans were placed into concentration camps. This allowed the US to prove they are an imperial power and bring their heritage of liberty, freedom, and democracy to people who want it.

On February 15, 1898, in Havana Harbor, there was an explosion that destroyed an American battle ship killing 266 men. As a result, President William Mckinley asked congress to declare war on Spain. So US forces landed in the Philippines and Cuba and the war lasted 13 weeks. Spain surrendered after the US navy destroyed the Spanish fleet. After, the American army entered Santiago de Cuba as liberators, while the Cuban rebel army was forced to wait outside the city. It's told in America that the Cubans are a lot like Americans where they are trying to free themselves from an oppressive colonial power (they're imagining them as white). But Cuban allies are mostly Black so they say they are no longer fit for self government. On December 18, 1898, representatives of US and Spain negotiate the end of the war and the spoils of war. But the people whose destinies would be determined didn't have a voice in those discussions. So as a result, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and The Philippines were then under US control.

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Spanish-American War | PBS LearningMedia

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U.S. imperial aspirations and diminished Spanish colonial power set the scene for the Spanish-American War in the late 1800s. The media helps frame the discussion. The fates of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines are in the balance, but none of these regions play a direct role in the final negotiations. The U.S. sets itself up to continue intervening in the futures of the former Spanish colonies. The post-war status of Puerto Rico, in particular, frames the island’s continuing questions of political autonomy and the U.S.’s imperial actions are at conflict with its democratic ideals.

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Senator Henry M. proposed an amendment to the US declaration of war against Spain saying that the US would not have permanent control over Cuba. He believes in the importance of peace and ending war even if it means using military force.

“hereby disclaims any disposition of intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said island except for pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the island to its people.”

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It permits the US to lease or buy lands to establish naval bases and coaling stations in Cuba. So Cuba, therefore, had to consent to the right of the US to intervene in Cuban affairs.

“the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty, and for discharging the obligations with respect to Cuba imposed by the Treaty of Paris on the United States, now to be assumed and undertaken by the Government of Cuba.”

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Banana Republic is a term for a country that has an economy that solely relies on revenue from exporting a single product, in this case bananas. So, those countries are typically controlled by foreign owned companies. The term originates from American corporations exploitation of land and workers for the development of bananas.

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Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1904)

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Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1904)

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He highlights that the US seeks to have stable, orderly, and prosperous neighboring countries and maintain their country as well. He writes this in a way that suggests that he is threatening the Europeans by stating that if necessary, the US can intervene if the Western Hemisphere interferes with that stability. This supports the Monroe Doctrine, because it highlights that the US should act on bettering humanity, and intervening only when a situation justifies that action.

“If a nation shows that it knows how to act with reasonable efficiency and decency in social and political matters, if it keeps order and pays its obligations, it need fear no interference from the United States. Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation”

The US has the right to intervene and prevent European powers from disrupting the stability of their nation if necessary.

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Due to the debt crisis in the Dominican Republic, the United States feared that Europeans would intervene. This led US troops to occupy the DR from 1916-1924 and expand cane plantation. As a result, many Dominicans remained poor and many lost their land to sugar. In response, a lot of Dominicans joined the Guerilla movement ceasefire in 1922.

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Isolationism and U.S. Foreign Policy After World War I (1914)

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Isolationism and U.S. Foreign Policy After World War I (1914)

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During WWI, the US sought to maintain isolationism and neutrality with the international affairs of other nations. President Woodrow Wilson ran on a platform of non-interference during presidency and “he kept us out of war” became a popular slogan from his supporters. However, due to the war in Europe that was coming closer to the US, President Woodrow changed his viewpoint, requiring the US to take a leadership role in order to promote freedom, sovereignty and self-determination for all nations. So this US intervention in WWI helped build their status as the defender of freedom. In 1918, Wilson presented his 14 points to help end the war and establish a basis for cooperation. US foreign policy during the 1920s passed isolationist policies and focused more on "building the domestic economy by supporting business growth, encouraging industrial expansion, imposing tariffs on imported products and limiting immigration."

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Isolationism and U.S. Foreign Policy After World War I

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Beginning with George Washington’s presidency, the United States sought a policy of isolationism and neutrality with regards to the internal affairs of other nations. Early American political leaders argued that with the exception of free trade, self-defense and humanitarian emergencies, the U.S. would do best to avoid permanent alliances that do not serve American interests but instead deflect attention from domestic issues. When World War I broke out in July 1914, the United States actively maintained a stance of neutrality, and President Woodrow Wilson encouraged the U.S. as a whole to avoid becoming emotionally or ideologically involved in the conflict. Americans were more than happy to stay out of the war, and Wilson won a second Presidential term in 1916 by running on a platform of non-interference; the phrase, “he kept us out of war” became a popular slogan used by Wilson’s supporters.

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At that time in Haiti, there were a lot of coups, so in response, the United States removed funds from Haitian banks during Haiti's political crisis. After, the US Marine occupied Haiti for 20 years. They used tactics of military occupation to enforce curfews and implement segregation. (paternalism) This impacted local population when their president was assassinated in January 1915, and further segregation was present. In response, some people chose resistance (caco) and supported anti-imperialists and civil liberty groups.

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Americana investors were very interested in the sugar fields in Cuba, so from 1917-1922, US Marines occupied Cuba. The US had also previously moved troops in Cuba in 1906 and 1912 to "impose calm". As a result, the "Dance of Millions" did not benefit Cubans, there was increase in labor for sugar, and dictatorships were established. In response, strongmen emerged from the ranks of the military to assume leadership.

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The United States were in fear of European intervention so they used their control of Puerto Rico to pass the Jones Act which aimed to support the US shipbuilding industry and marine in order to ensure strong economic and national security. A major impact on the local population was when the leader, Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos, was jailed for presumptive crime of sedation. In response, the nationalists party challenged US leadership, but was ultimately shut down.

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During FDR's inaugural address, he suggested "the policy of the good neighbor" which marked the departure from traditional American Interventionism. As a result, the US waived its right to intervene in international affairs of other nations. Therefore, the Platt Amendment was revoked from Cuba, and US Marines were withdrawn from Haiti. His address is focused on restoring the nations economic health.

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FDR outlined four freedoms which were the freedom of speech and expression, freedom of warship, freedom from want, and freedom from need.

During his speech, he summarized the values of democracy. However, the speech was 11 months before the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. The purpose of the speech was to symbolize the pursuit of peace in a postwar world.

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During Franklin D. Roosevelt's first inaugural address on March 4, 1933, he suggested the departure from traditional interventionism with Latin America. He "emphasized cooperation and trade rather than military force to maintain stability in the hemisphere." And as a result, the US promoted non-interventionism by abolishing the Platt Amendment and withdraw US Marines in Cuba.

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The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union after WWII. It was characterized as an arms race and a proxy war. During the cold war, NATO was formed by the US and their European Allies, the Korean war/conflict was set off, the Cuban Missile Crisis was sparked, and the Vietnam War broke out. While the cold war ended without any direct military confrontation, it led to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the rise in global power dynamics.

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Pax Americana, which means "American Peace", describes the post-WWII order. At that time, the US had the strongest economic, cultural, and military power in the world. They believed that because they had the most power, they realized it was their duty to spread virtues of democracy and freedom to the rest of the world. However, due to the start of the Cold War, the US built the world order of Pax Americana, to prevent the Soviet Union from expanding communism.

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From 1950-1953 was the Korean Conflict. After cold war, China becomes communist power. Initially, communist forces control most of Korea, however, UN forces launch offensive north, gaining control of much of Korea. In response, North Korea pushed UN forces back, with the help of Chinese reinforcements. Finally armistice (cease fire) signed, creating the nations North and South Korea. However, this was never classified as a war because there was never an official end to the war.

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NSC-68 (National Security Council) was a policy paper giving recommendations to the US to combat communism from the Soviet Union. It proposed Continuation, Isolationism, or War. However, it ultimately came to the decision use containment. The thesis was “rapid build-up of political, economic, and military capabilities of the ‘free world’”. In order to contain the spread of communism.

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McCarthyism created the fear of communism. During Joseph McCarthy's speech, he addressed the threat of communism, saying if you were suspected of being a communist, you would be jailed. If you were in a multiracial friend group, you would be accused of being a communist, so domestic communism was viewed as a threat.

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"Duck and Cover" was a US Government Civil Defense Film, which outline the dangers of nuclear bombs to children. It compared nuclear bombs to minor things like fires, sunburns, and car accidents. As well as presenting the issue in a friendly tone saying the light was“brighter than you’ve ever seen”, you could get a really bad sunburn, and it can throw you against a tree. Ducking and cover will not always work though. It is portrayed to make it feel safer for people so they don’t freak out and reassuring people that they have a plan. But in reality, nuclear bombs are a huge threat that

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The Vietnam War was a conflict between the North Vietnam and South Vietnam and the US. Under Operation Rolling Thunder in February 1965, it increased the bombing of North Vietnam. On March 8, 1965, 3,500 US Marines were landed near Da Nang, South Vietnam. This was what marked the beginning of the American ground war, and the US public opinion overwhelmingly supported the development. The first deployment of 3,500 in March was then increased to 200,000 in December. Next, from 1965-67, there was fundamental miscalculation by US military leaders. They believed that no military in the world could last against, let alone defeat, the most powerful military in the world. They failed to recognize both the advantage that the Viet Cong had with Guerilla warfare in their own land, as well as the resolve of the NVA and Viet Cong. After the Tet Offensive in 1968, Walter Kronkite, the most trusted voice/reporter in the US, declared the war unwinnable. As a result, Lyndon Johnson announced he was not going to run for reelection. Then the next president, Richard Dixon, announced a policy in his “Great Silent Majority” speech. Also, Vietnamization was introduced, which was the policy of turning over ground fighting to South Vietnamese army with increased training and increased bombing. That lasted from 1968-1975. Finally, Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, falls and becomes Ho Chi Minh city on April 29, 1975. This therefore leads to the massive fleeing of Vietnamese refugees called “Boat People”. This event is known as the the Fall of Saigon, which marked the end of the war.

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In October 1962, there was a 13-day confrontation between the US and Soviet Union, where the Soviets secretly put nuclear missiles in Cuba. This almost led to a nuclear war, and it was known as the Cuban Missile Crisis.

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The history of the Cuban Missile Crisis - Matthew A. Jordan

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In 1964, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was passed by congress in response to the attacks in the Gulf of Tonkin. The Gulf of Tonkin referred to a series of events in August 1964, involving the US Navy and North Vietnamese patrol boats. Therefore, the resolution was passed which gave president Johnson broad military powers and significantly expanded US involvement in the Vietnam War.

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US and enemy forces declared a ceasefire during the Vietnamese holiday (Lunar New Year). However, Viet Cong broke ceasefire with surprise attacks at strategic locations throughout the country. In response, the US was quickly able to quell uprising militarily in most places, however, the Tet Offensive signaled to the American public that the Vietnam War was a quagmire and an unwinnable stalemate.

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The CIA originated a coup plan in 1970. The purpose of the coup was to prevent Salvador Allende from taking office in Chile. They used methods of interventionism and a task force. The CIA was pro-coup and wanted to prevent the spread of communism by overthrowing Allende.

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Unlike the CIA, the state department was against a coup because they thought it would destabilize the country since they had democratically elected a president. The tone of the embassy cables showed hesitation but also support because while they didn't like socialism, they did not want to intervene.

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The United Fruit Company was an American corporation that grew and marketed bananas. And later, the company created the cartoon character Señorita Chiquita Banana. They used this character to promote bananas in advertisements which helped shape consumer perceptions of bananas.