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Popular Sovereignty, which means the people’s choice, includes the 15th amendment which allowed all mean with any races were allowed to vote. But in 1960’s, when the segregation came along, there were many states that made the African Americans take the literacy test, so many African Americans who were not able to get a good education could not vote. To prevent this and keep the Popular Sovereignty, or the people’s choice, the president Lyndon B. Johnson created the Voting Rights Act to remove the literacy tests so the African Americans could vote. I entered this in as a Constitutional Stability because the government prevented those changes for the people’s rights.

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Checks and Balances is when all the 3 branches prevent each branches of the government from doing something unconstitutional. In 1992, the Watergate Incident happened over the President Nixon who tried to get informations from the Democrat Party. But Nixon was caught and when the government required him to tell what informations he got, he refused so the House of Representatives voted to impeach Nixon, but Nixon resigned right before he was impeached. The reason why I put this case in Checks and Balances of Constitution stability is because first, the other branches of the government prevented the president from overusing and abusing the power by voting to impeach him, and with no exception, the system of checks and balances stayed stable.

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Federalism is when the states and the federal government gets the fairly divided power, and the rules of federalism did not change even in 1960’s of segregation. When President Eisenhower announced that the African Americans should get equal rights in education, and allowed the African American students to go to normal schools, Governor Faubus of Arkansas prevented them from entering 9 high school students who were supposed to go to the Little Rock Central High school with a power of the National Guards. So the mayor of Little Rock asked for President Eisenhower’s help, and with the help he was able to stop the governor and the National Guards. The reason why this shows federalism is because since the power is fairly divided, the state government cannot overuse the power.

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Limited government is where the government cannot “dictate” or rule over everything and still has to obey the law, and when America entered the World War I, the government made a law called the Espionage Act of 1917, which did not allow any of the citizens of U.S. to make a draft or comments about the war, which made an exception of the 1st amendment that spoke about the freedom of expression. Schenck, who believed that fighting in wars were wrong made pamphlets to give out that the Americans should not be forced to fight in wars, and he was brought up to the Supreme Court because he violated the Espionage Act. But the judge supported Schenck because even though he violated the Espionage Act, he still has freedom of speech and the government cannot block the citizens from doing so. This example shows the limited government because it tells that the rules that the government is not supposed to disobey the law of limited government was kept even after publishing this act, the limited government was kept and Schenck won the case.

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Separation of Powers/ Checks and Balances

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Separation of Powers/ Checks and Balances

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These principles of the constitution was made so none of the 3 branches overrule or abuse the power of the government. In U.S government, before a law is enforced, it has to be checked by the president for it to be enforced and if the president believes that it is unconstitutional, he or she can veto the law. But with the exception or the power of line-item veto, the presidents were allowed to veto parts of a bill without vetoing the entire bill, which I believe is an exception, or the constitutional dynamism in Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances.

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Federalism: The system of federalism changed over time, ever since the founding fathers created the concept of Federalism, many steps such as Cooperative Federalism, made in 1945 which federal and state government responsibilities are intertwined, the Creative Federalism, which allowed the federal government to decide what the each state governments  need, and then give them the resources they need, then the New Federalism, made in 1970’s which allowed the state governments  to reclaim power while recognizing the federal government as the highest governmental power, the Bush Federalism, which allowed the federal governments to interact with the state government’s problems more, and last, the progressive federalism, used since 2009 to present years, claimed by Obama, that let the state governments have a little more power over the problems the national government had.

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The concept of Limited Government was basically overruled when the 18th amendment, which banned the selling or buying the liquor passed in 1919 but was repealed by 21st amendment can be an example of limited government in the dynamism section because first, the year and the economy in 1920’s; The Great Depression made people think that drinking liquor will affect more negatively toward the economy. This overruled Limited Government because I believe that preventing people from buying or selling liquor in the legal age is a type of overruling government.

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Popular Sovereignty means the people’s rights, and the people’s rights include the people’s voting rights. According to the U.S Constitution and its Amendments on the voting restriction changed over time, such as first, 15th amendment, which allowed men over 21 of every race vote, 19th amendment, which allowed everyone at any gender over 21 to vote from many women’s protests and fights toward their rights, and last, 26th amendment which allowed everyone(men and women of any race that are citizens of U.S.),  under 18 to vote from what the citizens said about how people should be able to vote when they’re allowed fight the country.

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legal events in American history where the Constitution or our understanding of the Constitution has been prevented from changing

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Legal events in American history  where the Constitution of our understanding of the Constitution has changed