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384-322 BCE: Aristotle's Natural Philosophy

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384-322 BCE: Aristotle's Natural Philosophy

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The Greek philosopher Aristotle laid the groundwork for physics with his theories about motion, matter, and the natural world. Although many of his ideas were later disproven, his systematic approach to studying natural phenomena influenced scientific thought for nearly two millennia.

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The brilliant Greek mathematician Archimedes discovered the fundamental principle of buoyancy. Legend has it that he made this discovery while taking a bath, leading to his famous 'Eureka!' moment. His work on fluid mechanics and leverage remains foundational to modern physics.

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Nicolaus Copernicus published 'De revolutionibus orbium coelestium,' proposing a heliocentric model of the universe. This revolutionary idea challenged the geocentric worldview and marked the beginning of modern astronomy and physics.

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Sir Isaac Newton published 'Principia Mathematica,' introducing his three laws of motion and universal gravitation. This work unified terrestrial and celestial mechanics, providing a mathematical framework that dominated physics for over two centuries.

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Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction, demonstrating the relationship between electricity and magnetism. His experiments laid the foundation for modern electromagnetic technology and electric power generation.

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James Clerk Maxwell unified electricity, magnetism, and light with his famous equations. This mathematical framework predicted electromagnetic waves and led to numerous technological innovations, including radio and television.

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Albert Einstein published his Special Theory of Relativity, revolutionizing our understanding of space, time, and the speed of light. His famous equation E=mc² demonstrated the equivalence of mass and energy.

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Einstein extended his earlier work with the General Theory of Relativity, explaining gravity as a curvature of spacetime. This theory has been consistently verified, most recently through the detection of gravitational waves.

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Scientists including Schrödinger, Heisenberg, and Bohr developed quantum mechanics, describing the bizarre behavior of matter and energy at atomic scales. This revolutionary theory led to technologies like lasers and transistors.

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Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig independently proposed the existence of quarks, the fundamental particles that make up protons and neutrons. This discovery deepened our understanding of particle physics and the structure of matter.

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Scientists at CERN announced the discovery of the Higgs boson, confirming the last missing piece of the Standard Model of particle physics. This discovery helped explain how particles acquire their mass and validated decades of theoretical work.