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Henry VIII ascended to the English throne in 1509 following his father, Henry VII, who founded the Tudor dynasty and brought stability after the Wars of the Roses. Throughout his reign, Henry implemented significant changes, most famously the English Reformation, which severed England’s ties with the Roman Catholic Church and established the Church of England, driven by his wish to annul his marriage to his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. This era also witnessed a boom in artistic, cultural, and economic development, symbolizing the Renaissance in England.

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Catherine of Aragon (1509-1533), whom he divorced to marry Anne Boleyn after the Pope refused to annul their marriage.

Anne Boleyn (1533-1536), the mother of Elizabeth I, executed for treason.

Jane Seymour (1536-1537), who bore him a male heir, Edward VI, but died shortly after childbirth.

Anne of Cleves (1540), whose marriage was annulled after just a few months.

Catherine Howard (1540-1542), executed for committing adultery.

Catherine Parr (1543-1547), who outlived Henry.

His daughters were:

Mary (daughter of Catherine of Aragon), who became queen and attempted to restore Catholicism in England.

Elizabeth (daughter of Anne Boleyn), who became one of the most renowned monarchs in English history, strengthening Anglicanism and leading England into an era of significant power.

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The union between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn stands as one of the most pivotal in English history. In his quest to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne, Henry broke with the Catholic Church, establishing the Church of England. In 1533, Anne gave birth to Elizabeth I, but Henry, dissatisfied with the absence of a male heir, grew increasingly frustrated. In 1536, Anne was arrested on charges of treason and executed. Though their marriage ended tragically, their daughter, Elizabeth, rose to become one of the most iconic monarchs in history, strengthening Protestantism in England.

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After the death of Mary, her half-sister Elizabeth I, the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, ascended to the throne. Elizabeth re-established Protestantism and became one of England’s most significant monarchs. Her reign, known as the Elizabethan Era, lasted until her death and marked a period of immense growth for England, with notable cultural and military achievements, such as the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Elizabeth, often referred to as the “Virgin Queen” because she never married, was the final monarch of the Tudor dynasty.

Foreign Policy: She aimed to dominate the seas.

Domestic Policy: She sought to restore balance following the persecution of Protestants under “Bloody Mary.”

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The Armada Portrait, created in 1588, is a famous image of Queen Elizabeth I, commemorating her victory over the Spanish Armada. It serves as propaganda to showcase her power and reinforce her image as the “Virgin Queen.” Elizabeth is depicted wearing pearls and jewels, symbolizing wealth and chastity. Her hand rests on a globe, specifically over the Americas, highlighting England’s growing influence. The rays of light around her face represent her as the central, radiant figure of the British Empire. The portrait emphasizes her leadership and triumph.