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This empire was founded by Osman l who is a leader of the Turkish tribes in Anatolia in 1299. As the empire expanded, they managed to capture Constantinople. When Constantinople had lost to the Ottoman Empire, a large group of scholars and artists fled to Italy. This helped to start the European Renaissance. It also caused the European nations to start searching for new trade routes to the Far East, sparking the Age of Exploration. The Ottoman Empire began to decrease in the late 1600s. It ceased to expand and began to face economic competition from India and Europe. (The image below shows Suleiman The Magnificent)

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The Arabian Peninsula is located in the continent of Asia and is neighboring the Persian Gulf. The Arabian Peninsula is a massive desert stretching from Yemen to the Persian Gulf and Oman to Jordan and Iraq. The desert occupies most of the Arabian Peninsula, with an area of 2,330,000 square kilometers.The Peninsula was formed as a result of the rifting of the Red Sea between 23-56 million years ago.

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~ Abu Bakr was the first caliph who ruled from 632-634 CE. Abu Bakr was the father-in-law of Muhammad. He died of illness after two years of ruling.
~ Umar was the second caliph who ruled for ten years from 634-644 CE. His reign came to an end when a persian slave murdered him.
~ Uthman, the third caliph ruled from 644-656 CE. Sadly, the caliph was assassinated by another persian slave.
~ Ali, the final caliph was Muhammad's cousin and ruled from 656-661. Until, he was murdered while praying in the Great Mosque Of Kufa.

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The Umayyad Caliphate ruled the Islamic Empire from 661-750 CE. It expanded into one of the largest empires in the world. They modeled the government after the Byzantines. The more the empire expanded, unrest among the people and opposition to the Umayyads increased. Many people, including the followers of Ali, non-Arab Muslims, and the Kharijites began to go against the laws of the Umayyad Caliphate. In 750, the Abbasids, a rival clan to the Umayyads, gained lots of power and overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate. They took control and formed the Abbasid Caliphate which ruled much of the Islamic world for the next several hundred years.

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 Map Of The Arabian Peninsula Trade Routes

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 Map Of The Arabian Peninsula Trade Routes

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The red lines mark the land routes.
The blue lines mark the sea routes.

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The Abbasid Empire was a large dynasty that rules over the Islamic Empire during its peak. The leaders of the Abbasid Empire was called a caliph. The Abbasid Caliphate had two important periods. The first period lasted from 750-1258 CE. First Period: The Abbasids were strong leaders who controlled a large territory and created a culture that is often called the Golden Age of Islam. In 1258 CE, however, the capital city of Baghdad was sacked by the Mongols causing the Abbasids to flee to Egypt. Second Period: lasted from 1261-1517 CE. At this time, the Abbasid Caliphate could be found in Cairo, Egypt. While the Abbasids were still considered the religious leaders of the Islamic world, another group called the Mamluks held the true political and military power.