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The Compromise of 1877 didn't work as the Repub party wasn't strong in the South but did work as it did change the South

The "Redeemers"

Whites were glad that they had home rule but political power was soon restricted w a powerful conservative oligarchy called the Redeemers or Bourbons

In some ways similar to Antebellum leaders but different due to how they had merchants, industrialists, RR developers, and financiers and they were w home rule ad conservatism committed to eco development

The Bourbon govs did the same as they lowered taxes reduced spending and diminished state services like public edu

Industrialization and the New South

The New South liked the idea of Industrial economy unlike the Antebellum South

Industry began to grow as planters would ship crops to manufacturers far away but now were close which led to more growth

RR development also increased as there was much more than ever before and it became standard w the N

This industry was still not as powerful as the North's and seemed to flow up the North as profits were actually less than before and moved up

This led to a need for a workforce which was gained through widows left from the war and were worked v hard w bad conditions compared to the north

Blacks couldn't work in some areas but in others they could which led to closeness between the two, but whites still wanted to keep white supremacy

Tenants and Sharecroppers

Agriculture was getting worse and worse due to how tenantry and debt peonage had led to more and more cashcrops being used and no real ownership of land

African Americans and the New South

Blacks began to improve themselves getting property moving to middle class making businesses and edus which was furthered by more and more black colleges and institutions

The main man on this was Booker T. Washington who thought that blacks needed education after he did so to come after poverty

Washington basically wanted blacks to follow the white middle class example to succeed and win respect of whites

Washington said that blacks should prep for equality but not fight for it as  to show how they could improve themselves

The Birth of Jim Crow

Whites never really wanted equality and thus, tried to show inequality w minstrel shows as the 14th and 15th amendments didn't apply to individuals or private companies

In Plessy v. Ferguson it was said that separate accommodation were not taking away equality if they were the same conditions

Cumming v. Country Board of Education Court ruled that communities could get white only schools but didn't need black ones

Even before this, whites tried to separate especially w the vote but some didn't for a while after reconstruction since they could scare blacks to do what they wanted

In the 1890s, poor white farmers tried to get complete black disenfranchisement as they though the black vote was used against them and conservative elite wanted same due to how they thought poor whites would go w blacks

This was done by evading the 15th amendment using poll tax or property qualification and literacy or understanding tests of the Constitution

Jim Crow laws institutionalized an elaborate system to separate whites and blacks in all ways and led to blacks losing progress made before

The 1890s saw lynching become popular as whites saw it as a way to control blacks and enforce law if they committed crimes

The rise led to rise in antilynching and thus got government to do what the South didn't want in punishing those that were lynching

But opposition to lunching stood as an exception to general white support v Blacks as race was used to distract the people of the economic struggles there were for both races

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Chapter 15 Notes The Abandonment of Reconstruction

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Chapter 15 Notes The Abandonment of Reconstruction

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As North was busy w problems Reconstruction lost popularity as Democrats had gov in 7 former confed states and 3 others were waiting for withdrawal of fed troops in 1877

The Southern States "Redeemed"

In the Upper South, where whites were a majority, getting control was easy as they had to just vote and then they needed to organize and elect candidates

In other states where blacks had a voice, terrorism, fear, and just refusal to give credit, rent land, and give work, led to blacks being stopped from voting

The Republican Congress opposed this w the Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 71 (KKK acts) that said that states could not discriminate against voters due to race and could be prosecuted as a crime by fed law

Also allowed the President to protect civil rights w fed troops done once by grant in 71 in SC and though not used much did stop activity of the KKK

Waning Northern Commitment

After winning rights for blacks many republicans moved to be democrats as they felt that blacks didn't need more help and voters went against repubs as well cuz of financial crisis

The Panic of 1873 stopped Reconstruction support and led to Democrats getting control of House which Grant tried to stop w less military force in the South

The Compromise of 1877

Grant wanted to run again, but most repubs resisted and got Rutherford B. Hayes while the Democrats got Samuel J. Tilden

The campaign didn't really involve any principle differences and the Democrats seemed to win but disputed returns from some states led to doubt but only Hayes needed the disputed votes to win

There was no way to establish who would win or what part of congress as each was a different side so they made a commission to elect of 15 5 from each house and 5 justices but the one independent justice resigned and left a repub there which gave the election to Hayes

Though this seemed like a good W there were actually compromises behind closed doors which got the W

Democrats let this go if they had one southerner in cabinet, control of federal patronage in their areas, good internal improvements, fed aid for Texas and Pacific railroad, and no fed troops in the South

Hayes thus let troops out of South but still thought as paying the south which wasn't untrue and had a lot of bitterness that not even just one term calmed people down

The president and repubs tried to build new repub in South w some support for black rights but didn't worekd as no one supported and Democrats began to form

The Legacy of Reconstruction

Reconstruction helped slaves make society and get dignity and equality w new institutions to help them as well

Reconstruction was not all bad for whites as they were back in power and no eco or political changes were there besides no slavery

Also notable for limitations as the US failed to resolve its oldest problem and left Americans so disillusioned they wouldn't try again till the next century

Blacks were happy though as things had changed and gotten better with the 14th and 15th amendments to the Constitution

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Chapter 15 Notes The Grand Administration

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Chapter 15 Notes The Grand Administration

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American voters wanted a strong stale figure for Reconstruction years so they got General Ulysses S. Grant

The Soldier President

Grant could've gone either party but went w Repuvs as they were more popular in the North and barely won due to black voters in the South

Grant was not too good as he used the spoils system so obviously, alienated Northerners against Radical policies and was thought to have some corruption

By the end of the first term, Liberal Repubs wanted to go against Grant and got Horace Greely to go against in elections as Democrats but still lost as Grant won easily

The Grant Scandals

During the 1872 campaign, political scandals were exposed as seen w Credit Mobilier that used positions in Union Pacific Railroad to get more contracts and gave stock to discourage investigation

Then Congress investigated and found some had taken stock to be quiet, like the VP Schuyler Colfax

Another was found when Benjamin H. Bristow found that some officials and a group of distillers were making a whiskey wring and cheating the government from taxes w false reports

Then another found that William W. Belknap had gotten bribes to keep an Indian post trader in office

All these scandals added to people thinking Grantism meant corruption

The Greenback Question

The biggest problem was the Panic of 1873 as a investing bank firm failed as it invested too much in railroad building leading to the worst panic ever

Debtors wanted gov to redeem federal war bonds w greenbacks to have more money in circulation but Grant and repubs wanted a sound currency on gold reserves

So what they did in 1875, was the Specie Resumption Act that said that greenback dollar would be redeemed by the gov and replaced w new certificates that were tied to price of gold

The law satisfied creditors who worried debts would be paid in bad paper currency but resumption made things harder for debtors as the gold based money couldn't expand

That year, the National Greenback party was formed and though it failed to gain support it showed that money was truly an issue

Republican Democracy

Johnson and Grant did do well because of Secretaries of State William H. Seward and Hamilton Fish respectively

Seward did as much as he could w demands of Reconstruction politics and hate of Johnson by repubs and copped Alaska from Russia for 7.2 mill but many didn't approve and annexed the Midway islands W of hawaii

Fish mostly won in controversy over American claims that British helped Confederacy w ships and needed to pay for damages caused and in the end was worked out w The Treaty of Washington which gave international arbitration

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Chapter 15 Notes The South in Reconstruction

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Chapter 15 Notes The South in Reconstruction

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Reconstruction did not work immediately, but it did have an affect on the South

The Reconstruction Governments

Critics called S white repubs Scalawags, who were former whigs never cool w democrats or lived away from slavery or carpetbaggers who were N white men who saw the South better than the West as a frontier

Most Repubs in the South were black freedmen who didn't know much of politics but still tried to make institutions to learn how as they made conventions to chart future course and also had new religious independence which gave confidence and unity

Blacks did play a strong role in politics of reconstruction as they were delegates in conventions and were in House of Reps and Senate

Though some whites complained about Negro rule, the % of blacks in office was always smaller than that of blacks in general

Reconstruction governments had mixed record as some were corrupt and extravagant while others were good in trying to get the South what it needed at the time

Education

One big part of reconstruction was the improvement of education as the Freedmen's Bureau, Northern organization, and white women from the North helped create a much stronger edu system

Though whites didn't want blacks to feel equal w edu, many schools for former slaves were made which worked very well and led to the teaching of them but also whites

Also lead to Black academies that gave even more edu to blacks and helped create black colleges and universities

Landownership and Tenancy

The most ambitious goal of the Freedmen's Bureau and Radicals was to reform landownership, giving blacks land, which worked at first but then whites came back for land and got it from Johnson

Things changed though as some Whites lost land due to debt, taxes, or better lands elsewhere and blacks began to gain land

Most blacks and some whites did not own their own land and had to work for others as sharecroppers who gave rent or some crops to the landlords which was good for both as blacks got working own land and landlords didn't need slaves or care about workers

Incomes and Credit

Things looked very good for Blacks as they made a lot more than before compared to whites actually making less, and worked less

The gains were limited though as agriculture was going down and blacks usually couldn't get out of poverty even if there was income growth for a little bit

Blacks and poor whites got trapped in credit debt as they were dependent on stores that gave them credit w v high interest and w many bad years, farmers couldn't keep up

Most blacks and whites lost land as they were unable to get out of debt and cash crops were all that were planted, especially cotton, which killed the soil over time

The African American Family in Freedom

Many slaves left the plantations in order to find family members and others rushed to get marriages legalized by the state

The roles of men and women paralleled that of the white family over time and women stayed at home but if needed they could make money as well

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Johnson's Reconstruction was called the presidential one and was only till December 1865 when congress reconvened and went against it making the Congressional or Radical Reconstruction

The Black Codes

The South wasn't doing well as they made Black Codes that allowed local officials to apprehend unemployed blacks, fine them, and hire them out

Some only kept blacks from owning or leasing farms or working jobs that weren't on a plantation and got ex slaves mad andgot intervention by fed troops

Congress responded by expanding power of Freedman's Bureau but then also passed Civil Rights act that let blacks be full citizens and gave feds power to intervene in state affairs to protect

Johnson vetoed these two bills, but congress overrode him on each to make sure each one got through

The Fourteenth Amendment

The Joint Committee on Reconstruction proposed the 14th Amendment that gave first constitutional definition of American citizenship as all born in the US and naturalized was a citizen and got all privileges and immunities from the constitution like protection of laws from state and nat govs

There were no other requirements for citizenship and also imposed penalties on states that denied suffrage to adult male inhabitants and didn't let former members of Congress or those that helped the Confederates into office unless 2/3 of congress agreed

Congressional Radicals let any state in if they ratified but only TN did and all other Confeds w DE and KY did not leaving it w/o needed approval of 3/4 states

But Radicals were getting stronger and stronger and w Race riots in the South they got more and though Johnson tried to go for conservatives in 1866 congress elections, radicals got more power

The Repubs now had the power to get around even the president

The Congressional Plan

The Radicals passed 3 reconstruction bills in 1867 and overrode Johnson's vetoes in 1867 leading to a good plan for Reconstruction

The plan said:

TN was readmitted since it ratified the 14th Amendment

Rejected Lincoln-Johnson govs of the South

Made 5 military districts each w a commander to get qualified voters (blacks and whites not vs. N) who could then elect conventions to make state constit. which needed black suffrage

W the constit. they oculd elect state gov and ratify 14th

Then constit needed to be approved by congress

Once enough states ratified needed to make it part of Constitution, the Confederate states could be added to the Union

By 1868, 7/10 had been readmitted but the others were held up by conservative whites and had to add the 15th amendment which said that no state or fed gov could deny suffrage to any citizen based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude which was completed in 1870

To stop Johnson from trying to change things, Radicals passed two laws that were iffy on constitutionality

The Tenure of Office Act said that the President could not remove civil officials w/o consent of Senate to keep Secretary of War in job to help radicals

The Command of the Army Act which stopped the president from issuing military orders except through the commanding general of the army who could not be relieved or assigned elsewhere w/o consent of Senate

Radicals did the same to the Supreme Court as they proposed several bills to require 2/3 of justices to support any decision to overrule a law of Congress, deny Court jurisdiction in Reconstruction cases, and reduce membership to three or even abolish it

The Court took notice and didn't do anything about reconstruction that Congress put out over the next two years

The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

President Johnson was not too active, but the radicals still saw him as an obstacle and tried to take him out w impeachment and found grounds for it when Johnson dismissed Secretary of War Stanton despite Congress's refusal to agree

Radicals then impeached the president and sent case to trial

The trial lasted from April to May 1868 and had a lot of pressure on Repub senator but Moderates won in the end as they stopped the Repubs from getting 2/3 majority needed by one and then Johnson stayed and Radicals gave up

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Chapter 15 Notes The Problems of Peacemaking

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Chapter 15 Notes The Problems of Peacemaking

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Though the war was done, peace was hard to find as AL didn't see CSA as existent and could not just readmit to the Union

The Aftermath of War and Emancipation

The South was a desolate place after the war and white southerners became poor w no slaves or property and Confederate bonds that were worth nothing some were starving and homeless

Things were worse for blacks as though they were free, they had nothing they owned or anywhere to go

Competing Notions of Freedom

Reconstruction was a time to see what freedom and war meant but freedom was different between blacks and whites

The White Southerners thought of freedom as the ability to be free from North's tyranny and wanted Antebellum society back as they wanted local and regional autonomy and white supremacy

For blacks, this was freedom from white control so as they wanted to have economic opportunity as they wanted land and some got it

Early in the War the Sea Islands of SC were emptied by the White owners so slaves wanted it and got it from Sherman

The Feds helped with the Freedmen's Bureau where they helped feed, clothe, educate, and give med care to ex slaves and help settle contracts and land disputes

Though on a tight budget and at times corrupt, this institution was still very helpful to the newly freed slaves of the time

Also helped redistribute land as they gave 850,000 acres to ex slaves in 40 acre plots and also with the Southern Homestead act of 1866 but that one wasn't taken advantage of since it was repealed

Also General Howard got mules as well for the ex slaves which brought the notion of 40 acres and a mule

Plans for Reconstruction

Reconstruction was planned by Republicans, but they were very opposed as the Conservatives just wanted abolition while the Radicals wanted to take Confederate property, give civil rights, and distribute land among freedmen but moderates found a good middle ground to agree on

Lincoln wanted to be lenient with the South as the Unionists there would be the main governing powers and thus gave amnesty to most southerners

Except for the high officials who would need to pledge an oath of loyalty and accept abolition and once 10% of the voters did that they could set up state gov and 3 states did so in 1864

Lincoln also proposed have blacks vote if they were educated, had property or served in the union army

Radicals did not accept these new reps so they made the Wade-Davis Bill which said that the president would appoint gov, a state constitutional convention would be made up of delegates who never fought US once majority of white males pledged allegiance

The constitutions had to abolish slavery, disenfranchise Confederate civil and military leaders and repudiate debts made by state govs in war but left Black rights to the states to decide

Congress passed the bill, but Lincoln vetoed which pissed off the radicals and AL realized he had to make accept some parts and this debate was picked up by scholars as time went on

The Death of Lincoln

Lincoln was shot at Ford's Theater in Washington by John Wilkes Booth who was an actor very committed to the Southern cause and died the next morning

Lincoln was then thought of as a martyr and caused hysteria in the North as Secretary of State William H. Seward was shot as well

It had all been a conspiracy to kill Lincoln, Seward, and VP Andrew Johnson and 8 were caught in the conspiracy, 4 hanged

To many Northerners, the murder was seen as a retaliation against the North's elected officials and Militant Repubs were v suspicious

Johnson and "Restoration"

Johnson led the Moderates and Conservatives as successor and started as a Democrat, but stayed w Union in 1864 to be president in times of growing partisan ideas

Johnson revealed his plan for "Restoration" which was like the Wade-Davis Bill in summer of 1865

It put provisional governors in the south that invited qualified voters to a constitutional convention and to get back to Congress, the state had to revoke secession, abolish slavery, ratify 13th amendment, and repudiate Confederate and state war debts

By end of 1865, all seceded states had new govs and waited for congressional approval but Radicals would not recognize since the North was hostile towards the South

South had angered North as they elected Confederate leaders to rep them and didn't want to abolish slavery of ratify the 13th amendment

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The two sides were left to deal with the conflict on their own in what might be known as the bloodiest battle in modern times

The Technology of War

Much of the damage done in the Civil War was from new tech

The best change were repeating rifles and guns and also better cannons and artillery

The new weapons led to no formations possible, so the soldiers had to make forts and trenches to keep themselves sheltered leading to more chaos and was the predecessor for WWI trenches

Hot air balloons were used for reconnaissance, while ironclad ships, torpedoes and submarines showed how the navy would begin to improve as well

Railroads were important as it could transport guys and supplies to the field but also limited as they could not go anywhere and be most strategic

The telegraph was limited by not many good operators and difficulty of moving but over time it got better and led to much better communication

The Opening Clashes, 1861

Started w Union Army in Washington while the South in Manassas just South and the North thought if they could take down South then itd be done

The North went towards the South Army which called reinforcements getting there a day before battle

on 7/21/1861 there was the first battle of Bull Run where the Union almost won but the Confederates went in savage counter that scared the North and had them confused leading to retreat

This led to the North losing morale and AL losing confidence in his officers

There were small but good victories in 1861 like the liberation of West Virginia from the Confederates that got added to the Union in 1863

The Western Theater

After Bull Run the east was a stalemate so the West was where the action was as the Union tried to take the Mississippi from Kentucky down and NOLA up

A Union squad moved up the Mississippi past weak Confederate Forts to NOLA that was terribly defended and thus led to a surrender which started a turning point in the war as the Union had the South's largest city and banking center

In the West, Confederate Troops tried to defend Tennessee forts but could not as Ironclad boats amazed them and the North fought well leading to Grant getting river comms and Kentucky and half of TN

Then Grant went South along TN river to Shiloh where there was a battle of two days where South general died and second day the North took over and kept going South to MS and Memphis

Then Bragg tried to go against Union Army in east TN but once he got the chance he took an L and had to withdraw

By the end of 1862, Union forces had made progress in the West but needed to go East

The Virginia Front, 1862

George B. McClellan thought of a way through the water around the Confederate defenses to get to Richmond called the Peninsular Campaign

As McClellan was going, Stonewall Jackson got a force to move North quick and seem to attack Washington which got lincoln to get Washington defense to oppose and lost two forces and Jackson got away

McClellan was busy fighting forces under Johnston and then Lee who tried to get him off his base but McClellan moved to a new one just in time

McClellan did not advance after and Lincoln got John Pope to get a force  to get to Richmond, but he was too rash and attacked before troops could join leading to a huge L and disarray and his firing after that

Lee then went again to attack but McClellan got Lee's orders saying that there was another force, which he then got to merge w Lee's but did not attack in time at Antietam Creek leading to a loss of opportunity to take out the Confederate army which got him fired as well

The replacement, Ambrose E. Burnside was not so good either as he tried to get attacks on Lee but were too bloody and hopeless leading to him being relieved at his own request

The Progress of the War

The Union wasn't doing well because of how they had not gotten a clear victory which, if at First Bull Run, would've ended it all real quick

Northerners thought that it was on the Union gov but it was because of how the leaders did not see that they could only be stopped if they could not fight the Confederates anymore

This meant that there had to be a steady loss of resources that were needed and was shown in how the Confederacy kept losing in the last two years

1863: Year of Decision

At the start General Hooker went South against Lee but then went to defense quick and could not attack right which led to Lee attacking

This was the battle of Chancellorsville in which Lee had stopped the Union for a while but had not destroyed the army and lost Stonewall

In the West, Grant was going South and conquering more and more as he took over Vicksburg on the MS river and thus isolated Texas, Louisiana, and AR from the rest of the Confederacy which was a turning point in the war

During this, Lee tried to get an invasion to Pennsylvania to distract North and get support

Lee moved up followed by Hooker and George C. Meade and they fought at Gettysburg

Meade's army got good position on a hill and Lee tried to attack at first and failed but second was bigger but also took L leading to Lee having to retreat and being another huge turning point in the war

Also in TN as Gen. Rosecrans tried to follow Bragg south, but was forced to retreat at Chickamauga back to Chattanooga

Bragg then tried to attack Chattanooga which didn't work as Grant came and forced them to GA and got the Union control over the TN river

The Last Stage, 1864-65

Lincoln put Grant as chief of all armies and then used advantages of troops and resources to make two offensives

One on Richmond to take over capital and Lee and one in Georgia to take out remaining Confederate Army

Grant tried to get to Lee through the Wilderness but was avoided and Lee was good in staying between the Union and Richmond for a long tie though many of his forces fell

Grant then tried to take out Petersburg which was comms hub but did not work as they had strong defenses leading to a siege

In GA, Sherman could not get to Johnston until Kennesaw Mt. where he lost but the Union got to Atlanta took it over and burnt it

Then the replacement, Hood tried to get Union to go North which got Sherman to get some to reinforce Nashville where they smacked the Confederate forces

Then Sherman went on March towards the Sea where he took over more and more towns and burned plantations to lower Southern morale and was mostly unopposed and when opposed it was a small problem

Grant's Army then took over a railroad junction which led to Lee saying he could not defend Richmond anymore getting many to leave and mobs and the next day the Union w Lincoln walked through the city

Lee tried to move West and Link w Johnston but it did not work as both were made to surrender and President Davis was captured

Though there were some who still fought, they were easily taken care of

The war was over and the Union was ok, but what to do w freed blacks? Could the N and S reconcile? Would the North's industry go south or not?

The end of the war was the start of a long time trying to figure out its legacy

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The North did have strategy while South did not was the South would do anything to survive but both had diplomacy as the North stopped the South from getting any help

The Commanders

AL was the most important leader and was good as he realized he had to take out South's power to fight but couldn't find a general as good for job

From 1861-64, Lincoln looked for general starting w Winfield Scott who was too old, McClellan who was too slow, and Henry H. Halleck who didn't help

Finally found Ulysses S. Grant in 1864 who understood what Lincoln wanted to do in taking out the South's resources

AL's handling of the war effort was usually slowed by the Committee on Conduct of War that complained about N Generals being too ruthless though this was not true

President Davis controlled all of the South though he said he shared w others like Robert E. Lee and Braxton Bragg but still could not make a good command system

At lower end of command, men pro officers took care of the North and South troops and were taught at Military Academy or Naval Academy

They were usually, the eco or social leaders of communities that got troops and some were good, but most were not

The Role of Sea Power

The navy of the Union helped the North keep a blockade and assist the Union Army in the field

The Blockade kept most ships out and once some got through, they tightened grip and took ports from there then leading to no ability to trade at all

The confederates tried to break w an ironclad ship which worked for some wood ships but not all as some were ironclad as well which led to two fighting and the Southern one was stopped in its tracks

The Union navy also helped with transportation and taking out Southern strongholds leading as the South had no navy and weak guns to take down ships

Europe and the Disunited States

The South's secretary of state was no where as good as the North's which was a deciding factor in the war

England and France wanted to help the Confederates due to how they wanted cotton and to weaken the US but this did not work as the Confederates never seemed to be able to win and would be too much to antagonize US

Also anti slavery and resources elsewhere also lead to no support from other nations

But the US was mad that other nations thought the Confederacy had a chance as they saw it was only a domestic insurrection

More conflict with the Trent affair as two Southern diplomats tried to get to England through Cuba but were captured by the US but Britain was pissed

English wanted apology, release of the prisoners, and reparations and worked as the US could not handle more conflict

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Chapter 14 Notes The Mobilization of the South

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Chapter 14 Notes The Mobilization of the South

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In Feb. 1861, the 7 seceding states met in Montgomery and made the CSA and then moved capital to Richmond Virginia when they joined

Though there were differences between the South and North there were similarities

The Confederate Government

Almost save constitution as the North except that it gave sovereignty to states (but no secession) but made abolition impossible

The Constitutional convention elected Jefferson Davis of MS and Alexander H. Stephens of GA who weren't too supportive of secession and showed how war was dominated by politicians

Davis was well supported, but had too strict of a view on their constitution which led to not much being done like Lincoln

There were no political parties but there was criticism of the government as the South began to lose

States' rights sometimes went too far and led to being ineffective in the war and really hurt the Confederates in their efforts

The national gov did do stuff as it made the food draft where soldiers could take food they found on their way and got railroads and shipping, impressed slaves to work on projects and regulated industry

Also limited corporate profits showing that though it was a struggle, the government could more or less centralize

Money and Manpower

Financing was a huge struggle as the states wouldn't give funds and the income tax they put did not work also the bonds were did not sell and they could not get loans from other nations using cotton

As a result the Confederacy had to print paper money to make money and thus led to 9,000% inflation compared to North's 80%

At first used volunteers but then got Conscription Act that got all 18-35 in war but could be avoided w sub though price was high and opposed by poorer whites leading it to be repealed in 63

Conscription did work as many whites wanted to fight for rights and some even black and slave that were even able to fight

By 1864, there were no more coming in and they thought of bringing in slaves, but the war ended too soon for that to start

Economic and Social Effects of the War

The South was cut off from people to sell its stuff to and got land destroyed w shortages on so much that led to hoarding and black market commerce

Baseball was beginning to become popular as soldiers would play games when not fighting and led to National Association of Base Ball Players

The got many women to leave the house as many men had died in the war as the women now had to get a job

The war did have an affect on slaves at all times as even before emancipation, they would sneak out to Union forces to be free

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Chapter 14 Notes The Mobilization of the North

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Chapter 14 Notes The Mobilization of the North

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Though the North made a lot of discord and suffering it helped the Republican party do all it wanted in being nationalistic and promoting eco development

Economic Nationalism

Two Acts helped rapid West Development

The Homestead Act which gave citizens or prospective ones the ability to purchase 160 acres of land for a small fee after living there 5 years

The Morrill Act gave a lot of public land to state governments to sell and start public Edu which also led to new state colleges called land grant institutions

But also there were tariff bills that severely increased duties for industries to be good but not the farmers and consumers

Congress bent to the political will of Northern and Western Factions

Congress then made two corporations the Union Pacific and Central Pacific to make the transcontinental railroad starting on the West side and the other on the East side

The National Bank Acts f 1863-64 allowed banks to join gov system w enough capital to then give out US treasury notes as currency thus giving certainty to the nation's currency

They financed the war through taxes, issuing paper currency, and borrowing but taxes didn't work too well w the people

The paper currency was not as good as it was backed by the credit of the government and how well the North was doing and thus fluctuated a lot as it started the war at 39 percent of gold dollar to 67

The largest source was loans from citizens buying bonds but more from banks and large financial interests

Raising the Union Armies

Most of the troops were in the West so army had to made from scratch, AL tried to get more to come in but knew many would have to volunteer and thus Congress said it would enlist 500,000 volunteers in 3 year terms

This worked at the start but then needed a national draft law, but could be avoided by paying someone else to do it or paying gov $300

Many were against this conscription because of how the government had usually been out of their lives and were usually opposed to being drafted

Seen as there were riots especially w Immigrants who thought that the war was all for betterment of slaves and thus they killed and lynched free blacks around them which took troops to stop

Wartime Politics

Though many thought AL wouldn't be strong, he was using the Presidential War Powers a lot and making a cabinet w all factions of Repub party

He declared war w/o congress as it was "domestic" increased the size of army w/o receiving authority to do so, and a brought a naval blockade around the South

But he also got rid of Habeus Corpus for dissenters who did not agree with the war so he could focus on getting things done

Not only was that used but also the use of propaganda to get people to support like photographs of the battlefield (which also brought opposition), war pamphlets, posters, speeches and songs

The South tried to do this as well, but could not do it as well as the North had done

By 1864, the North was in political turmoil as they had suffered heavy losses in midterm elections then creating a coalition of all groups that supported the war in the Union party

This was made up of some Repubs and War Democrats which nominated AL and Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, who opposed TN's decision to leave the union

Demos got George B. McClellan and the party supported anti war and a truce but GBM didn't like it and led to doubt over AL winning

But many Northern victories totally helped AL get much stronger and win easily 212 to 21

The Politics of Emancipation

Radical Repubs who wanted to end slavery immediately went against Conservative Repubs who wanted it to be more cautious for slave states

Radicals had Thaddeus Stevens in Congress and Charles Sumner of MA and Benjamin Wade of Ohio in Senate

Confiscation Act was passed where those who were using slaves for insurrectionary purposes were freed and more laws did the same in abolishing slavery and giving compensation to owner

Additionally the second Confiscation Act declared free the slaves of persons supporting the insurrection and authorized the using them as soldiers

As the war went on the North Gradually accepted Emancipation as it would justify all the struggle and led to Rads getting support and AL leading them

Then in his victory at Antietam, AL said he would use war powers to free slaves in the Confederacy and did so on 1/1/1863 w Emancipation Proclamation freeing slaves only in Confederacy and not under Union control

Still showed that the war was now over slavery and once the union forces got around, thousands of slaves were freed

Antislavery impulse gained a lot of ground but the US still wasn't fully for freeing slaves

But the War did help blacks liberate as many would be working to build defenses and sneak off to them become contraband or they would join union forces once they were found

By the end of the war 5 slave states 2 union 3 confederate that were captured had abolished slavery and in 1865, it was fully abolished w the 13th amendment

African Americans and the Union Cause

At the start, blacks weren't able to fight for the union, but they could work for the Union forces and as they were emancipated, they could then fight

Some got into fighting units like the 54th MA infantry which was black w a white leader

Black soldiers were given easy jobs and didn't die in battle as much but died off too much work and also were paid much less than whites

But they were still extremely proud and kept that going after the war, only bad part was when the South would kill and send back to masters if found

Women, Nursing, and the War

Women filled many spots left empty in the war and became dominant in nursing in the field

Females nurses were opposed for a while as they would treat male strangers but were let go as they used maternal instincts to help out

Some women tried to go and get support for their own goals like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony who made Women's National Loyal League and worked for abolition of slavery and awarding suffrage to women

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Militant leaders in the South began to end the Union when Lincoln was elected

The Withdrawal of the South

South Carolina started on 12/20/1860 and by Lincoln being in, MS, FL, AL,GA, LA, and TX were out

Reps of these states went to Montgomery, AL and made the Confederate States of America

Buchanan said the states did not have this right, but that the government would not stop them if they did this

The Seceding states tried to take all fed property in their borders but didn't get two forts, one of which was highly contested but still US

As this began the war, DC was trying to get another compromise

The Failure of Compromise

The Crittenden Compromise was made where they extended the Missouri Compromise line and the South was cool w it but the Republicans didn't let it through as it expanded slavery

When Abe got to Washington he said that what the Confederates were trying to do would be stopped

Fort Sumter needed supplies and tried to get it from Lincoln, but did not work as they were bombarded by days which led to their surrender and start of the war on 4/14/1861

Right then, VA, AR, TN, and NC all left the Union while the last 4 slave states were pressured to stay by the capital

The Opposing Sides

The Biggest advantage the North had was that it could manufacture all of it's own materials while the South had no industry at all

The North was also much better w transportation than the South would ever be

The South did have the advantage of being at home and w local support w help of other nations as well as the North was not used to the area, was in hostile territory, and didn't have total support back home

Billy Yank and Johnny Reb

Most Civil War soldiers were volunteers and recruiters would usually get men from the same town of ethnic group

Included Irish Americans, German Americans, Italian Americans, and African Americans that weren't trained too well and called "Armed mobs"

Individual states gave out uniforms so there was not much uniformity which even led to mix ups on the battle field but later got a lot better

The north wanted to restore the Union and keep the Democratic experiment alive but most later realized it had to do w slavery too but blacks knew from the start

The Confederacy had not so good training or uniforms or meals to keep soldiers going and also guys brought their own weapons with some being old af

The South saw themselves as defending what the US meant as they thought the government was oppressive and they were like revolutionaries in the Rev war 1776 especially keeping rights to slaves

Many though fought to protect their homes against invading Yankees

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Chapter 13 Notes The Crises of the 1850s

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Chapter 13 Notes The Crises of the 1850s

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Though things went well with the Compromise of 1850, the tensions between North and South never truly disappeared

The Uneasy Truce

In the election of 1852, the Whigs had Winfield Scott and Demos had Franklin Pierce and both tried to avoid sectionalism

The Whigs took an L tho as many left due to their evasiveness and went to the Free Soil candidate John P. Hale who said the compromise was bad

The Whigs being so badly unified led to the victory for the Democrats in this election

Pierce tried to keep things together but couldn't as in the North, people protested about against the fugitive slave law

"Young America"

Pierce tried to dampen slavery's impact as w the Young America movement where he tried to expand America out to Europe and other places to be the example

These efforts could not avoid slavery as Pierce tried to get Cuba from Spain but Belgium said it'd fight which which got to the public who thought the government was trying to add another slave state

The South was against all expansion w/o slavery as it didn't let Hawaii or Canada in as they said slavery was not ok

Slavery, Railroads, and the West

Slavery came up more as people began to look even more west to farm more and asked gov to give land which brought the same question again

The Transcontinental Railroad was wanted, but no one knew where to connect to the East as the North said Chicago and the South said St. Louis, Memphis, or New Orleans which divided even more

Pierce's secretary of war made it easier for the south as he got some land to connect the way from the West to the East in Mexico but not good as it just added more slave land

The Kansas-Nebraska Controversy

Stephen A. Douglas wanted transcontinental railroad to go through Illinois, but knew many Indians were there so he said a new territory (Nebraska) should be made to connect it

Douglas knew the South wouldn't support so he tried to help w territory decision but then split it into Kansas and Nebraska to then balance out and make it better an it got passed w full South support and some North

No other piece of legislature had so many consequences as it divided N demos and many left but also made the new Anti-Nebraska party which became the republican party

This party became a major force as they were able to get enough seats to organize the house of reps

"Bleeding Kansas"

Whites began to move immediately and Missourians came too and chose the state to be slave, but some went against it and tried to make their own state and gov

Pierce was against it and gave support to pro slavers who then took down the anti slave HQ but revenge was coming

John Brown was one of the anti slavers who, once he saw the pro slavers take power, went w a group of people to kill 5 pros which led to many armed bands getting together and fighting for personal gain more than anything

N and S thought it was because of the aggressive designs of the rival section and became a powerful symbol of the sectional controversy

Another symbol was when Charles Sumner gave a speech called "The Crime Against Kansas" where he really went against Andrew P. Butler of SC and his love of slavery

Such talk got him attention of Butler's nephew who tried to beat him up but Sumner didn't go down w/o a fight but was out of senate for 4 years

Both seen as Heroes in respective areas though

The Free-Soil Ideology

Tensions were from the differing economic and territorial interests and hardening of ideas between the two

These whites thought not about what slavery did to blacks, but what it did to whites when it was in place

They thought that the South was against capitalism and progress, and that slavery was all the reason why

This was a strong part of the Republican party and led to many thinking that leaving the Union was impossible

The Pro-Slavery Argument

The South had a very different ideology because of Nat Turner's rebellion, cotton in the Deep South, and abolitionists who made the South look bad

The response was an intellectual reasoning to why slavery was good and was said by Calhoun as good because it gave slaves better conditions then N workers, the two races were in peace, and the economy benefited from it

Above all, it made a stable society that the aristocracy liked, which in the North was not possible

Also, they said that black people were not biologically able to be citizens or even take care of themselves

Buchanan and Depression

1856 election had Buchanan for Demos as he wasn't much in controversy, John C. Fremont for Repubs as he was an explorer and they wanted internal improvements to combine antislavery and N eco aspirations and Native American party had Millard Fillmore w some small time whigs

Buchanan barely won, but was not the best as he let many things just go like the depression after panic and led to many liking the Repubs more due to their avoidance of slavery and not causing depression

The Dred Scott Decision

Dred Scott was a slave taken from Missouri to IL whose master died and he sued for freedom and got it, but widows brother said it had to go under review because Dred couldn't do this since he was not a citizen

The Supreme court had many ruling but Taney finally said that Scott was not a citizen and thus could not be free as property could not be taken w/o law so Missouri Compromise was always unconstitutional

The Ruling didn't do anything against individual states but showed that the feds could not act on this issue and South was glad but North was pissed and said they'd try to change it

Deadlock Over Kansas

Buchanan timidly went w Scott decision but also tried to resolve Kansas controversy as he tried to get it in as a slave state which saw the proslavers call for election but frees didn't like it cuz they felt discriminated

The Pros kept going and made constitution but a new election was called and anti won and got to take the old constit out

Both sides played dirty but most did oppose but Buchanan still tried to make it slave but Congress didn't let it happen but a compromise made

If approved Kansas would be in the Union, but it not it would stay away but the vote was rejected and Kansas wasn't in till end of Buchanan's term as a free state

The Emergence of Lincoln

The Congressional elections of 1858 were hella important as it was Stephen A. Douglas vs. Abraham Lincoln in IL

Lincoln had done good, but not as well known, but he changed that w debates that many people came to see

The debates were based on how Douglas was indifferent while Lincoln said slavery was not right as if other lower classes were ok, then why not blacks which was based off Repub ideas

Lincoln thought it was wrong but couldn't think of how to change it and he didn't want social equality, but just no slavery but mostly focused on stopping its spread

Douglas won saying popular sovereignty was the move and Lincoln lost but kept growing and the elections in general went against demos but they had control w/o majority which led to deadlocked sessions

John Brown's Raid

Brown tried to get a huge slave revolt in Virginia after being paid and encouraged by abolitionists but slaves didn't do anything and he was captured and put to death

The South then thought they were not safe in the Union as they thought the repubs did this which they did not

The Election of Lincoln

The Democratic party was totally split in 1860 and had two conventions getting Douglas and Breckinridge as nominees

The Repubs went back to Whiggery and got Abraham Lincoln as nominee especially since he had no controversy

Lincoln won but wasn't all the way but the South still began to scheme to get out of the Union and start the Civil War

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James Polk tried to go against sectionalism, but it was too hard as the North and W thought he supported the South too much

Slavery and the Territories

With the attempt to add more and more land came the question of whether slavery should be in it or not but was heavily divided as the South wanted it and North didn't

The debate intensified w many new ideas like that the Missouri Compromise line should be extended or the states themselves should deicide in Popular sovereignty

The 1848 election dampened the controversy as the Whigs and Demos avoided it

Demos had Lewis Cass, Whigs Taylor, and Free Soil party got VB

Taylor won but VB wasn't too bad and Free Soil success showed that the two parties could not answer the question and this 2 party system would go down soon

The California Gold Rush

The pressure was even greater due to the huge migration of people to CA looking for gold that had been found by Sutter

The atmosphere was one of greed and excitement as there was little caution and a lot of movement as many would abandoned everything

Most were men and made a fluid and volatile society due to no women or kids

This also caused the first Chinese Immigrants to come to America as they thought they could get rich and go back to China

Those that could not pay got loans to pay back w their new money

Gold rush led to labor shortage as many went to mines but some took advantage like the Chinese but Indians were basically put into slavery due to the need for work

The gold rush was very important to the growth of CA, not just because of gold, but because many had decided to stay and led to even more heterogeneous pop and led to conflicts over gold being racial and ethnic leading to a turbulent place

Rising Sectional Tensions

Taylor thought that it would be better for the new states to decide it themselves instead of having the feds decide to he got CA to make no slavery constitution and then asked them to get into the union

Congress was overwhelmed as they faced many sides that complicated the debate like

No slavery in DC

Personal liberty laws in the North saying that courts or police to take slaves back though against the Constitution

White South's fear that the balance of slave to free would be broken w new states

Even moderates in South wanted to Secession and every N state legislature wanted no slavery

The Compromise of 1850

From 1849-50, a new compromise was made w Henry Clay who thought that all problems had to be answered for it to last

This included

CA a free state

new lands had no restriction on slavery

abolition of slave trade but not slavery in DC

New and more effective fugitive slave law

but launched another debate for 7 months

But by midyear things were better as Taylor died and Millard Fillmore was in and was more flexible

He was told by Stephen A. douglas to split it up to see who supported it and got all of it enacted by mid sepetmber

It was a victory of self-interest, but congress thought the measure was a triumph of statesmanship and Fillmore thought it was the final solution

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More and more Americans moved West putting pressure on DC to add more territory which led to conflict and war

The Democrats and Expansion

In 1844 election, Henry Clay and Van Buren tried to avoid taking stand on adding TX and Clay got it as Whigs didn't really care but VB got taken out over James K. Polk who was hella enthusiastic about it

Polk had been in offices b4 but not for a while but won mostly cuz he liked adding TX and OR as he wanted it asap

Polk had plans of how to get what he wanted, but some was already done as seen in the Annexation of TX by Taylor before he left

Polk tried to get OR but British wouldn't agree and there was talk of possible war, but things changed as neither really wanted war and led to agreement at the 49th parallel

The Southwest and California

US agreed really quick cuz Mexicans and TX were disputing over Rio Grande or Nueces river as boundary which led to Zahary Taylor going to TX to protect the new state

Part of the dispute was NM which had been full of Mexicans until the Americans got in and helped make connections to the Mid West

Americans also began to like California as they would get in from all sides as whalers or farmers even though there were natives and 7k Mexicans

These people began to want to be in US and so did Polk so they made secret plans making provisions for what would happen if Mexico decided to make war or conflict

The Mexican War

Polk then went to diplomacy, but didn't work and told Taylor to go to Rio Grande and though it took a while, fighting started and Congress decided war was gonna happen

Whig critics said Polk staged the border incident and had settled for less being too focused on Mex and opposition went up as war went on

Victory was not too easy as Taylor captured Monterrey but let Mex go and thus got Polk scared if Taylor was good and if he would oppose Polk, which he did

Polk also went into NM and CA and got Santa Fe easy and got to CA through helping revolt there w American Navy in Bear Flag Revolt and united it all to finish in 1846

Mex would not give up so Polk and Winfield Scott made a new campaign and went all the way from Tampico to Mexico City not losing a battle and not losing many to take Mexico city and get a new gov to sign a peace treaty

President Polk tried to follow others w getting more of Mexico but only got CA, NM, and Rio Grande border which was enough as there was already conflict back home about how more land could not be added

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The US added over a million square miles in the 1840s and had all of US except Alaska, Hawaii, and some other parts due to Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny

Reflected growing pride in US Nationalism w socially perfect vision in reform movements saying America destined by God and History to expand

Got around due to the penny press and said that there would be a huge empire of liberty and politicians tried to stop saying slavery could hurt again, but could not compete w enthusiasm of the people in TX and OR

Americans in Texas

US tried to buy Texas but Mexico said no and put law for cheap land and no tax that got many Americans to go for cotton plantations

Most settlers came from otheres who got land grants from Mexico to bring others in like Stephen F. Austin

Over time many came and competed w Mexican government but the Mexicans tried to stop by blocking immigration but did not work

Friction got worse as Mex gov was unstable and had Santa Anna get to dictator trying to get more power leading to battles and Texas claiming independence in 1836

Santa Anna led a large army to TX destroying at the Alamo w Davy Crockett and Goliad leading many to think the rebellion was done

But General Sam Houston kept small group and led an attack at the Battle of San Jacinto winning and taking Santa Anna prisoner to sign treaty saying Texas was independent

The Mexicans that had fought w the Texans could not stay as they were thought to be traitors and if they did, they were of a lower class

Sam Houston as president then got people to DC to get into the US but Jackson said no as it would cause controversy and did not even recognize as new republic till 1837

Texas was then w England and France for a bit, but President Tyler saw this and tried to get them in, but Northern Senators said no again

Oregon

Control of the Oregon Country in Pacific NW hard because both British and Americans claimed it, but they agreed in 1818 to share it and did for 20 years

Neither really did much over this time as only fur trading posts were there, but in 20s and 30s American interest went way up

By mid 1840s, the Americans were the majority and no more Indians due to Measles and the settlers wanted the government to take the new land

The Westward Migration

Movement to the NW was a large one and was usually from the Old NW usually made up of families that were prosperous, those that weren't tho had to join other families and do many jobs

Also men made up groups going to lumber and mine while families went to farm

Migrants usually went to a depot in Iowa or Missouri and then went on wagon train through the Oregon Trail through the great plains, S Rocky pass and into Oregon or Cali trail

Others went through Santa Fe trail going south to NM

The journey was a struggle as it was 5-6 months May to November and would be v slow also women did a lot when stopped as they cooked and washed while men chilled

Victims to disease and the elements at all times and tried to get across the Rockies b4 snow came

This journey was usually a communal experience and allowed people to see the value of cooperation w internal conflicts happening

V small number of expeditions attacked by Indians, but usually the Natives would actually help

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1. Statistics and Economics

1. White Men owned most of the land in the South that owned plantations

2. Only 25% of the population in the South owned slaves

3. It was built on slavery based on how over time the slave owners began to see it not just as a necessary evil, but as something good for all. Additionally, if we look at how cotton is harvested, it makes sense that such difficult work needed to be done by other people to make sure a profit was made.

4. The overseer was an intermediary between the actual slave owner and the slaves in the field that would ensure that the slaves were doing their work and also behaving at all times.

2. Living Conditions, Treatment of Slaves

1. Though Booker T. Washington says he did not really live in a very cruel plantation, he was still subject to much pain as he would have to wear flax shirts and ever since he could remember, he was always working. This is seen as he had to take corn to the mill as a young boy and was amazed w the idea of going to school and learning as he never got such a chance.

2. Cato says he was treated much better than most slaves as his owners were actually quite kind to him and the other slaves and they got good types of food and never got hit. These conditions are much better compared to those of others he has heard and shows the variance in treatment of the slaves.

3. For Millie Evans, slave life was quite good as her masters were extremely kind, taking them to church, preaching to them, giving the kids extra food if they were hungry, giving free time, giving plenty of food, and giving each family a cabin to live in . The only downside might be the dirt floors of these cabins but that is still better than others at the time.

4. For Ben Simpson, slavery was terrible as he describes the terrible torture him and his family faced as they moved from Georgia to Texas. He describes how his mother was shot and killed, and how his master would whip slaves that would fall behind, would chain them to trees, and work them all day w/o food.

5. Tine Kendricks talks of how rough his masters were feeding them varying amounts based on their own moods and treating slaves very badly.

6. Religion played a big role for the slaves as it dictated how they acted and was sometimes the justification for what the slaves were going through as the bible was interpreted by the whites.

7. The slaves valued family very much though it would be torn apart by slave traders and marriage was also important as well as the men and women living in these conditions tried to find ways to cope and stick together.

8. The slaves saw emancipation like salvation in the Bible, but also could not believe when it actually did happen after the civil war which led to many reactions at the time.

3. Slave Resistance

1. The slaves resisted by doing work only when watched, damaging or stealing things, getting sick on purpose or lying about that, or just not following orders and seeming dumb

2. There weren't many rebellions like Gabriel Prosser's because of how risky it was and how there were still ways to oppose the master in every day life to try to go against the injustice that was going on. There might not be food later and that others would snitch on others as well.

4. Southern Attitudes towards Slavery

1. Fitzhugh believes that slavery is good as it protects all involved, not just the masters, as the slaves are always under the protection of the master as they are always given food and such. He also says this system is better than that of capitalism as it keeps everyone ok while capitalism leaves some in harms way. From this, Fitzhugh sees slavery as a good thing for all, slaves and masters together.

2. A non slave owner white man in the south would support this idea he would still be connected to the plantation system somehow and would also be connected to the slaveowners in race, which would give him a sense of superiority over the slaves.

5. Historiography

1. Fiske thinks that slavery happened due to the cultivation of rice and indigo which is hard for a white man to work and could lead to a lot of profit if done by slaves.

2. Phillips believes it is because of the weather that favored a plantation system, that in the end would cause so many slaves to come here and cause all the problems we see today.

3. The Beards think it was the weather and that the slaves could work for their whole lives, not as long as they were under contract.

4. Stampp believes that the decision to go w slavery was based on how rough the climate could be, but in the end was on the whites for not trying to find a better alternative at the time.

5. Genovese  says slavery became dominant due to how it propelled the top even higher making it seem ever so right for them.

6. Gregory says that the slaves were discriminated against from the start as seen in colonial statues which is what caused slavery.

7. Franklin thinks it began based on how the white man saw they could take advantage of the blacks and how many of them there were. Easy for all to understand.

8. Davis believes slavery's success was more because of the economy around the south rather than the south itself at the time.

9. I think the arguments about the decisions of the white men with what Franklin and Stampp said because it gets more to how the White man could've done better but still did not in the end.

6. Conclusion

1. Those slaves that have really positive recollections of it, do so because they were lucky enough to have masters that were unusually kind which was refreshing to see compared to what we usually hear bout the time.

2. This might be hard for historians since there aren't really a lot of primary sources to tell us exactly how life was for these slaves way back in these times.

3. Possibly more focus on how their lives went before and after emancipation to see the difference more clearly.

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Chapter 12 Notes The Crusade Against Slavery

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Chapter 12 Notes The Crusade Against Slavery

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Antislavery was not new or domestic as many other countries had been going w it b4 but in 1830 was when it got to America

Early Opposition to Slavery

Early opposition was from calm and genteel lot who just expressed opposition and did little else but some tried to get blacks back to Africa

This was the American Colonization Society where they gradually freed slaves and sent them to Africa making Liberia  and got funding from private, gov, and legislatures of VA and MD

ACS was not strong though and opposed even by blacks who thought that they were more American than African

Garrison and Abolitionism

W slavery growing powerful in S nothing was there to combat besides William Lloyd Garrison who made his own paper called the Liberator in 1831 after growing impatient w Quaker's moderate tone

Garrison's philosophy was that the slaves had to be freed immediately and to be seen as what the whites had done to slaves not the other way around w an uncompromising tone

Got a big group and made the NE Antislavery society and then the American one

Black Abolitionists

Abolition was very good for Free blacks as they were still oppressed and proud of freedom and thus followed Garrison and their own leaders

Earliest black abolitionist was David Walker who said it should be stopped based on moral grounds and that slavery was a sin and that blacks deserved to be a part of the country just as much if not more than the whites and thus had to kill masters or be killed by masters

Most blacks were not as violent about it but still as uncompromising

Sojourner Truth and Fredrick Douglass were the most important black abolitionists of the time as they both wanted the freedom for all that they had and both were free

Douglass had bought freedom and made newspaper to tell others of his thoughts

Fredrick was very good as he gathered many people and got them to get w Garrison's people to make a large force against slavery

Anti-Abolitionism

Abolition brought opposition by Southern whites and north as they believed too many blacks would come and displace white workers

Led to a lot of violence from whites as riots were staged and led to the death or jailing of abolitionists like Garrison or Elijah Lovejoy

The abolitionists showed thought that they were fully behind their movement which might've scared those on the other side

Abolition Divided

Splits happened based on how to react to violence and Garrison being hella radical over time

Garrisonians kept w their radical stuff but others were more moderate saying it could happen over a long time appealing to slave owners but when that did not work they went to gov and North to help

Both helped runaway slaves too

Abolitionists also found success in courts seen w Amistad and that North could not take southern slaves back and that where feds were no slavery allowed

Antislavery was the basis for the Liberty Party which was mostly for free soil as in no slaves in territories but was good as it brought large group to the abolitionist movement

Slow progress led to some going to violence as seen w abolitionists giving some slaves weapons to revolt

Most powerful was Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin which brought the message to so many N and S and showed how different both sides were

How the book was written also was crucial to how well it was received by the large group that loved it

Though divided, abolition still showed that slavery should be stopped and it was a key difference between the N and S that would lead to conflict

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Reform impulses made new movements to remake society where women joined and even led and made reform societies

Revivalism, Morality, and Order

Reform came from those who saw divinity of the individual and the Second Great Awakening

Revivalism became an effort to reform society and go against immorality as it said that people could find salvation their own way

Evangelical Protestantism went against drunkenness making the temperance movement as many said men spent too much money on alcohol when they had none and that it led to men beating wives and led to violence in the immigrant population

Health, Science, and Phrenology

Americans began to look for answers in health after Cholera epidemics but none could be found at the time

Thus, Americans went to nonscientific theories like hydro therapy and new diets that told them to avoid meats

Phrenology was the weirdest though, as people would measure each others skulls to see what skills they were good at and to try to stop old processes but really doesn't work at all

Medical Science

Though tech was up, medicine low as there was no limit on who could be a physician due to how it could make a monopoly and led to having a low prestige

The biggest problem was not knowing much at all about disease as seen w most advances of the time being very lucky and not really based on any science at all

Though not much was accepted in the science of medicine, there was some progress as a basic idea of the germ theory was formed w Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis as he noticed med students got sick when handling dead bodies but not if they washed hands and disinfected everything

Education

People began to want public edu system and thus, the interest began to grow rapidly after that

Horace Mann tried to do this in MA as he made the school year longer, doubled teachers salaries, broadened the curriculum and made new methods of teaching and seen in others states as kids could now get edu but the principle of public school there not actual thing

Quality varied a lot as in the MA things were good as teachers good but in some parts they were illiterate and had no money

Also bad in West as no schools, South as blacks had none and white did have a lot but barely went

One goal was to teach kids social values needed for life to extend democracy and opportunity for individual

Some even tried to civilize the indians w schools but didn't really work as well as whites

Still general improvement as by Civil War US top literacy w 94% in N and 83% in S

Rehabilitation

The belief in the individual led to the making of institutions to help the disabled making the Benevolent Empire and showed that even those most behind could get back up as seen w Perkins school for the blind

Also seen for criminals and mentally ill as asylums and prisons to be reformed as they treated the people v bad

New forms of discipline seen in prison as there was solitary confinement and imposition of silence on work crews which gave the prisoners time to think of what they did

The idea of the reservation for Indians became popular as they could live there until ready to assimilate

The small step was not bad as it tried to further the Indians and bring them back to the white world, but did not meet expectations of reformers

The Rise of Feminism

As women got into reforming, they faced a lot of limitations which led them to want to get more rights as seen w many reformers like:

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

Catharine Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe

Lucretia Mott

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Susan B. Anthony

Dorothea Dix

Started at antislavery conventions where women weren't allowed and they decided they had to get their rights first then making the Seneca Falls Convention where the women wanted suffrage and fought till 1920

Most were Quakers as women there were equal to men and able to do everything just the same

Feminists benefited but also suffered from association w antislavery as they were usually put behind the slaves in the meeting of their demands

Struggles of Radical Black Women

While some black women like Sojourner Truth went publicly to get their rights others went privately through the church as it did not allow women to preach like men and was opposed by Jarena Lee

Lee believed she could preach just as men as Jesus had died for women as well and Mary had preached the Bible first

Another was Rebecca Cox Jackson who tried to preach all around and succeeded at first but got opposed hard later and thus went to the Shakers and came back to make her own shaker community in Philly

These two went against society and showed how powerful the individual could be if they believed

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American Intellectuals knew Europeans didn't like American culture but they tried to make artistic life of the nation, but others were looking back to Europe for the liberation of the human spirit, romanticism

Nationalism and Romanticism in American Painting

There were actually people looking at American paintings because it had new important artistic traditions

American painters (Hudson River School painters) tried to capture nature's power and did so to be able to show that America, w more nature, was much better than Europe

These artists then went West and painted what they saw in the Yosemite Valley, Yellowstone, and Rockies which led to the public loving it

An American Literature

James Fenimore Cooper made Am. Lit a thing w many books showing interactions of people w nature and showed the independent individual w natural inner goodness which some thought was in jeopardy

Later Americans showed more romanticism w Walt Whitman and celebration of democracy, liberation of spirit, and pleasure of the flesh in free verse which helped but might be explained by his homosexuality in a world v much against that

Also seen was Moby Dick that made a harsh metaphor for the individualistic, achievement-driven culture of the 19th century America

Literature in the Antebellum South

The South was the same w how it used nature a lot, but different in the society it seemed to present

Edgar Allan Poe was from the South and made usually sad and macabre works that looked more into the individual rising over narrow confines of intellectualism to go to spirits and emotions

Others, made historical romances and eulogies for the upper south's plantations and saw some nationalism that then became more sectional w William Gilmore Simms and thus expressed how the intellectuals also believed southern life needed to be defended

Another group was more American w its use of ordinary people and poor whites that was more realistic than usual to show how things were and became v popular later w Mark Twain

The Transcendentalists

In NE, writer based off British and Germans tried for people to escape understanding (societal limiting of people) through reason (what they felt) as they would transcend this limitation put on them

Seen w small group in Concord, MA led by Ralph Waldo Emerson who explained that people should get communion w natural world and advocated for individuality and full exploration of inner capacities

Henry David Thoreau thought the same as the individual should fully express themselves away from what society would tell them and even tried to do so

Also said that if the government tried to stop expression, it should be opposed w civil disobedience which would go on later as well

The Defense of Nature

These intellectuals were fearful that capitalism would destroy the beautiful nature they saw as in Europe

To the transcendentalists, nature was a place to find one's self, not just use for economic purposes

Though similar to the environmentalist movement of the 20th century, this group was different as there was not science just their own experiences

Visions of Utopia

Transcendentalism led to Brook Farm, where George Ripley wanted individuals to be able to find self realization through everyone having equal work w equal leisure which was needed but didn't work out over time as many left

Nathaniel Hawthorne who was at Brook Farm thought that this could not work as individuals had to pay a price to be away from society and thus saw egotism the serpent at the heart of human misery

Brook farm was an example to others b4 the civil war as seen w Robert Owens New Harmony where all would be equal totally but didn't work out economically but led to others trying to follow the example for many years

Redefining Gender Roles

Utopian societies had to deal w gender roles and how to keep them or redefine them

One of the utopian colonies was the Oneida community by John Humphrey in 1848 which saw no family or marriage to try to keep male lust and traditional restraints of the family away from women as seen w kids raised by the community and sexual behavior closely monitored

Shakers redefined these roles too and were sort of popular having many communities and would "shake" the sin away from them in loud chant and ecstatic dance

Shakers were celibate which mean only got more people through choosing voluntarily and had limited contact between men and women and though equal, seemed like women had greater power

Not only trying to escape traditional gender roles but also get away from chaos of American life as most other dissenting religious sects and utopian communities

The Mormons

Mormonism came up when Joseph Smith wrote the Book of Mormon that said that two ancient civilization in America had anticipated Christ and were rewarded when Jesus came to America after his resurrection

Both civilizations collapsed but Smith thought they'd be a good model for life in the time he lived in

Smith got a group together and tried to find a good place to live but could not as neighbors never liked the Mormons and after his death even more so as polygamy came out

Then went to Illinois at Nauvoo where they lived good but then neighbors went against them and Smith told followers to destroy bad press and was imprisoned and then killed in jailbreak attempt

Then Brigham Young, his successor, led the people to Utah where they set up and found a much better area

Mormonism reflected belief in human perfectibility as they said God had been a man and was good for those that had been demoralized by world around them and thus was favored by those who were displaced by rapidly changing society and found security and order in Mormonism

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Response to slavery also had the adaption of blacks in their own culture that allowed them to have a sense of pride and unity

Slave Religion

Most African Americans were Christians and black churches were not allowed

But Blacks sort of changed it over time as they mixed w voodoo and other religions or just bent the religion for their bondage

Was usually more emotional and happy than white Christianity and also helped them express dreams of freedom

Language and Music

Slaves had their own language over time mixed w English as it had developed from ancestors who could not communicate w each other and has survived over generations

Music was very important and based off African music and involved instruments made from what they found or just their own voices

Field workers sang songs as they worked that were chill but when alone made politically challenging ones that allowed them to make the tradition of the spiritual where they could express their faith and lament bondage and hope for freedom

Rarely written down and seemed spontaneous as mostly through the ear and variations also made and dancing was similar as it would go w music which also had story telling involved as well

The Slave Family

Though slave fams were not reallylegal, the nuclear fam was the dominant way slaves stayed together

Black women usually had kids earlier and married earlier and couples in different plantations could sometimes meet, if not in secret and family ties no less strong than white ones

Marriages usually broke up due to moving of slaves and though they could make new ties where they were, the slaves would usually want to find their fam as seen a lot in newspapers after the Civil War

However there was a sort of Paternalism between slave and owner and though slaves didn't really love it, their masters did take care of them most of the time

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Chapter 11 Notes Slavery: The "Peculiar Institution"

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Chapter 11 Notes Slavery: The "Peculiar Institution"

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White Southerners called slavery^ because it was special seen as it was used in only 3 other countries at the time and isolated them from the rest of America the most

Slavery had paradoxical results as the slaves were isolated from whites but also connected as both spheres influenced each other in many ways

Varieties of Slavery

Slaves codes said slaves could not:

Own property

Leave masters premises w/o permission

Be out after dark

Congregate w other slaves except in church

Carry firearms

To testify in court vs. Whites

Strike a White person even in self defense

No provisions for slave marriages, whites could kill slaves and slaves could not even touch whites wrong also race was v strict as even a trace or rumor made you black

Enforcement of these codes was not good as there was much variation as some lived like prisons and others had some flexibility and autonomy

Relationship depended on the size of the plantation as a smaller one would lead to a closer relationship which might be better but most slaves like bigger to have their own social world

Majority under bigger plantations where master not as close so there were overseers and even slaves as leaders if trusted and good

Life Under Slavery

Most got adequate diet but some planted their own gardens and got cheap clothing and shoes, living in bad slave quarters and had some medicine but mostly slave women took care of those around them

Slaves worked hard starting small, and could have long days in harvest time but women prob had it worst as they had to work a lot, cook, clean, and raise kids and at times husbands left which made them single parents

The slaves were not very healthy as though slave moms had many kids, they didn't survive due to the troubles that slavery brought at the time

Household servants usually had an easier life but on smaller farms they did both while on bigger farms they were split

Could be good as these house slaves could be seen as fam over time, but most didn't like it as they were isoed from other slaves and had harder rules which led to these slaves being first to leave

Female household servants had it worse as they could be sexually abused and wives of whites could retaliate w harsh treatment, beatings, and even psychological torment

Slavery in the Cities

Urban slavery was different as the slaves had some contact w free blacks and also could not be monitored as well

The slaves worked usually as laborers as there wasn't any immigration and led to the more interactions and a less clear line between slaves and free

Free African Americans

Many free blacks in slaveholding states at the start of the Civil War but some were able to get money to get out as seen w Elizabeth Keckley who got out but this did not happen much

Sometimes masters freed slaves due to morality problems or wills but over time it became even harder to manumit them

Some became wealthy or famous and could even buy relatives to make sure they'd be ok and even in some cities free population was good yet some v poor, but liked it more than slavery

The Slave Trade

Transfer of slaves around the South was the hardest as slaves would be moved w masters but mostly through traders who would split fams into different unfamiliar areas

Thought the planters didn't like it at all, they sort of went against it through contempt of the traders

The foreign slave trade was worse as people smuggled blacks in and even asked for it to come back, but gov never responded

Smuggling came w resistance as seen w the Amistad that was moving slaves but the slaves revolted and tried to go home but got taken to US where they were captured

Some wanted the slaves to be taken back to Cuba, but abolitionists said they should be freed and were by John Q. Adams and taken to africa

Also seen w slaves revolting and going to Bahamas where no slavery which actually worked but still very rare

Slave Resistance

Though slaveowners said slaves were happy blacks usually hated it and were overjoyed when emancipated

The African American response was complex being both "Sambo" where they were what whites expected and the black rebel who resisted acceptance or accommodation, always rebellious

Actual slave revolts rarely happened, but made the Whites very very scared and led to black being executed after every rebellion attempt

Another way out was running away which was good w underground railroad, but bad as the slaves didn't know much geography and slave patrols were always around

Slaves also did subtly through not working hard but extremes though rare did happen w suicide, killing masters, or even cutting off fingers

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Only a small amount of Whites actually owned a good amount of slaves, but still the southern society loved the ruling planter class and working slave class

The Planter Class

The south was dominated by wealthy slave owning planters because of their immense influence that was greater than their numbers

White southerners like to compare this class to the aristocracies of Europe, but not really as though some were there for generations, many had just come in and most land had not been used for more than 20 years by the Civil War

Most planters did not live so lavishly as they had so much money in the plantations and some even moved frequently to find better land

The Wealthy Southern Whites kept their image through "chivalry" as men defended "honor" through dueling and avoided commercial occupations and even got to women as they had their own rules of what to do

The "Southern Lady"

Somewhat like Northern Middle Class women as they had to stay in the home and be companions to husbands and good mothers and not in public life at all

But included cult of honor where they had to be defended by men which led to even more control of them

Most lived on farms so no edu but could be somewhat involved on smaller plantations, but not on huge ones where a plantation mistress would do it and become more of an ornament for her husband

The South had higher birthrate than other areas, but also higher death rates and w slaves led to infidelities between husbands and slave women

The Plain Folk

Usual white Southerner was a yeoman farmer that had a few slaves and owned their own land but not enough to expand operation or get out of debt

One reason for this struggle was the bad edu system as only rich could pay and early edu was terrible but brings question of how this lower class let this system go if it didn't help them?

Some non slave owners actually did oppose but couldn't do much as most lived in the back country called hill people and were usually against most of the South as seen going against the Confederacy and also were v isolated as well

Far greater were those that lived in the system since they were tied to it as small farmers might need it but the boom helped them get better but some still kept their ways which led to more support of the South as the Civil War came

The Poorest whites lived on the worst land and had to help the other whites or hunt and forage which led to diseases and were generally looked down upon by all the other whites

These poor did not protest though as they were too weak and also they connected w other whites based on race which kept them together

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Most important was the shift in power from the Upper South to the Lower South due to cotton becoming the popular cash crop

The Rise of King Cotton

The Upper South tried to keep using Tobacco, but it was too unstable and exhausted land so farmers changed crops as tobacco growing moved west

Some parts of the south grew rice and sugar which took too long & sugar was hard to cultivate and had competition and long staple cotton, but all of these grew in a limited area

Due to this, most of the South tried to find non agricultural pursuits but found short staple cotton that grew well in many areas, and w cotton gin seeds weren't a problem

Demand for cotton was high in Britain and NE and production went from Alabama & MS to LA, TX, AR and became the focus of the Southern economy making 2/3 of the export trade

Cotton boomed in the Lower South as profits drew settlers, including planters from older states that wanted to do better

Slaves moved the same way, either because of masters or sold to there

This was called the Second Middle Passage as it was very hard and slave families were again split up and had to do a lot of work

The sale of the slaves to the lower south then became important to the upper south as their agriculture was beginning to decline

Southern Trade and Industry

As agriculture boomed, other forms of eco activity were slow to develop like milling and manufacturing as industry was never a strong force there

Non farming activities served the needs of the plantation economy and most important were the brokers who gave planters credit to plant

The transportation system was also a big problem as the people could not move around as efficiently as in the North w roads, canals, and railroads but still went through water

Such disabilities economically, led to the dependence of the South on the North which worried some, but still did not get much done at all

Sources of Southern Difference

Why would the South remain so different from the North in the Antebellum period?

Mostly because of the profit from agriculture, no more capital to invest in other things, and the hot climate that would make factory life v bad

Also part of the distinct values the South had as they liked grace and refinement over rapid growth and development but didn't really go w Southern society in many ways